Assessing Research Trends in Spiritual Growth: The Case for Self-Determined Learning
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Issues and Trends in Spiritual Growth
2. Conceptualisations of Spiritual Growth
2.1. Selected Major Schools of Thought (Catholic and Protestant)
2.2. Selected Tools for Measuring Spiritual Growth
2.3. Practical Pathways: Operationalising Spiritual Growth
3. Limitations of Linear Approaches to Spiritual Growth
4. Limitations of Passive Mentoring in Fostering Spiritual Growth
5. Non-Directive Coaching: Overcoming the Limitations of Linearity and Passivity
6. Heutagogy: Proactive Learning and Self-Determined Spiritual Growth
7. Concluding Synthesis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Eisegesis refers to an interpretation of a text, particularly of scripture, that reflects the personal ideas, biases, and/or perspectives of the interpreter rather than the originally intended meaning of the text. |
2 | For a fuller rebuttal of universalism, see Abraham Kuyper, ‘Particular Grace: A Defense of God’s Sovereignty in Salvation’. Reformed Free Publishing Association, 2014. |
References
- Abraham, Reem Rachel, and Ramnarayan Komattil. 2017. Heutagogic Approach to Developing Capable Learners. Medical Teacher 39: 295–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2017. Main Features—Results. November 15. Available online: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/1800.0 (accessed on 25 October 2022).
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. Religious Affiliation in Australia. Available online: https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/religious-affiliation-australia (accessed on 9 August 2022).
- Bader-Saye, Scott. 2007. Following Jesus in a Culture of Fear. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press. [Google Scholar]
- Barnett, Paul. 1997. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. [Google Scholar]
- Barrette, Gene. 2002. Spiritual Direction in the Roman Catholic Tradition. Journal of Psychology and Theology 30: 290–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benner, David Gordon. 2002. Nurturing Spiritual Growth. Journal of Psychology and Theology 4: 255–361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergler, Thomas E. 2014. From Here to Maturity: Overcoming the Juvenilization of American Christianity. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. [Google Scholar]
- Bergler, Thomas E. 2020. Generation Z and Spiritual Maturity. Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 17: 75–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biehl, Bobb. 1996. Mentoring: Confidence in Finding a Mentor and Becoming One. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers. [Google Scholar]
- Blaschke, Lisa Marie. 2012. Heutagogy and Lifelong Learning: A Review of Heutagogical Practice and Self-Determined Learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 13: 56–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Blaschke, Lisa Marie. 2017. Heutagogy: Empowering Students through Self-Determined Learning. Video, Posted by C3L—Center für lebenslanges Lernen der Universität Oldenburg. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPio1CWYe18&list=TLPQMTkwNDIwMjKVDK xudytgjA&index=2 (accessed on 20 April 2022).
- Blaschke, Lisa Marie. 2018. Heutagogy: Preparing Learning for Life after Higher Education. Video, Posted by Open University of Catalonia. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j _SMlokWfzUAccessed (accessed on 24 April 2022).
- Blaschke, Lisa Marie, and Stewart Hase. 2015. Heutagogy: A holistic framework for creating twenty-first-century self-determined learners. In The Future of Ubiquitous Learning: Learning Designs and Emerging Pedagogies. Edited by Begona Gros and Marcelo Maina Kinshuk. New York: Springer, pp. 25–40. [Google Scholar]
- Bouma, Gary Donald. 2006. Australian Soul: Religion and Spirituality in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Boyes, Edward, and Martin Stanisstreet. 2012. Environmental Education for Behaviour Change: Which Actions Should be Targeted? International Journal of Science Education 34: 1591–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brailey, Geoff, and Stephen Douglas Parker. 2020. The Identity Imperative: Mentoring as a Tool for Christian Young Adult Identity Formation. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality 25: 109–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burns, Scott. 2020. Embracing Weakness: An Investigation of the Role of Weakness in Spiritual Growth. Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul 13: 262–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calvin, John. 2009. Institutes of the Christian Religion: In Two Volumes. Edited by John T. McNeill. 2 vols. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. First published 1536. [Google Scholar]
- Carey, Rachel N., T. McDermott Daragh, and M. Sarma Kiran. 2013. The Impact of Threat Appeals on Fear Arousal and Driver Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research 1990–2011. PLoS ONE 8: e62821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chiranjeeiv, Reddy G. 2017. A Study on the Relationship Among Heutagogical Attributes of Undergraduate Design Students of Fashion Education. International Education & Research Journal 3: 80–82. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, Sunglae. 2014. Calvin’s Teaching on the Spiritual Journey toward the Restoration of the Image of God. Asian American Theological Forum. Available online: https://aatfweb.org/2014/10/27/calvins-teaching-on-the-spiritual-journey-toward-the-restoration-of-the-image-of-god/ (accessed on 14 April 2023).
