Plasma-Sprayed Osseoconductive Hydroxylapatite Coatings for Endoprosthetic Hip Implants: Phase Composition, Microstructure, Properties, and Biomedical Functions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Why Hydroxylapatite Coatings?
- Enhanced bone apposition rate by osseoinduction, owing to preferential adsorption of bone growth-supporting factors such as BMPs as well as NCPs such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, sialylated glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and several other hormones, chemokines and cytokines;
- Enhanced bone-bonding ability that provides a strong and continuous interface between bone tissue and implant and thus enables the transmission of compressive as well as (limited) tensile and also some shear forces;
- Variable HAp coating thicknesses between 50 and 250 µm can be selected, dependent on medical requirements;
- The option to apply some novel deposition techniques including SPS and SPPS allows the deposition of coatings with thicknesses << 50 µm;
- Acceleration of the healing process when compared to implants without an osseoconductive coating;
- Supporting attachment of the epithelium in the case of transmucosal dental implants;
- Reducing the health risk of potentially toxic heavy metal ions released from the surface of the metallic implant into the periprosthetic tissue and thus minimizing a possible cytotoxic response, and
- Support available by quality control and standards according to ASTM F1185-03 (2014), ASTM F1044-05 (2017), ASTM F1160 (2014), ISO 13179-2: 2018, and others.
3. A Short History of Calcium Orthophosphate Research
4. Hierarchical Structure of Bone
5. Osseoconductive Hydroxylapatite Coatings
5.1. Osseoconduction, Osseoinduction, and Osseointegration
5.2. Deposition Techniques
5.3. Property Requirements and Performance Profile of Hydroxylapatite Coatings
5.3.1. Incongruent Melting and Thermal Decomposition of HAp: Phase Composition
5.3.2. Degree of Crystallinity
- Increase of adhesion to both metal and HAp. For example, a titania bond coat is thought to act as an extension of the native oxide layer on metallic titanium that may interact with HAp to form a thin reaction layer of perovskitic calcium titanate.
- Reduction of the thermal decomposition of HAp by inhibiting the heat flow using a thin titania bond coat film with low thermal conductivity (~1 W/mK) as opposed to a Ti6Al4V substrate (~7 W/mK).
- Reduction of the formation of amorphous phase that forms by a quenching contact immediately at the metal interface. An increase in crystallinity is caused by the thermal barrier function of a bond coat that prolongs solidification time and thus allows the ACP to nucleate apatite and crystallize. Experimental NMR results [50] show that as-sprayed coatings without a bond coat contain only 46 mass% well-ordered HAp at the free coating surface as contrasted with 62 mass% in coatings with a titania bond coat. During incubation for 12 weeks in r-SBF [51], these values increase by dissolving TCP, TTCP, CaO, and ACP phases to 74 mass% and 92 mass%, respectively.
- Reduction of residual coating stresses by reducing the gradient of the coefficient of thermal expansion between the metal substrate and the ceramic overlayer.
5.3.3. Assessment of Structural Order in Hydroxylapatite Coatings: Raman and NMR Studies
5.3.4. Crystallographic Structure of Hydroxylapatite
5.3.5. Oxyapatite: Fact or Fiction?
5.3.6. Transformation of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP)
5.3.7. Coating Porosity, Surface Roughness, and Surface Nanotopography
5.3.8. Residual Coating Stresses
5.3.9. Adhesion of Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxylapatite Coatings
5.3.10. Other Implant Surface Functionalization Strategies
6. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Acronyms
References
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Step 1: | Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 | → | Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2−xOx□x + xH2O | Oxyhydroxylapatite (OHAp) |
Step 2: | Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2−xOx□x | → | Ca10(PO4)6Ox□x + (1 − x)H2O | Oxyapatite (OAp) |
Step 3: | Ca10(PO4)6Ox□x | → | 2 Ca3(PO4)2 + Ca4O(PO4)2 | TCP + TTCP (C3P + C4P) |
Step 4a: | Ca3(PO4)2 | → | 3 CaO + P2O5 | Stepwise decomposition of TCP and TTCP |
Step 4b: | Ca4O(PO4)2 | → | 4 CaO + P2O5 |
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Heimann, R.B. Plasma-Sprayed Osseoconductive Hydroxylapatite Coatings for Endoprosthetic Hip Implants: Phase Composition, Microstructure, Properties, and Biomedical Functions. Coatings 2024, 14, 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070787
Heimann RB. Plasma-Sprayed Osseoconductive Hydroxylapatite Coatings for Endoprosthetic Hip Implants: Phase Composition, Microstructure, Properties, and Biomedical Functions. Coatings. 2024; 14(7):787. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070787
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeimann, Robert B. 2024. "Plasma-Sprayed Osseoconductive Hydroxylapatite Coatings for Endoprosthetic Hip Implants: Phase Composition, Microstructure, Properties, and Biomedical Functions" Coatings 14, no. 7: 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070787