Polarized and Evanescent Guided Wave Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Ligand Interactions on a Plasmonic Nanoparticle Optical Chemical Bench
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis of Au@Ag Nanoparticles (NPs)
2.2. Preparation of the Optical Chemical Bench (OCB)
2.3. Binding of 4MPy and 4ABA Molecules
2.4. Fe2+ Binding to 4MPy on the OCB
2.5. Binding of 4ABA-Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles (MNPs)
2.6. Characterization Techniques
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS was performed using a Thermo Scientific K-Alpha spectrometer with an Al-Kα X-ray source, operating under a vacuum of <2 × 10⁻7 mbar. Spectra for N (1s) and O (1s) were collected for MNPs before and after 4ABA functionalization.
- Integrated Optics (IO) SERS Spectrometry: Polarization-dependent SERS spectra were acquired using a custom-built IO-SERS instrument containing a Triax 550 Raman monochromator (Horiba Scientific, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Details of the custom-built IO-SERS setup is described in SI. A 532 nm CW laser diode was used, and polarized waveguide modes were excited via prism coupling.
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): High-resolution SEM and EDX were performed using a Helios NanoLab™ 660 instrument (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, St. Laurent, QC, Canada).
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Light-field and dark-field TEM, along with EDX, were performed using an FEI Titan Krios 300 kV Cryo-STEM (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, St. Laurent, QC, Canada).
- Simulation of Plasmonic Electric Field: Three-dimensional finite difference time domain (3D FDTD) simulations were conducted using Lumerical Solutions software ((2020 R2), Vancouver, BC, Canada). to model the resonant optical response of the Au@Ag nanoparticles on the waveguide.
2.7. Guided-Wave Raman Spectroscopy and Prism Coupling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of OCB Overlayed with Au@Ag Nanoparticles
3.2. SER Spectra of 4-Mercaptopyridine (4MPy) Binding on Au@Ag NP Surface
3.3. SER Response of 4MPy to TE and TM Evanescent Wave Polarization
3.4. Orientation of 4MPy on Au@Ag Nanoparticles on the OCB
3.5. Binding of Fe2+ to 4MPy
3.6. SERS of 4-Aminobenzoic Acid (4ABA) Binding on OCB in Comparison to That of 4MPy
3.7. Caveat on Assignment of Molecule Orientation on Plasmonic Au@Ag PNPs on the OCB
3.8. Exploring the Nanoscale Interface: Detection of 4ABA-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP) Using Evanescent Waveguide SERS on the OCB
3.9. FDTD Simulation of Electric Fields of Au@Ag NPs Excited by TE/TM Polarized Light
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chen, X.; Andrews, M.P. Polarized and Evanescent Guided Wave Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Ligand Interactions on a Plasmonic Nanoparticle Optical Chemical Bench. Biosensors 2024, 14, 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090409
Chen X, Andrews MP. Polarized and Evanescent Guided Wave Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Ligand Interactions on a Plasmonic Nanoparticle Optical Chemical Bench. Biosensors. 2024; 14(9):409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090409
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xining, and Mark P. Andrews. 2024. "Polarized and Evanescent Guided Wave Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Ligand Interactions on a Plasmonic Nanoparticle Optical Chemical Bench" Biosensors 14, no. 9: 409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090409