From E-Waste to High-Value Materials: Sustainable Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide, and MOF Nanoparticles from Waste Printed Circuit Boards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Significance of Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs)
1.2. Sustainable Recycling Methods
1.3. Nanoparticles from WPCBs
1.4. Review Objectives
2. Composition of WPCBs
3. Pretreatment of E-Waste
4. Recovery Systems
4.1. Froth Flotation
4.2. Hydrometallurgical Processes
4.3. Green Recovery Methods
4.3.1. Bioleaching
4.3.2. Biosorption
5. Nanoparticles from WPCBs: Synthesis, Concentration, and Purification
6. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from WPCBs
6.1. Green Organic Acids
6.2. Plants
6.3. Bacteria
6.4. Fungi
6.5. Algae
7. Industrial Applications of Nanoparticles Based on WPCBs
7.1. Degradation of Dyes
7.2. Photocatalysis
7.3. Coatings
7.4. Biomedical
8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Percent (%) | Element |
---|---|---|
Major elements | 5–20 | Fe, Cu, Al |
Intermediate elements | 0.1–10 | Zn, Sn, Ni, Pb, Cr |
Minor elements | <0.1 | Ag, Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Ga, Ge, In, Mn, Pb, Pd, Ta, Ti |
Type of Pretreatment of E-Waste | Recovery Method | Metal | Nanoparticles | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Autoclave treatment: polymer separation Ball mill–hammer mill | Selective leaching: ammonia | Cu | CuO: 5 nm | [25] |
Crushing in a crystal agate mortar, 200 mesh | Selective leaching with nitric acid | Ag | 8–30 nm | [28] |
Cutting mill: 0.075–1 mm | Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans | Cu | — | [29] |
Shredding in a cutting mill equipped with 8 mm mesh | Magnetic separation concentrated by magnetic separation Hydrometallurgical HCl (ranging 1 M to 6 M) and H2O2 (ranging 4 M to 8.8 M) | Au | AuNP: 5–20 nm | [23] |
Cutting: surface areas 100 to 1600 mm2 | Floating in vibrated fluid ascorbic acid, ß-cyclodextrin, and 80 °C and 700 rpm | Cu | Cu: 7 nm | [17] |
Hammer and cutting mill: 0.075–1 mm | Bioleaching: pure culture of A. ferrooxidans and citric acid | Cu Zn Pb Ni | — | [18] |
Grinding | Thermal concentrated precipitation: conventional, microwave, and ultrasound SnO2: metastannic acid AgNp: HCl-ammonia | Sn Ag | SnO2: 15 nm AgNp: 0.7 nm and 200 nm | [30] |
Griding in a knife mill and crushing in a hammer mill with a 2 mm grid | Bacteria obtained from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon heliophila used in selective bioleaching | Cu | Cu: 1 nm | [27] |
Cutting mill 0.8–0.4 mm | Bioleaching: pure culture of A. ferrooxidans and citric acid | Cu Zn Al | — | [31] |
Leaching Agent | Toxicity | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|
Cyanide | Very High |
|
|
Aqua regia | High |
|
|
Bromide and Iodide | Low |
|
|
Thiosulfate | Medium |
|
|
Thiourea | High |
|
|
H2SO4 | Medium |
|
|
HCl | Medium |
|
|
HNO3 | Medium |
|
|
Leaching Agent | Metal | Concentration of Metal from Leaching (mg/L or Leaching Percentage) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Aqua regia | Au | 125 | [50] |
Pd | 13 | ||
Ag | 163 | ||
Aqua regia | Au | 57% | [51] |
Cu | 44% | ||
Aqua regia | Au | 550 | [52] |
Thiourea | Au | 100% | [53] |
Ag | 81% | ||
Pd | 13% | ||
Halogens (Iodine) | Au | 99.8% | [53] |
Ag | 81.7% | ||
Pd | 74% | ||
Iodine-iodide | Au | 98% | [54] |
KI | Au | 99.2% | [55] |
Thiosulfate | Au | 81% | [58] |
Ag | 88% | ||
Cu | 32% |
Green Recovery Method | Microorganism | Metal | Concentration of Metal in Leaching (% or mg/L) | Operation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biohydrometallurgy | Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidiphilium acidophilus | Cu | 96% | Concentrated by fractional chemical precipitation | [19] |
Zn | 94.5% | ||||
Ni | 75% | ||||
Pb | 74.5% | ||||
Bioleaching | Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans | Cu | 95% | Concentrated by electrowinning | [29] |
Bioleaching | Leptospirillum ferriphilum | Fe | 8000 mg/L | pH 1.2 T: 35 °C | [79] |
Bioleaching | Pseudomonas fluorescens | Au | 54% | — | [69] |
Bioleaching | Chromobacterium violaceum | Au | 11–30% | — | [62] |