- Collins, Gary R. 2009. Christian Coaching: Helping Others Turn Potential into Reality, rev. 2nd ed. Colorado Springs: NavPress. [Google Scholar]
- Corbett, Steve, Brian Fikkert, John Perkins, and David Platt. 2014. When Helping Hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty without Hurting the Poor … and Yourself. Chicago: Moody Publishers. [Google Scholar]
- de Barba, Paula Galvão. 2020. Double-Loop Learning about Heutagogy #EDUC90970. Available online: https://pauladebarba.com/2020/06/29/double-loop-learning-about-heutagogy-educ90970/ (accessed on 20 April 2023).
- Drake, David B. 2018. Narrative Coaching: The Definitive Guide to Bringing New Stories to Life, 2nd ed. Petaluma: CNC Press. [Google Scholar]
- Dwyer, Karen, and Ed Hogan. 2013. Assessing a Program of Spiritual Formation Using Pre and Post Self-Report Measures. Theological Education 48: 25–34. [Google Scholar]
- Eachempati, Prashanti, Kiran Kumar K. S., Ramnarayan Komattil, and Abdul Rashid Hj Ismail. 2017. Heutagogy through Facebook for the Millennial Learners. MedEdPublish 6: 194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eames, Catrin, and Donna O’Connor. 2022. The Role of Repetitive Thinking and Spirituality in the Development of Posttraumatic Growth and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. PLoS ONE 17: e0272036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erikson, Erik Homburger. 1993. Childhood and Society. New York: Norton. First Published 1950. [Google Scholar]
- Findley, Maureen J., and Harris M. Cooper. 1983. Locus of Control and Academic Achievement: A Literature Review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44: 419–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fowler, James William. 1995. Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning, First HarperCollins Paperback ed. New York: Harper One. [Google Scholar]
- Frazee, Randy. 2005. The Christian Life Profile Assessment Tool: Workbook. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. [Google Scholar]
- Gaebelein, Frank E., ed. 1976. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: With the New Internat. Version of the Holy Bible. Grand Rapids: Regency Reference Libr, vol. 12. [Google Scholar]
- Garvey, Robert. 2017. Coaching and Mentoring: Theory and Practice, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage. [Google Scholar]
- Gesselman, Amanda N., Silvia M. Bigatti, Justin R. Garcia, Kathryn Coe, David Cella, and Victoria L. Champion. 2017. Spirituality, Emotional Distress, and Post-Traumatic Growth in Breast Cancer Survivors and Their Partners: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling Approach: Spirituality and Coping in Breast Cancer Dyads. Psycho-Oncology 26: 1691–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haack, Denis. 2015. When Spiritual Growth Involves Discomfort: Disequilibrium in Biblical Perspective. Presbyterian 41: 31–49. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, Todd W., Andrea Gurney, Matthew LaPine, Angela Carpenter, and Brad Strawn. 2023. Relational Spirituality: A Psychological-Theological Paradigm for Transformation. Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 16: 127–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hancock, Thomas E., Rodger K. Bufford, Brad Lau, and Neil Ninteman. 2005. Attempting Valid Assessment of Spiritual Growth: A Survey of Christ-Centered Living. Christian Education Journal 2: 129–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harbin, Ami. 2015. Prescribing Posttraumatic Growth. Bioethics 29: 671–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hase, Stewart. 2016. Self-Determined Learning (Heutagogy): Where Have We Come since 2000? Southern Institute of Technology Journal of Applied Research 2016: 1–21. [Google Scholar]
- Hase, Stewart, and Chris Kenyon, eds. 2013. Self-Determined Learning: Heutagogy in Action. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. [Google Scholar]
- Hastings, Lindsay J., and Cindy Kane. 2018. Distinguishing Mentoring, Coaching, and Advising for Leadership Development. New Directions for Student Leadership 158: 9–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hastings, Lindsay, and Hannah Sunderman. 2020. Evidence-based Practices in Mentoring for Leadership Development. New Directions for Student Leadership 68: 75–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haughey, Duncan. 2014. A Brief History of SMART Goals. Project Smart. Available online: https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/smart-goals/brief-history-of-smart-goals.php (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Hawkins, Greg L., and Cally Parkinson. 2016. Move: What 1000 Churches Reveal about Spiritual Growth. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. [Google Scholar]
