Nanomaterials

15 pages, 11694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Selectivity of a Catalytic Film/Gas-Sensitive Film Laminated Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensor for Mustard Using Temperature Dynamic Modulation

by Yelin Qi, Ting Liang, Wen Yang, Tengbo Ma, Siyue Zhao and Yadong Liu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161232 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

The poor selectivity of metal oxide semiconductor sensors is a major constraint to their application in the detection of chemical warfare agents. We prepared a (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃/(Pt+Rh)-WO₃ sensor by using (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃ as a catalytic film material [...] Read more.

The poor selectivity of metal oxide semiconductor sensors is a major constraint to their application in the detection of chemical warfare agents. We prepared a (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃/(Pt+Rh)-WO₃ sensor by using (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃ as a catalytic film material and (Pt+Rh)-WO₃ as a gas-sensitive film material. Using temperature dynamic modulation, the (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃/(Pt+Rh)-WO₃ sensor was realised to improve the selectivity for mustard. Due to the catalytic effect of the (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃ catalytic film on mustard, mustard was able to be catalytically generated into mustard sulphoxide after passing through the (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃ catalytic film. Under a certain temperature dynamic modulation, the mustard concentration on the surface of the (Pt+Rh)-WO₃ gas-sensitive film showed an increase and then a decrease. Since the resistance response of the (Pt+Rh)-WO₃ gas-sensitive film to mustard was much higher than that of mustard sulphoxide, the change in the resistance of the (Pt+Rh)-WO₃ gas-sensitive film was mainly determined by the change in the concentration of mustard, which led to the peak signal in the curve of its resistance response to mustard. The experimental results showed that the (Pt+Pd+Rh)@Al₂O₃/(Pt+Rh)-WO₃ sensor had peak signals in the resistance response to mustard only, and not in the resistance response to 12 interfering gases, such as carbon monoxide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Low-Dimensional Materials for Sensing Applications)

12 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation Mechanisms in Metallized Barrier Films for Vacuum Insulation Panels Subjected to Flanging-Induced Stress

by Juan Wang, Ziling Wang, Delei Chen, Zhibin Pei, Jian Shen and Ningning Zhou

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161231 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

The long-term reliability of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) is constrained by the barrier film degradation caused by micro-cracks during the flanging process. However, the correlation mechanism between process parameters and microleakage remains unclear. This study systematically investigates the impact of the number of [...] Read more.

The long-term reliability of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) is constrained by the barrier film degradation caused by micro-cracks during the flanging process. However, the correlation mechanism between process parameters and microleakage remains unclear. This study systematically investigates the impact of the number of flanging cycles on the barrier properties and insulation failure of aluminum foil composite film (AF) and metallized polyester film (MF). Accelerated aging tests revealed that the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of MF surged by 340% after five flanging cycles, while its oxygen transmission rate (OTR) increased by 22%. In contrast, AF exhibited significantly increased gas permeability due to brittle fracture of its aluminum layer. Thermal conductivity measurements demonstrated that VIPs subjected to ≥5 flanging cycles experienced a thermal conductivity increase of 5.22 mW/(m·K) after 30 days of aging, representing a 7.1-fold rise compared to unbent samples. MF primarily failed through interfacial delamination, whereas AF failed predominantly via aluminum layer fracture. This divergence stems from the substantial difference in mechanical properties between the metal and the polymer substrate. The study proposes optimizing the flanging process (≤3 bending cycles) and establishes a micro-crack propagation prediction model using X-ray computed tomography (CT). These findings provide crucial theoretical and technical foundations for enhancing VIP manufacturing precision and extending service life, holding significant practical value for energy-saving applications in construction and cryogenic fields. Full article

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26 pages, 3252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining QCM and SERS on a Nanophotonic Chip: A Dual-Functional Sensor for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis and Protein Fingerprinting

by Cosimo Bartolini, Martina Tozzetti, Cristina Gellini, Marilena Ricci, Stefano Menichetti, Piero Procacci and Gabriella Caminati

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161230 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

We present a dual biosensing strategy integrating Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for the quantitative and molecular-specific detection of FKBP12. Silver nanodendritic arrays were electrodeposited onto QCM sensors, optimized for SERS enhancement using Rhodamine 6G, and functionalized with a [...] Read more.