Hybrid combination: Bioleaching-Biosorption | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Au | 85% | 5 mL of microbial inoculum and 1 g of contact material 90 days | [80] |
Bioleaching | Aspergillus niger | Cu | 100% | pH 7.0, 5 days, T: 30 °C, 200 rpm Pulp density: 0.5% | [81] |
Bioleaching | Aspergillus niger | Ag | 67% | — | [67] |
Cu | 50% | ||||
Bioleaching | Aspergillus niger consortium | Au | 87% | — | [70] |
Cu | 81.7% | ||||
Ni | 74% | ||||
Hybrid combination: Bioleaching-Biosorption | Pleurotus florida and Pseudomonas spp. | Cu | 18% | 1 g biomass pH 7.2 T: 27 °C Lacase production | [75] |
Fe | 12.4% | ||||
Biosorption | Aspergillus carbonarius | Cr6+ | 92.43% | pH 2.0 during 12 h at 37 °C | [74] |
Bioaccumulation | Penicillium expansum | La | 390 mg/L | — | [82] |
Tb | 1520 mg/L | ||||
Biosorption | Aspergillus spp. | Cd | 88% | pH 4 T: 30 °C | [73] |
Method | Conditions | Element | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Fractional chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, and electrowinning | A two-stage process for the separation of Cu using a phenolic oxime dissolved in kerosene as an organic liquid phase for the recovery of copper and nickel from the leach liquor. The availed residue is dissolved in the halide salts in the presence of acidic conditions, showing the quantitative dissolution of gold and silver. Solvent extraction with amide-based reagents recovered gold by leaving the silver-rich raffinate. A precipitation or cementation technique using copper powder is implemented for the precipitation of silver. | Cu, Ni, Ag, Au | [19] |
Solvent extraction (SX) | Solvents: organophosphorus derivatives, guanidine derivations, and a mixture of amines–organophosphorus derivatives prior to chemical reduction. | Au | [87] |
Electrowinning (EW) | Solutions: 8.1 g/L Cu and 9.1 g/L Fe Cathode: copper Anode: Ti-metal oxide Current density of 300 A/m2 | Cu (66%) | [29] |
Electrowinning (EW) | Cathode and anode: Au, 100 AC voltage for 5 Solution: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer solution containing 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) | Au | [88] |
Dialysis | Polyethyleneimine (PEI) membrane | Nd Pr | [85] |
Algae | Highlights | Element | Nanoparticle Size | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sargassum spp. | The microwave-assisted synthe-sis (MAS) of AgNPs using Sar-gassum spp. biomass involves the reduction of Ag+ ions by diverse organic compounds present in the macroalgae extract, including polysaccharides, proteins, poly-phenols, and flavonoids, through redox reactions. | Ag | 10 to 175 nm. Average size of 36.43 nm | [115] |
Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, Lyngbya majuscule and Spirulina subsalsa | The reduction of gold particles is attributed to the presence of cellular reductases, with proteins such as cysteine serving to stabilize the nanoparticles. | Au | <20 nm | [116] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Carboxylate groups on the surface of Chlorella vulgaris cells capture metal ions, which are subsequently reduced to silver nanoparticles by reductase enzymes. | Ag | Average size 10.95 nm | [117] |
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Pineda-Vásquez, T.; Rendón-Castrillón, L.; Ramírez-Carmona, M.; Ocampo-López, C. From E-Waste to High-Value Materials: Sustainable Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide, and MOF Nanoparticles from Waste Printed Circuit Boards. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010069
Pineda-Vásquez T, Rendón-Castrillón L, Ramírez-Carmona M, Ocampo-López C. From E-Waste to High-Value Materials: Sustainable Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide, and MOF Nanoparticles from Waste Printed Circuit Boards. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(1):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010069
Chicago/Turabian StylePineda-Vásquez, Tatiana, Leidy Rendón-Castrillón, Margarita Ramírez-Carmona, and Carlos Ocampo-López. 2024. "From E-Waste to High-Value Materials: Sustainable Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide, and MOF Nanoparticles from Waste Printed Circuit Boards" Nanomaterials 14, no. 1: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14010069