Recent Advances in Dielectrophoretic Manipulation and Separation of Microparticles and Biological Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dielectrophoresis
2.1. DC-DEP
2.2. AC-DEP
3. Applications of DEP
3.1. Particle Separation
3.2. Particle Capture
3.3. Particle Purification
3.4. Particle Focusing
3.5. Particle Assembly
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Working Mechanism | Advantage | Limitations | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acoustic | Acoustic radiation pressure transfers momentum from an acoustic wave to a particle | Large number of particles can be processed at the same time with high efficiency, wide operating range in the channel space, contactless operation, wide versatility, good biocompatibility, high precision, adjustable control, and flexible function | Relatively high equipment cost, need for frequency-specific acoustic sources, need for precise control of acoustic sources and microfluidic structures, design complexity, induced thermal energy increases temperature, relatively low throughput, problems associated with wavelength and diffraction | Zhang et al. [21], Gao et al. [22], Friend et al. [23] | |
Electrical | Electrphoresis (EP) | The electrophoretic force drives charged particles to move in the direction of the electric field | Suitable for rapid separation of charged particles, low voltage is sufficient for operation, simple equipment, easy to build and control, low cost | Limited to charged particles, the electric field conditions need to be optimized to avoid particle aggregation | Lomeli-Martin et al. [24], Zhang et al. [25] |
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) | Interactions involving the electrical polarization of particles and a non-uniform electrical field | Highly selective and sensitive to the electrical properties of particles, manipulating neutral particles, precise operation, label-free, real-time control, automated, microfluidic, and electronic compatible | Requires frequency-specific voltages, sophisticated electrode design, and complexelectric field control, higher cost, joule heat effect, low, and side effects affecting cell viability | Zhang et al. [26], Li et al. [27], Encinas [28], Kim et al. [29] | |
Magnetica | Homogeneous/inhomogeneous magnetic field | Magnetic particles can be manipulated for specific applications, high purity, highly specific cell separation based on magnetic labeling, or label-free cell manipulation based on negative magnetic electrophoresis | High cost of equipment, requires specific types of magnetic particles, additional cost of magnetic markers and magnetic fluids, relatively low throughput | Hejazian et al. [30], Giouroudi et al. [31], Pamme [32] | |
Optical | Manipulation of particles by radiation pressure exerted by a focused laser beam | Non-contact operation for precise manipulation of individual particles and high efficiency | Requires expensive laser systems and precision optical components with high alignment requirements, high equipment costs, may be damaging to particles, and requires complex optical system design | Gong et al. [33], Xie et al. [34] |
Method | Structure | Sample | Medium | Application | Flow Rate or Throughput | Efficiency or Purity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DC-DEP | Sawtooth-shaped structure | HEK 293 cells, NSPCs | DEP buffer | Distinguishing and characterizing | - | >99.99% | Liu et al. [46] |
Non-uniform electric field generated at the tip of the microtubule | Small extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) | Biofluid | Isolation | 0.6 mL/h Throughput | >90% | Shi et al. [47] | |
Sawtooth microchannel | Listeria monocytogenes | Phosphate buffer | Separation and identification | 1.18 × 108 bacteria/s/m2 Throughput | 95% | Crowther et al. [48] | |
Metal-Semiconductor-Metal | ZnO nanowires (NWs) | Zinc acetate, HMTA | Arrangement | 1.28 A/s Forward Bias 20,000 A/s Reverse Bias | >90% | Sun et al. [49] | |
Two electrically insulated columns with different clearances | Exosomes from MCF-7 cells (104.02 ± 6.99 nm) | Bidistilled water | Separation | 0.3 mL/min Throughput | >90% | Ayala-Mar et al. [50] | |
Asymmetric orifice | Chlorella (3 μm, 6 μm) | PBS | Separation | - | 100% | Gao et al. [51] | |
Asymmetric orifice | PS (3 μm, 4 μm, 6–7 μm) | PBS | Separation and counting | 10–20 particle/min Throughput | >90% | Song et al. [52] | |
Symmetric/Asymmetric ratchet | PS (3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm) | PBS | Focusing | 1.86 × 10−8 m2/(V·s) | Survival rate 98% | Lu et al. [53] | |
Bifurcating microchannel | PS (5 μm, 15 μm) | PBS, 0.5% Tween 20 | Separation | 12 μL/h Throughput | nearly 100% | Li et al. [54] | |
Asymmetric nano-orifice | PS (140 nm, 490 nm, 7 μm, 15 μm), magnetic nanoparticles (150 nm), magnetic-coated PS (470 nm, 5.2 μm), sliver-coated hollow glass beads (14 μm) | K2HPO4 | Continuous separation | 0.468 × 10−4 μL/s, 1.315 × 10−3 μL/s | - | Zhao et al. [55] | |
Zigzag | PLT (1–5 μm), RBC (4–15 μm) | PBS | Separation | 200 μm/s | >99.4% | Guan et al. [56] | |