We present a dual biosensing strategy integrating Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for the quantitative and molecular-specific detection of FKBP12. Silver nanodendritic arrays were electrodeposited onto QCM sensors, optimized for SERS enhancement using Rhodamine 6G, and functionalized with a custom-designed receptor to selectively capture FKBP12. QCM measurements revealed a two-step Langmuir adsorption behavior, enabling sensitive mass quantification with a low limit of detection. Concurrently, in situ SERS analysis on the same sensor provided vibrational fingerprints of FKBP12, resolved through comparative studies of the free protein, surface-bound receptor, and surface-bound receptor–protein complex. Ethanol-induced denaturation confirmed protein-specific peaks, while shifts in receptor vibrational modes—linked to FKBP12 binding—demonstrated dynamic molecular interactions. A ratiometric parameter, derived from key peak intensities, served as a robust, concentration-dependent signature of complex formation. This platform bridges quantitative (QCM) and structural (SERS) biosensing, offering real-time mass tracking and conformational insights. The nanodendritic substrate’s dual functionality, combined with the receptor’s selectivity, advances label-free protein detection for applications in drug diagnostics, with potential adaptability to other target analytes. Full article

13 pages, 1892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defect-Targeted Repair for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Using 2-Chlorocinnamic Acid

by Zhichun Yang, Mengyu Li, Jinyan Chen, Waqar Ahmad, Guofeng Zhang, Chengbing Qin, Liantuan Xiao and Suotang Jia

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161229 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites have appeared as a promising semiconductor for high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic technologies. However, their performance and long-term stability are dramatically constrained by defects at the surface and grain boundaries of polycrystalline perovskite films formed during the processing. Herein, we propose [...] Read more.

Metal halide perovskites have appeared as a promising semiconductor for high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic technologies. However, their performance and long-term stability are dramatically constrained by defects at the surface and grain boundaries of polycrystalline perovskite films formed during the processing. Herein, we propose a defect-targeted passivation strategy using 2-chlorocinnamic acid (2-Cl) to simultaneously enhance the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The crystallization kinetics, film morphology, and optical and electronic properties of the used formamidinium–cesium lead halide (FA_0.85Cs_0.15Pb(I_0.95Br_0.05)₃, FACs) absorber were modulated and systematically investigated by various characterizations. Mechanistically, the carbonyl group in 2-Cl coordinates with undercoordinated Pb²⁺ ions, while the chlorine atom forms Pb–Cl bonds, effectively passivating the surface and interfacial defects. The optimized FACs perovskite film was incorporated into inverted (p-i-n) PSCs with a typical architecture of ITO/NiO_x/PTAA/Al₂O₃/FACs/PEAI/PCBM/BCP/Ag. The optimal device delivers a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.58% with an open-circuit voltage of 1.14 V and a fill factor of 82.8%. Furthermore, the unencapsulated devices retain 90% of their initial efficiency after storage in ambient air for 30 days and 83% of their original PCE after stress under 1 sun illumination with maximum power point tracking at 50 °C in a N₂ environment, demonstrating the practical potential of dual-site molecular passivation for durable perovskite photovoltaics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Solar Energy and Solar Cells)

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30 pages, 3078 KiB

Open AccessReview

Smart Polymers and Adaptive Systems in Pilot Suit Engineering: Toward Autonomous, Responsive, and Wearable Flight Technologies

by Hanjing Ma, Yuan He, Yu Ma, Guannan Han, Zhetao Zhang and Baohua Tian

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161228 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Next-generation pilot suits are evolving into intelligent, adaptive platforms that integrate advanced polymeric materials, smart textiles, and on-body artificial intelligence. High-performance polymers have advanced in mechanical strength, thermal regulation, and environmental resilience, with fabrication methods like electrospinning, weaving, and 3D/4D printing enabling structural [...] Read more.

Next-generation pilot suits are evolving into intelligent, adaptive platforms that integrate advanced polymeric materials, smart textiles, and on-body artificial intelligence. High-performance polymers have advanced in mechanical strength, thermal regulation, and environmental resilience, with fabrication methods like electrospinning, weaving, and 3D/4D printing enabling structural versatility and sensor integration. In particular, functional nanomaterials and hierarchical nanostructures contribute critical properties such as conductivity, flexibility, and responsiveness, forming the foundation for miniaturized sensing and integrated electronics. The integration of flexible fiber-based electronics such as biosensors, strain sensors, and energy systems enables real-time monitoring of physiological and environmental conditions. Coupled with on-body AI for multimodal data processing, autonomous decision-making, and adaptive feedback, these systems enhance pilot safety while reducing cognitive load during flight. This review places a special focus on system-level integration, where polymers and nanomaterials serve as both structural and functional components in wearable technologies. By highlighting the role of nanostructured and functional materials within intelligent textiles, we underline a potential shift toward active human–machine interfaces in aerospace applications. Future trends and advancements in self-healing materials, neuromorphic computing, and dynamic textile systems will further elevate the capabilities of intelligent pilot suits. This review discusses interdisciplinary strategies for developing pilot wearables capable of responding to real-time physiological and operational needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Textiles (Second Edition))