- Heelas, Paul, ed. 2005. The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion Is Giving Way to Spirituality. Religion and Spirituality in the Modern World. Malden: Blackwell Pub. [Google Scholar]
- Hoesing, Paul, and Ed Hogan. 2021. You Can’t Measure That…Can You? How a Catholic Seminary Approaches the Question of Measuring Growth in Human and Spiritual Formation. Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 14: 254–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hughes, Philip. 2022. Australia’s Religious and Non-Religious Profiles: Analysis of 2021 Census Data. Box Hill: Christian Research Association. [Google Scholar]
- Ibarra, Hermina, and Kent Lineback. 2005. What’s Your Story? Harvard Business Review 83: 64–71. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jernigan, Ralph W., Jr. 2015. Can A Christian College Student Please God? Spiritual Growth and Its Relationship to Small Group Involvement, Accountability and Academic Progress. Ph.D. thesis, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA, March 27. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplan, Bernie. 2005. Re-Thinking Development. In Heinz Werner and Developmental Science. Edited by Jaan Valsiner. Path in Psychology. Boston: Springer, pp. 121–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keating, James F. 2016. Christ as the Foundation of Seminary Formation. Omaha: Institute for Priestly Formation. [Google Scholar]
- Kelly, Michael P., and Mary Barker. 2016. Why Is Changing Health-Related Behaviour so Difficult? Public Health 136: 109–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khursheed, Masrat, and Mohammad Ghazi Shahnawaz. 2020. Trauma and Post-Traumatic Growth: Spirituality and Self-Compassion as Mediators Among Parents Who Lost Their Young Children in a Protracted Conflict. Journal of Religion and Health 59: 2623–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kohlberg, Lawrence. 1981. Essays on Moral Development, 1st ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row. [Google Scholar]
- Kong, Karen. 2023. After the Demise of Hillsong, Is There a Place for the Church in Modern Australia? The Drum. ABC News. Available online: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-11/after-the-demise-of-hillsong-is-there-a-place-for-the-church-in-/102465418 (accessed on 11 June 2023).
- Koss-Chioino, Joan, and Philip J. Hefner, eds. 2006. The Meaning of Spiritual Transformation. In Spiritual Transformation and Healing: Anthropological, Theological, Neuroscientific, and Clinical Perspectives. Lanham: AltaMira Press, pp. 10–39. [Google Scholar]
- Krallmann, Gunter. 2002. Mentoring for Mission. Waynesboro: Gabriel Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Lefcourt, Herbert M., ed. 2014. Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research. New York: Taylor and Francis eBooks. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewis, Rick. 2009. Mentoring Matters: Building Strong Christian Leaders, Avoiding Burnout, Reaching the Finishing Line. Grand Rapids: Monarch Books. [Google Scholar]
- Luetz, Johannes M., Rebecca Margus, and Brooke Prickett. 2020. Human Behavior Change for Sustainable Development: Perspectives Informed by Psychology and Neuroscience. In Quality Education, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Edited by Walter Leal Filho, Anabela Marisa Azul, Luciana Brandli, Pinar Gökçin Özuyar and Tony Wall. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 419–34. [Google Scholar]
- Mahoney, Annette, and Kenneth I. Pargament. 2004. Sacred Changes: Spiritual Conversion and Transformation: Quantum Change. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60: 481–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallison, John. 1999. Mentoring to Develop Disciples & Leaders. Lidcombe: Scripture Union. [Google Scholar]
- Martínez de Pisón, Ramón. 2022. Religion, Spirituality and Mental Health: The Role of Guilt and Shame. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health 25: 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCrindle, Mark. 2017. Faith and Belief in Australia: A National Study on Religion, Spirituality and Worldview Trends. Baulkham Hills: McCrindle Research Pty Ltd. [Google Scholar]
- McCrindle, Mark. 2020. The Future of the Church in Australia. Norwest: McCrindle Research Pty Ltd. [Google Scholar]
- Melander, Rochelle. 2006. A Generous Presence: Spiritual Leadership and the Art of Coaching. Herndon: Alban Institute. [Google Scholar]