Nano-orifice | Oil droplet | KCl aqueous solution | Oil/water separation | 175.2 µm3/s | - | Ren et al. [57] | |
Dead-end branches | Droplet of fresh human blood | Blood plasma, RBCs | Blood plasma separation | 0.857 μL/h Throughput | 99% | Mohammadi et al. [58] | |
Constricted channel region | Protein Crystals (100 nm–2.5 μm) | Pluronic F108 aqueous solution | Sorting | >70 μL/h | >90% | Abdallah et al. [59] | |
Asymmetric orifice | PS (0.5 μm, 1 μm, 3 μm), Fluorescent (51 nm, 140 nm) | DI water, K2HPO4 | Separation | 4.758–6.717 μL/h | >90% | Zhao et al. [60] | |
AC-DEP | Nanogap electrodes | SSLBs, brain-derived myelin particles | DI water, PBS | Trapping and immobilization | 10 μL/min | > 90% | Barik et al. [61] |
Inclined, comb-shaped electrodes | PS (8 μm, 10 μm, 12 μm) Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, MCF7, Jurkat | CROSSORTERTM Buffer, PBS | Separation and enrichment | 1–2 mL/h | 92.3% | Oshiro et al. [62] | |
Asymmetrical aluminum electrodes | Tetraselmis sp. | Artificial seawater medium | Harvesting of microalgae biomass | 2.5 mL/min | 90.9% | Hawari et al. [63] | |
Microelectrode Needles | T cell (10–15 μm), B cell (7.5–10 μm), MLV | DI water, Sucrose solution | Directed Movement, Periodic U-Turns, Trapping, and Release | 5 μL/min | >90% | Frusawa et al. [64] | |
Triangular ratchets | PS (3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm), yeast cells (7 μm) | PBS | Focusing and separation | 144 μm/s | 90% | Malekanfard et al. [65] | |
Interdigitated gold electrodes | PS (3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm) | PBS, sucrose, etc. | Focusing and separation | 40 μL/h | PS: 98.7%, MCF7: 82.2% | Modarres et al. [66] | |
Dual electrodes | PS (10 μm), HEK-293 | Sucrose solution | Cell capture and electroporation transfection | 20–140 nL/min | 80% | Punjiya et al. [67] | |
Transparent parallel-line electrode array | MESCs (5–8 µm), MEFs (10–20 µm) | LCB, HEPES, CaCl2, sucrose solution | Separation | 24 μL/min | 90% | Takahashi et al. [68] | |
Circular channel with electrodes on the sidewalls | PS (2 μm, 3 μm, 3.5 μm), RBCs, WBCs, MDA-MB-231 | PBS | Separation | 200 μm/s | - | Derakhshan et al. [69] | |
Nanogap Electrodes | AuNW | Gold Nanowire Suspension | Single Nanowire Assembly | - | 70% | Han et al. [70] | |
Y-Y shaped microchannel, alternating triangular electrodes | NSCLC, RBC (5 μm), CTCs | Blood sample, Buffer solution | Separation of CTCs | 200 μm/s | 99% | Zhang et al. [71] | |
Y-Y microfluidic | RBC, CTCs | DEP buffe | Isolation of CTCs from PB | 200 μm/s | 100% | Lv et al. [72] | |
Stainless-steel wire mesh electrodes | Anabaena | Artificially prepared eutrophic water | Capture and removal of Anabaena algae | 0.168–0.838 L/h | 89.79% | Liu et al. [73] | |
AC Insulator-based DEP | DNA | PBS | DNA Size Separation | 1.3 μL/h | 92% | Jones et al. [74] | |
3D self-assembled ionic liquid electrodes | PS, PC-3, live cells, dead cells, ADSCs, and MDA-MB-231 | DEP buffe | Separation | 15 μL/h | PS, PC-3: 94.7%, live/dead cells: 89.8%, ADSCs: 81.8%, MDA-MB-231: 82.5% | Sun et al. [75] | |
Four-sector electrode array | PS (50 μm) | DI water | Positioning, and Aggregation, Separation | 200 μm/s | >90% | Zemánek et al. [76] | |
BPE | CTCs | Buffer | Separation | 0.1 mL/h | >80% | Li et al. [77] | |
Microwells | CT26, BMDC | Buffer | Cell pairing and fusion | 2.5 μL/min | 86% | Pendharkar et al. [78] | |
Porous Ni@PVDF conductive membrane | SiO2, Al2O3, BaTiO3 | DI water, NaCl | Membrane antifouling | - | 90.1% | Liu et al. [79] | |
Asymmetric Orifice | Yeast cells | DI water, K2HPO4 | Continuous cell characterization and separation | 13.5 μL/h | - | Zhao et al. [80] | |
3D electrodes | Chlorella (3–5 μm), Closterium | PBS | Separation | 300 μm/s | >90% | Wang et al. [81] | |
Right-angle bipolar electrodes | Euglena, H. pluvialis, C. reinhardtii, Dunaliella salina, and Platymonas | DEP buffe | High-efficiency selection of non-spherical flagellate algae | 54 μL/h 72 μL/h 48 μL/h | 92.06% 92.78% 99.06% | Chen et al. [82] | |
Integrated DEP and inertial forces | Cladocopim (10 μm), Effrenium (15 μm) | PBS | Separation and enrichment | 200 μm/min, 300 μm/min | 90% | Zhou et al. [83] | |
Microelectrodes | Yeast cells | TES, CaCl2, sucrose | Capture and separation | 1 μL/min | >94% | Julius et al. [84] |
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Yao, J.; Zhao, K.; Lou, J.; Zhang, K. Recent Advances in Dielectrophoretic Manipulation and Separation of Microparticles and Biological Cells. Biosensors 2024, 14, 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090417
Yao J, Zhao K, Lou J, Zhang K. Recent Advances in Dielectrophoretic Manipulation and Separation of Microparticles and Biological Cells. Biosensors. 2024; 14(9):417. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090417
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Junzhu, Kai Zhao, Jia Lou, and Kaihuan Zhang. 2024. "Recent Advances in Dielectrophoretic Manipulation and Separation of Microparticles and Biological Cells" Biosensors 14, no. 9: 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14090417