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22 pages, 9002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Study of Preparing Porous CaCO₃ Vaterite Particles for Controlled Drug Release

by Nan Zhang, Binhang Zhao, Pan Yang and Haifei Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161227 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

Porous CaCO₃ vaterite particles have been widely used as drug carriers for biomedical applications due to their high biocompatibility and low production costs. However, controlling the particle size and porosity of CaCO₃ nanoparticles with the desired crystalline phase is still challenging. [...] Read more.

Porous CaCO₃ vaterite particles have been widely used as drug carriers for biomedical applications due to their high biocompatibility and low production costs. However, controlling the particle size and porosity of CaCO₃ nanoparticles with the desired crystalline phase is still challenging. In this study, we have systematically investigated the preparation of CaCO₃ nanoparticles under various conditions including precursor types/ratios/concentrations, additive concentrations (ethylene glycol), and temperatures. The materials were fully characterized by optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, dynamic laser scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and gas sorption. The impacts of the reaction parameters were rationalized and the mechanism for the formation of porous vaterite particles was suggested. It was possible to produce porous vaterite nanoparticles (200 nm) under the optimized conditions, which were further used as drug carrier to upload a model drug curcumin. The potential of using these vaterite particles for controlled drug release was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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18 pages, 4361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Tetragonal BaTiO₃ Nanoparticles in Methanol

by Nasser Mohamed-Noriega, Julia Grothe and Stefan Kaskel

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161226 - 12 Aug 2025

Abstract

BaTiO₃ (BT) is an essential material for many applications due to its dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties; nevertheless, it has been reported to possess a “critical size” in the nanoscale below which its outstanding properties are lost and the paraelectric cubic phase [...] Read more.

BaTiO₃ (BT) is an essential material for many applications due to its dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties; nevertheless, it has been reported to possess a “critical size” in the nanoscale below which its outstanding properties are lost and the paraelectric cubic phase is stabilized at room temperature instead of the tetragonal phase. This value depends on multiple factors, mostly resulting from the synthesis route and conditions. Especially, internal stresses are known to promote the loss of tetragonality. Stresses are commonly present in water-containing synthesis routes because of the incorporation of hydroxyl groups into the oxygen sublattice of BaTiO₃. On the other hand, the use of an organic solvent instead of water as a reaction medium overcomes the mentioned problem. This work presents a one-pot water-free solvothermal treatment of a Ti(O-iPr)₄-Ba(OH)₂·8H₂O sol in methanol in the presence of small amounts of oleic acid, which allows the synthesis of spherical crystalline BT nanoparticles (from ~12 nm to ~30 nm in diameter) at temperatures as low as 100 °C with a cubic/tetragonal crystal structure confirmed by powder XRD, but predominantly tetragonal according to the Raman spectra. The retention of the tetragonal crystal structure is attributed to the lack of lattice hydroxyls (confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy) resulting from the use of an organic solvent (methanol) as reaction medium. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this synthesis approach is the first report of tetragonal BT nanoparticles synthesized in methanol without the addition of extra water and without the need for a post-synthetic calcination step. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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11 pages, 2686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Efficiency Strategy for Reducing Decomposition Potential of Lithium Formate as Cathode Prelithiation Additive for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Yaqin Guo, Ti Yin, Zeyu Liu, Qi Wu, Yuheng Wang, Kangyu Zou, Tianxiang Ning, Lei Tan and Lingjun Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161225 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted extensive attention as a distinguished electrochemical energy storage system due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, the initial irreversible lithium loss during the first cycle caused by the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted extensive attention as a distinguished electrochemical energy storage system due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, the initial irreversible lithium loss during the first cycle caused by the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) leads to the prominent reduction in the energy density of LIBs. Notably, lithium formate (HCOOLi, LFM) is regarded as a promising cathode prelithiation reagent for effective lithium supplementation due to its high theoretical capacity of 515 mAh·g⁻¹. Nevertheless, the stable Li-O bond of LFM brings out the high reaction barrier accompanied by the high decomposition potential, which impedes its practical applications. To address this issue, a feasible strategy for reducing the reaction barrier has been proposed, in which the decomposition potential of LFM from 4.84 V to 4.23 V resulted from the synergetic effects of improving the electron/ion transport kinetics and catalysis of transition metal oxides. The addition of LFM to full cells consisting of graphite anodes and LiNi_0.834Co_0.11Mn_0.056O₂ cathodes significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance, increasing the reversible discharge capacity from 156 to 169 mAh·g⁻¹ at 0.1 C (2.65–4.25 V). Remarkably, the capacity retention after 100 cycles improved from 72.8% to 94.7%. Our strategy effectively enables LFM to serve as an efficient prelithiation additive for commercial cathode materials. Full article