- Moberg, David. 2010. Spirituality Research: Measuring the Immeasurable? Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 62: 99–114. [Google Scholar]
- Moore, Robert Louis. 2020. Developing Lifelong Learning with Heutagogy: Contexts, Critiques, and Challenges. Distance Education 41: 381–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, Oliver J. 2009. Thoughts on the Interaction of Trauma, Addiction, and Spirituality. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling 30: 5–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mounce, William D. 2003. Basics of Biblical Greek: Workbook, 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Pub. House. [Google Scholar]
- Moutsiana, Christina, Neil Garrett, Richard C. Clarke, R. Beau Lotto, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, and Tali Sharot. 2013. Human Development of the Ability to Learn from Bad News. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences—PNAS 110: 16396–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Narramore, S. Bruce. 1974. Guilt: Christian Motivation or Neurotic Masochism? Journal of Psychology and Theology 2: 182–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogden, Greg. 2016. Transforming Discipleship: Making Disciples a Few at a Time. Revised and Expanded. Downers Grove: IVP Books. [Google Scholar]
- Ogne, Steven L., and Tim Roehl. 2008. TransforMissional Coaching: Empowering Spiritual Leaders in a Changing Ministry World. Nashville: B & H Pub. Group. [Google Scholar]
- Oliver, Erna. 2016a. A Move towards Heutagogy to Empower Theology Students. Hervormde Teologiese Studies 72: 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oliver, Erna. 2016b. Is There Space for Heutagogy in Open Distance Learning (ODL) for Theology Students? Video, Posted by Erna Oliver. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2XCuMwKLzw (accessed on 26 April 2022).
- Ordóñez, Lisa Dianne, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Adam Daniel Galinsky, and Max Hal Bazerman. 2009a. Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Overprescribing Goal Setting. Academy of Management Perspectives 23: 6–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ordóñez, Lisa Dianne, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Adom Daniel Galinsky, and Max Hal Bazerman. 2009b. On Good Scholarship, Goal Setting, and Scholars Gone Wild. Academy of Management Perspectives 23: 82–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Orthner, Dennis K. 2021. Assessing Spiritual Development: Reflections on Building a Community Measure. Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 14: 198–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oslington, Paul. 2015. Sacred and Secular in Australian Social Services. Pacifica: Australian Theological Studies 28: 79–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pea, Roy D. 1982. Werner’s Influences on Contemporary Psychology. Human Development 25: 303–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pepper, Miriam, Ruth Powell, and Gary D. Bouma. 2019. Social Cohesion in Australia: Comparing Church and Community. Religions 10: 605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Piaget, Jean, and Bärbel Inhelder. 1973. The Psychology of the Child, 3rd ed. New York: Basic Books. [Google Scholar]
- Polzin, Elizabeth. 2018. A Correlational Study of Academic Locus of Control, Study Preparation, and the Praxis II. Ph.D. thesis, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO, USA. [Google Scholar]
- Porter, Steven L., Steven J. Sandage, David C. Wang, and Peter C. Hill. 2019. Measuring the Spiritual, Character, and Moral Formation of Seminarians: In Search of a Meta-Theory of Spiritual Change. Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 12: 5–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Powell, Ruth. 2017. Australia. In Growth and Decline in the Anglican Communion: 1980 to the Present. Edited by David Goodhew. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p. 1. [Google Scholar]
- Powell, Ruth, and Miriam Pepper. 2017. Local Churches in Australia: Research Findings from the NCLS Research. Paper presented at the 2016 NCLS Church Life Pack Seminar Presentation, NCLS Survey, Sydney, Australia, October 15–22. [Google Scholar]
- Radcliffe, Robert. 1984. Spiritual Growth: A Developmental Approach. Christian Education Journal 5: 38–48. [Google Scholar]
- Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph. 2005. Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Available online: https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#INTRODUCTION (accessed on 13 June 2022).