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16 pages, 9349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photoinduced Transport and Activation of Polymer-Embedded Silver on Rice Husk Silica Nanoparticles for a Reusable Antimicrobial Surface

by Carly J. Frank, Vivian He, Juan C. Scaiano and M. Jazmin Silvero C.

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161224 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial materials are gaining significant interest as awareness of pathogens spread through contact becomes increasingly prevalent. While various compounds with antibacterial properties have been explored as active ingredients in such materials, many are prone to leaching, leading to undesirable risks to the environment [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial materials are gaining significant interest as awareness of pathogens spread through contact becomes increasingly prevalent. While various compounds with antibacterial properties have been explored as active ingredients in such materials, many are prone to leaching, leading to undesirable risks to the environment and to human health. Herein, we develop and test a multilayered plastic film filled with silver nanoparticles, long known to be potent antibacterial agents, supported in a silica matrix. Cross-linked methacrylate layers on both sides of these nanostructures prevent leaching even after several uses, making the material essentially benign. Furthermore, we derive silica from rice husk, an abundant and affordable agricultural waste product. Our findings demonstrate that initial irradiation of the material with UVA light facilitates the photothermal migration of nanoparticles towards the material’s surface, thereby significantly enhancing its antimicrobial properties. Remarkably, after just 5 min of visible light irradiation, the material exhibits over 99.999% inhibition of bacterial growth. This environmentally friendly plastic composite harnesses visible light to actively combat bacteria, providing an exciting proof-of-concept for future applications in antimicrobial coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano- and Micro-Scale Innovative Materials and Development: Selected Papers from the 6th International Micro-Nanotechnology Innovation and Development Forum (6-IMNIDF))

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18 pages, 6820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Restrains the Precipitation of Cu-Rich Nanoparticles in CuFeMnNi HEAs

by Mingze Wang, Mengyuan He, Yongfeng Shen, Wenying Xue and Zhijian Fan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161223 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

In this study, we report a strategy to suppress the formation of large Cu-rich particles by adding excessive interstitial carbon into CuFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. With the increase in C contents in the CuFeMnNi HEAs annealed at 1000 °C, the size and area fraction [...] Read more.

In this study, we report a strategy to suppress the formation of large Cu-rich particles by adding excessive interstitial carbon into CuFeMnNi high-entropy alloys. With the increase in C contents in the CuFeMnNi HEAs annealed at 1000 °C, the size and area fraction of the submicron Cu-rich particles markedly decreased. Of note, the CuFeMnNi 1.5 at. %C alloy containing nanosized Cu-rich particles (13 nm) displayed excellent strength–ductility synergy, with yield strength of 695 ± 10 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 925 ± 20 MPa, and ductility of 21.5%. This is because the addition of carbon significantly increases the diffusion speed of Cu atoms, thereby restraining the growth of Cu-rich nanoparticles. As a result, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the prepared HEAs were significantly enhanced. Additionally, the active diffusion channels induced by high-temperature short-time annealing significantly inhibited the grain growth, which improved the ductility. This work creates a new strategy for solving the dilemma caused by the large Cu-rich particles in the Cu-containing HEAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterogeneous Nanostructuring for Enhanced Mechanical Properties in Metallic Materials)

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16 pages, 3715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Binder-Free Fe₂O₃/MWCNT/Al Electrodes for Supercapacitors

by Alena A. Mitina, Evgene E. Yakimov, Maxim A. Knyazev, Victor I. Korotitsky and Arkady N. Redkin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161222 - 10 Aug 2025

Viewed by 46

Abstract

This work presents a method for preparing an Fe₂O₃/MWCNT/Al composite electrode without the use of a binder. Synthesizing the composite material directly on conductive substrates allows one to obtain ready-made supercapacitor electrodes characterized by high values of specific capacity, [...] Read more.

This work presents a method for preparing an Fe₂O₃/MWCNT/Al composite electrode without the use of a binder. Synthesizing the composite material directly on conductive substrates allows one to obtain ready-made supercapacitor electrodes characterized by high values of specific capacity, as well as resistance to numerous charge/discharge cycles. Using an array of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a conductive base for the synthesis of iron oxide allows for the production of a composite material that combines the positive properties of both materials. The Fe₂O₃/MWCNT/Al composite was formed using electrochemical oxidation of the MWCNT/Al material in a mixture of 0.1 M aqueous solution of Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂ (iron ammonium sulfate) and 0.08 M CH₃COONa (sodium acetate) in a 1:1 ratio. The proposed approaches to fabricating composite electrodes provide excellent performance characteristics, namely high cyclic stability and fast response time. For the first time, an Fe₂O₃/MWCNT/Al composite was obtained using electrochemical oxidation of Fe²⁺ on the surface of MWCNTs grown directly on aluminum foil. The specific capacitance of the obtained composite material reaches 175 F/g at a scanning rate of 100 mV/s. The capacity loss during cyclic measurements does not exceed 25% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. Full article

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15 pages, 17609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Stability, Mechanical, and Electronic Properties of Al₅TM (TM = Mo, Nb, Os, Re, Ru, Ta, Tc, Ti) Intermetallics

by Jiaxiang Yang, Qun Wei, Jing Luo, Meiguang Zhang and Bing Wei

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161221 - 10 Aug 2025

Viewed by 77

Abstract

Al-based intermetallic compounds possess excellent mechanical and thermal properties, making them promising candidates for high-temperature structural applications. In this study, the structural stability, mechanical properties, and electronic characteristics of Al₅TM (TM = Mo, Nb, Os, Re, Ru, Ta, Tc, Ti) intermetallic [...] Read more.

Al-based intermetallic compounds possess excellent mechanical and thermal properties, making them promising candidates for high-temperature structural applications. In this study, the structural stability, mechanical properties, and electronic characteristics of Al₅TM (TM = Mo, Nb, Os, Re, Ru, Ta, Tc, Ti) intermetallic compounds were systematically investigated using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. All alloys exhibit negative formation energy, indicating favorable thermodynamic stability. Elastic constant analysis shows that all compounds satisfy the Born stability criteria, confirming their mechanical stability. Among them, Al₅Mo (205.9 GPa), Al₅Nb (201.1 GPa), and Al₅Ta (204.1 GPa) exhibit relatively high Young’s moduli, while Al₅Os, Al₅Re, and Al₅Ru demonstrate large bulk moduli and good ductility. The high Debye temperatures of Al₅Mo (600.5 K) and Al₅Nb (606.7 K) suggest excellent thermal stability at elevated temperatures. Electronic structure analysis reveals that all alloys exhibit metallic behavior with no band gap near the Fermi level. The hybridization between TM-d and Al-3p orbitals enhances the covalent bonding between Al and TM atoms. This study provides theoretical guidance for the design and application of high-performance Al-based intermetallic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harvesting Electromagnetic Fields with Nanomaterials)

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23 pages, 4238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning Nanofibrous Sensor Performance in Selective Detection of B-VOCs by MIP-NP Loading

by Antonella Macagnano, Fabricio Nicolas Molinari, Simone Serrecchia, Paolo Papa, Anna Rita Taddei and Fabrizio De Cesare