- Rotter, Julian B. 1966. Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 80: 1–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ruiter, Robert A. C., Charles Abraham, and Gerjo Kok. 2001. Scary Warnings and Rational Precautions: A Review of the Psychology of Fear Appeals. Psychology & Health 16: 613–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russo-Netzer, Pninit, and Jonathan Davidov. 2020. Transformative Life Experience as a Glimpse Into Potentiality. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salami, Olumide Lateef. 2021. Teaching Competencies, Methodologies, Students’ Engagement and Locus of Control as Predictors of Students’ Academic Performance in Business Education in Colleges of Education. Ph.D. thesis, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. [Google Scholar]
- Sapolsky, Robert Morris. 2018. Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. New York: Penguin Books. [Google Scholar]
- Segar, Michelle. 2015. The Right Why: The Surprising Start to Cultivating Sustainable Behavior Change. Generations 39: 15–19. [Google Scholar]
- Segar, Michelle L., Jacquelynne Sue Eccles, Stephen C. Peck, and Caroline R. Richardson. 2007. Midlife Women’s Physical Activity Goals: Sociocultural Influences and Effects on Behavioral Regulation. Sex Roles 57: 837–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, Stacy. 2004. Exploring the Interaction of Trauma and Spirituality. Traumatology 10: 231–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, Gordon T. 2014. Called to be Saints: An Invitation to Christian Maturity. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, James K. A. 2014. How (Not) to Be Secular: Reading Charles Taylor. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. [Google Scholar]
- Spreier, Scott C., Mary H. Fontaine, and Ruth L. Malloy. 2006. Leadership Run Amok: The Destructive Potential of Overacheivers. Harvard Business Review 84: 72–82. [Google Scholar]
- Stanley, Paul D., and J. Robert Clinton. 1992. Connecting: The Mentoring Relationships You Need to Succeed in Life. Colorado Springs: NavPress. [Google Scholar]
- Svenungsson, Jayne. 2021. Secularization. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Taubman Ben-Ari, Orit, Victor Florian, and Mario Mikulincer. 2000. Does a Threat Appeal Moderate Reckless Driving? A Terror Management Theory Perspective. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32: 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, Charles. 2007. A Secular Age. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Thayer, Jane. 2004. Constructing a Spirituality Measure Based on Learning Theory: The Christian Spiritual Participation Profile. Journal of Psychology & Christianity 23: 195–207. [Google Scholar]
- Tyagi, Archana. 2018. Individuation: The Jungian Process of Spiritual Growth. In Explorations of Human Spirituality. New Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House, pp. 128–53. [Google Scholar]
- Valsiner, Jaan, ed. 2005. Heinz Werner and Developmental Science. Path in Psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. [Google Scholar]
- Velayutham, Sivakumar, and M. H. B. Perera. 2004. The Influence of Emotions and Culture on Accountability and Governance. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 4: 52–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vine, William Edward, Merrill Unger Frederick, and William White Jnr. 1996. Accomplish, Accomplishment. Vine’s Complete Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. [Google Scholar]
- Webb, Keith E. 2019. The Coach Model for Christian Leaders: Powerful Leadership Skills for Solving Problems, Reaching Goals, and Developing Others. New York: Morgan James Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Whitmore, John. 2017. Coaching for Performance: The Principles and Practice of Coaching and Leadership, 5th ed. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Willet, Don. 2010. A Biblical Model of Stages of Spiritual Development: The Journey According to John. Journal of Spiritual Formation & Soul Care 3: 88–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, Patrick, and Diane S Menendez. 2015. Becoming a Professional Life Coach: Lessons from the Institute for Life Coach Training, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. [Google Scholar]
- Wuest, Kenneth Samuel. 1997. Wuest’s Word Studies from the Greek New Testament: For the English Reader. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. [Google Scholar]
- Yemm, Graham. 2012. The Financial Times Essential Guide to Leading Your Team: How to Set Goals, Measure Performance and Reward Talent. Harlow: Pearson. [Google Scholar]
Stage | Milestones |
---|---|
Childhood |
|
Young Adulthood |
|
Parenthood |
|
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hukkinen, E.; Lütz, J.M.; Dowden, T. Assessing Research Trends in Spiritual Growth: The Case for Self-Determined Learning. Religions 2023, 14, 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060809
Hukkinen E, Lütz JM, Dowden T. Assessing Research Trends in Spiritual Growth: The Case for Self-Determined Learning. Religions. 2023; 14(6):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060809
Chicago/Turabian StyleHukkinen, Esa, Johannes M. Lütz, and Tony Dowden. 2023. "Assessing Research Trends in Spiritual Growth: The Case for Self-Determined Learning" Religions 14, no. 6: 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060809