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161220 - 9 Aug 2025

Viewed by 190

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the effect of varying the loading of molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP-NPs) on the morphology and sensing performance of electrospun nanofibres for the selective detection of linalool, a representative plant-emitted monoterpene. The proposed strategy combines two synergistic technologies: [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigate the effect of varying the loading of molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP-NPs) on the morphology and sensing performance of electrospun nanofibres for the selective detection of linalool, a representative plant-emitted monoterpene. The proposed strategy combines two synergistic technologies: molecular imprinting, to introduce chemical selectivity, and electrospinning, to generate high-surface-area nanofibrous sensing layers with tuneable architecture. Linalool-imprinted MIP-NPs were synthesized via precipitation polymerization using methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), yielding spherical particles with an average diameter of ~135 nm. These were embedded at increasing concentrations into a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and processed into nanofibrous mats by electrospinning. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that MIP content modulates fibre roughness and network morphology. Electrical sensing tests performed under different relative humidity (RH) conditions showed that elevated humidity (up to 60% RH) improves response stability by enhancing ion-mediated charge transport. The formulation with the highest MIP-NP loading exhibited the best performance, with a detection limit of 8 ppb (±1) and 84% selectivity toward linalool over structurally related terpenes (α-pinene and R-(+)-limonene). These results demonstrate a versatile sensing approach in which performance can be precisely tuned by adjusting MIP content, enabling the development of humidity-tolerant, selective VOC sensors for environmental and plant-related applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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17 pages, 8542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Investigation of Quantum Size Effect on the Electronic Structure and Photoelectric Properties for Graphdiyne Nanotubes

by Tao Zhang, Hanbo Wen, Zhou Li, Xinyu Zhao, Xiaoming Wang and Jingang Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161219 - 9 Aug 2025

Viewed by 145

Abstract

In this paper, the electronic structure and photoelectric properties of graphdiyne nanotubes with armchair (A-GDYNT) and zigzag (Z-GDYNT) types have been studied. Calculations show that as n decreases, the divergence in gap values between (n)-A-GDYNT and (n)-Z-GDYNT increases. This is mainly attributed to [...] Read more.

In this paper, the electronic structure and photoelectric properties of graphdiyne nanotubes with armchair (A-GDYNT) and zigzag (Z-GDYNT) types have been studied. Calculations show that as n decreases, the divergence in gap values between (n)-A-GDYNT and (n)-Z-GDYNT increases. This is mainly attributed to the edge effect arising from their different boundaries. Plasmon spectra are generated in all three directions of X, Y, and Z, with the spectra along the Z direction being more prominent. The optical absorption process exhibits not only the nonlinear nature of the GDYNTs, but also a good regularity, especially in the infrared region. As the pore size increases, the A-GDYNT and Z-GDYNT exhibit striking differences in how their charge self-organizes. Likewise, notable distinctions emerge in the evolutionary pattern of their charge difference density under excitation. The porous structure and excellent sorption ability in various light regions make GDYNTs have great potential application in the field of photocatalysis and far infrared detection. Full article

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11 pages, 7691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Buried-Gate Flexible CNT FET with HZO Dielectric on Mica Substrate

by Haiou Li, Jiamin Shen, Zhihao Zhuo, Fabi Zhang, Xingpeng Liu and Qing Liao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161218 - 9 Aug 2025

Viewed by 165

Abstract

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) are considered strong candidates for next-generation flexible electronics due to their excellent carrier mobility and mechanical flexibility. However, the fabrication of CNT FETs on conventional flexible substrates such as PI or PET is often limited by surface [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) are considered strong candidates for next-generation flexible electronics due to their excellent carrier mobility and mechanical flexibility. However, the fabrication of CNT FETs on conventional flexible substrates such as PI or PET is often limited by surface roughness, chemical incompatibility, and poor mechanical robustness, resulting in degraded device performance. In this study, we report the fabrication of buried-gate CNT FETs incorporating Hf_0.5Zr_0.5O₂ as the gate dielectric on mica substrates, which offer high surface flatness, low defect density, and superior mechanical durability. The fabricated devices exhibit outstanding electrical characteristics, including a field-effect mobility of 38.4 cm²/V·s, a subthreshold swing of 93 mV/dec, and a transconductance of 14.2 μS. These results demonstrate the excellent mechanical stability and reliable electrical performance of the proposed devices under bending stress, highlighting their suitability for mechanically demanding flexible electronics applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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14 pages, 4031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Electrochromic Properties of NiO_x Films Through Magnesium Doping Strategy

by Xiaoyu Yao, Shuai Ding, Xiaoyu Shen, Congkai Guo, Yao Liu, Wenjuan Xia, Guohua Wu and Yaohong Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161217 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 210

Abstract

In order to improve the electrochromic properties of NiO_x films, Mg ions were introduced into NiO_x films using the sol–gel method and the spin-coating method. The introduction of Mg ions leads to the loose structure of the compact NiO_x film, [...] Read more.

In order to improve the electrochromic properties of NiO_x films, Mg ions were introduced into NiO_x films using the sol–gel method and the spin-coating method. The introduction of Mg ions leads to the loose structure of the compact NiO_x film, which can provide more channels for the transport of OH⁻. In addition, the introduction of Mg ions increases the oxygen vacancies and oxygen interstitial defects in the NiO_x film, which effectively increases the reactive sites and improves the charge transfer efficiency at the interface between the NiO_x film and the electrolyte. The electrochemical results further show that the film electrode (NiO_x-Mg2) has the largest charge storage capacity when the Mg doping concentration is 10%. Compared with the undoped NiO_x film, the doping of Mg improves the transmittance modulation (ΔT) performance of the NiO_x film (ΔT up to 55.8%) and shortens the response time (2.39 s/0.63 s for coloring/bleaching). In general, Mg doping is an effective method for improving the electrochromic properties of NiO_x films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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16 pages, 5434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Engineering of CoS@NiS Heterostructures for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

by Ting Yang, Aiyi Dong, Weimin Liao, Xun Zhang, Yinhua Ma, Li Che and Honglin Gao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161216 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 181

Abstract

Hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water has become an important way to prepare green hydrogen because of its simple process and high product purity. However, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the electrolysis process has a high overpotential, which leads to the [...] Read more.

Hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water has become an important way to prepare green hydrogen because of its simple process and high product purity. However, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the electrolysis process has a high overpotential, which leads to the increase of energy consumption. Developing efficient, stable and low-cost electrolytic water catalyst is the core challenge to reduce the reaction energy barrier and improve the energy conversion efficiency. CoS@NiS-80% nanosheets with rich heterogeneous interfaces were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and sulfuration. Heterogeneous interface not only promotes the effective charge transfer between different materials and reduces the charge transfer resistance but also accelerates the four-electron transfer process through the synergistic effect of nickel and cobalt atoms. Under alkaline conditions, the overpotential of CoS@NiS-80% nanosheets was only 280 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻², with a Tafel slope of 100.87 mV dec⁻¹. Furthermore, it could work continuously for 100 h, exhibiting its outstanding stability. This work provides a novel approach for improving the OER performance of transition metal sulfide-based electrocatalysts through heterogeneous interface engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical and Electrocatalysis Performance of Functional Nanomaterials)

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17 pages, 17722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Glass-to-Metal Welding by Femtosecond Laser Pulse Bursts: II, Enhancing the Weld Between Glass and Polished Metal Surfaces

by Qingfeng Li, Fei Luo, Gabor Matthäus, David Sohr and Stefan Nolte

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161215 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 171

Abstract

We present a comprehensive study on the femtosecond laser direct welding of glass and metal, focusing on optimizing processing parameters and understanding the influence of material properties and beam shaping on welding quality. Using microscopy, we identified optimal pulse energy, focal position, and [...] Read more.

We present a comprehensive study on the femtosecond laser direct welding of glass and metal, focusing on optimizing processing parameters and understanding the influence of material properties and beam shaping on welding quality. Using microscopy, we identified optimal pulse energy, focal position, and line-spacing for achieving high-quality welds. We further investigated the effects of laser beam shaping and material property differences in various glass-to-metal pairs, including borosilicate, fused silica, and Zerodur glasses welded with mirror-polished metals such as Cu, Mo, Al, Ti, and AISI316 steel. Our results show that Ti and AISI316 steel exhibit the lowest adhesion to borosilicate and fused silica glasses, while Zerodur glass achieves good adhesion with all tested metals. To understand the weldability differences among material pairs, we employed a time-dependent finite-element method to analyze the laser heating-induced thermal stress. Our findings indicate that the welding quality is significantly influenced by the choice of materials and beam shaping, with the vortex beam showing potential for improved welding outcomes. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing glass-to-metal welding processes for various industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultrafast Laser Micro-Nano Welding: From Principles to Applications)

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21 pages, 6428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Size-Dependent Impact of Cu and CuO Nanoparticles on Lentil Seeds and Leaves Using Biospeckle Optical Coherence Tomography

by Lavista Tyagi, Hirofumi Kadono and Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161214 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 103

Abstract

Significant concerns regarding the impact of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) on plant systems have been brought to light through the growing use of these materials in industry and agriculture. The properties of NPs are critical in [...] Read more.

Significant concerns regarding the impact of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) on plant systems have been brought to light through the growing use of these materials in industry and agriculture. The properties of NPs are critical in determining their uptake by plant cells and the ensuing effects on plant physiology. This emphasizes the need for accurate monitoring techniques to determine the impact caused by NPs on seed development and plant growth. This study uses foliar exposure at 0 and 100 mg/L, as well as seed exposure at 0, 25, and 100 mg/L, to explore the effects of Cu (<10–25 μm; 25 nm) and CuO (<10 µm; <50 nm) NPs and MPs on lentil (Lens culinaris). Biospeckle optical coherence tomography (bOCT) was employed to monitor internal physiological activity in real time, non-invasively—capabilities that static imaging methods, such as OCT, are unable to provide. Results showed that exposure to Cu and CuO NPs led to significant reductions in biospeckle contrast, indicating heightened physiological stress, while MPs generally produced minimal or even positive effects. These early changes detected by bOCT within just 6 h of exposure were consistent with traditional morphological and biochemical assessments—such as germination rate, growth, biomass, and catalase activity—that typically require several days to detect. The study demonstrates that bOCT enables the rapid, functional assessment of nanomaterial effects, including those resulting from foliar exposure, thereby offering a powerful tool for early and non-destructive evaluation of plant responses to engineered particles in agricultural contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interplay between Nanomaterials and Plants)

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19 pages, 741 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gold Nanoparticles for Wound Healing in Animal Models

by Stephen Klavsen and Sten Rasmussen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161213 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 214

Abstract

Background: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are increasingly studied for their potential to enhance wound healing, but their overall efficacy remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a systematic meta-analysis (search date: 14 May 2025) across five databases. Included were randomized animal studies comparing GNPs to placebo, [...] Read more.

Background: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are increasingly studied for their potential to enhance wound healing, but their overall efficacy remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a systematic meta-analysis (search date: 14 May 2025) across five databases. Included were randomized animal studies comparing GNPs to placebo, reporting wound closure percentages and relevant variance measures. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane and CAMARADES tools. Cohen’s d was used to estimate effect size under a random-effects model. Results: Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled effect size was d = 4.52 (95% CI: 3.61 to 5.43; z = 9.73; p < 0.001), indicating a significant benefit of GNPs. Although heterogeneity was moderate to high, results consistently favored GNPs. Conclusion: GNPs significantly accelerate wound healing in animal models, supporting their potential as therapeutic agents. Full article

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15 pages, 2944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Responsivity UV–Blue Photodetector Based on Nanostructured CdS and Prepared by Solution Processing

by Jian-Ru Lai, Fang-Hsing Wang, Han-Wen Liu and Tsung-Kuei Kang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(16), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15161212 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 237

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) and blue-light photodetectors are vital in environmental monitoring, medical and biomedical applications, optical communications, and security and anti-counterfeiting technologies. However, conventional silicon-based devices suffer from limited sensitivity to short-wavelength light due to their narrow indirect bandgap. In this study, we investigate [...] Read more.

Ultraviolet (UV) and blue-light photodetectors are vital in environmental monitoring, medical and biomedical applications, optical communications, and security and anti-counterfeiting technologies. However, conventional silicon-based devices suffer from limited sensitivity to short-wavelength light due to their narrow indirect bandgap. In this study, we investigate the influence of precursor concentration on the structural, optical, and photoresponse characteristics of nanostructured CdS thin films synthesized via chemical bath deposition. Among the CdS samples prepared at different precursor concentrations, the best photoresponsivity of 21.1 mA/W was obtained at 2 M concentration. Subsequently, a p–n heterojunction photodetector was fabricated by integrating a spin-coated CuSCN layer with the optimized CdS nanostructure. The resulting device exhibited pronounced rectifying behavior with a rectification ratio of ~750 and an ideality factor of 1.39. Under illumination and a 5 V bias, the photodetector achieved an exceptional responsivity exceeding 10⁴ A/W in the UV region—over six orders of magnitude higher than that of CdS-based metal–semiconductor–metal devices. This remarkable enhancement is attributed to the improved light absorption, efficient charge separation, and enhanced hole transport enabled by CuSCN incorporation and heterojunction formation. These findings present a cost-effective, solution-processed approach to fabricating high-responsivity nanostructured photodetectors, promising for future applications in smart healthcare, environmental surveillance, and consumer electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 16 (August-2 2025) – 21 articles

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