Study of Properties of Water-Dispersion Paint and Varnish Compositions with the Content of Modified Mineral Filler
by
, ,
Ruslan E. Nurlybayev
1,*
,
Erzhan I. Kuldeyev
1,
Zaure N. Altayeva
2,
Zhanar O. Zhumadilova
1,*
,
Axaya S. Yestemessova
2 and
Yelzhan S. Orynbekov
2 1
Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Satbayev University, Satbayev St. 22A, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
2
Faculty of Construction Technologies, Infrastructure and Management, International Educational Corporation, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091154
Submission received: 3 August 2024
/
Revised: 28 August 2024
/
Accepted: 6 September 2024
/
Published: 8 September 2024
Abstract
:This article presents the results of research work devoted to improving the characteristics of paint and varnish coatings based on aqueous dispersions of polyacrylates; it is proposed to modify them by introducing mineral raw materials as fillers and hydrated lime, with subsequent processing in a vortex layer apparatus. The introduction of activated diatomite does not cause the deterioration of covering power, adhesion or an increase in the porosity of the paint material. The modification of coatings contributes to an increase in their operational properties, which can be associated with a reduction in the free volume in the composite and the formation of polymer boundary layers with modified physical and chemical properties. The aim of this study is to obtain a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition containing modified diatomite on a polyacrylate basis and, subsequently, study its main physical and mechanical parameters. The work has been carried out by the following method: determination of porosity, adhesion, elasticity and covering power of the control composition; determination of porosity, adhesion, elasticity and covering power of the obtained composites using modified filler; investigation of the influence of radiation on the infrared spectrum of the paint coating surface using a FLIRB620 thermal imager. As a result of this research work, it was noticed that the modification of water dispersions with silica-activated diatomite helps to eliminate the main disadvantages of materials and coatings based on acrylate binders—low water resistance and low physical and mechanical characteristics. The introduction of modified diatomite into water-emulsion paint on an acrylate base does not lead to the deterioration of the main performance characteristics of paint coatings—porosity, adhesion, elasticity and covering.
1. Introduction
The deteriorating environmental situation in the world causes a tightening of requirements not only for various industries but also for the materials they produce, as even newly developed products are not always environmentally friendly for humans and the environment. Among such materials, protective polymer coatings play an important role. It is known [1,2,3] that in many industrial spheres, paint and varnish materials based on organic solvents, which are toxic to humans, are mostly used, which leads to the search for an alternative method of protection for structures and buildings. One such option is the use of water-based paints and varnishes—water-dispersion products.
The creation of environmentally friendly polymer protective composite materials resistant to external factors is one of the priority directions of researchers. It is known that currently, the most common and available way to solve this problem is the use of water-based filled acrylic compositions [4,5,6,7,8].
Modifying target additives and natural fillers play an important role in obtaining protective composite coatings [9,10]. In this regard, the aim of this work was to study the influence of mineral fillers of different nature and shape of particles on the physical-mechanical and operational properties of coatings (PC), for the protection of concrete and metal surfaces.
Most manufacturers use chalk, talc and microcalcite as fillers, which do not provide sufficient protective properties. It is known that modifying target additives and natural fillers plays an important role in obtaining protective composite coatings [11,12]. In this regard, the aim of this work was to study the influence of mineral fillers of different natures and particle shapes on the physical–mechanical and operational properties of coatings (PC) for the protection of concrete and metal surfaces based on water-dispersion paint and varnish materials.
By selecting fillers, it is possible to significantly improve such characteristics of paint and varnish materials as adhesion, moisture resistance, viscosity, filling, weatherability, mechanical strength and hardness [13,14].
The size and shape of filler particles have a direct influence on the properties of paint and varnish materials and coatings based on them [15,16].
Among the many classes of fillers, carbonates and silicates are the most widely used in paint formulations. This review considers the most interesting, in the authors’ opinion, works related to the use of carbonate and silicate fillers, as well as their modification [13,17].
The use of natural silicates as modifiers or fillers in polymer composites helps to improve their gas barrier and physical and mechanical properties, as well as thermal and wear resistance [18].
Among natural materials, diatomite, or diatomaceous earth, is of particular interest as a filler in paints and coatings. Diatomite deposits are found in all parts of the world. There are large reserves of diatomite in Kazakhstan, which makes it possible to use them in paint and varnish formulations. According to the data of geological prospecting works, siliceous rocks within the Aktobe region of the Republic of Kazakhstan have an extensive distribution.
Diatomite is a light, soft, light-coloured sedimentary rock formed mainly from siliceous micropancres of unicellular diatom algae of a wide variety of shapes and sizes, typically 10–200 nm in diameter. The main component of siliceous shells are amorphous silica hydrates with varying water content (opals) (SiO2–nH2O). Diatomite has a large internal surface area, containing up to 80%–90% of voids. This material has a mainly macroporous structure, with pores with a radius of 4–40 μm, accounting for about 15% of the total pore volume, and its bulk density is ~30 g/dm3 [19].
It is known that high-quality diatomites containing 60 percent or more silica have many useful properties—low bulk density, heat resistance, porosity, low thermal conductivity and sound conductivity. They are used as additives in the cement, textile, petrochemical and food industries as adsorbents and filters.
A significant proportion of diatomite is used for the manufacture of filter powders or used as fillers in the production of paper, plastics and paints, as well as in the production of polishing materials and insecticides [20].
There is a known method for obtaining the basis of composite anticorrosive paint and varnish material for rust [21,22] in which the composition of pigments–fillers is mechanically activated and dispersed in the chamber of an apparatus with a vortex layer of ferromagnetic particles. Processing of the obtained material in the chamber of the apparatus with a vortex layer of ferromagnetic particles significantly increases the rate of chemical reaction, the activation of the particles of the substance due to the deformation of the crystal lattice of the macromolecules of the material and a sharp increase in chemical activity, and the degree of dissociation of the material.
Based on the above research results, the developed technologies have certain disadvantages, which consist of high resource intensity and the use of expensive additives, which explains the high cost of paint and varnish materials, which confirm the relevance and feasibility of obtaining polymer-based composites with modified diatomite (water-dispersion paint on acrylic binder) with improved performance properties.
Thus, this study on ways to improve the properties of composites by developing a technology for their production on a polymer base with modified diatomite aims to reduce the list of components, as well as to reduce the cost of production, improving operational properties through the use of a vortex layer apparatus, which is relevant and timely.
The aim of this research work is to obtain polymer-based composites with modified diatomite (water-dispersion paint on acrylate binder) with improved performance properties and a low cost.
The scientific novelty of this study consists of obtaining a modified water-dispersion paint and varnish composition on a polyacrylate base with the addition of activated diatomite due to processing in a vortex layer apparatus, contributing to a reduction in the free volume in the composite and the formation of boundary layers in the polymer with modified physical and chemical properties.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
The following materials were used as the objects of this study.
Filler: Diatomite is a loose or weakly cemented siliceous sedimentary rock composed mainly of the shells of diatom algae and is white, grey or pinkish in colour. In its natural state, diatomites have extensive, uniformly distributed porosity, reaching 80%–85% of their surface. Silica in diatomite is in an amorphous state and makes up 78%–95% of it.
Hydrated lime (fluff lime): Fluff lime is a fine white powder obtained after ground lime is subjected to steam quenching. It has a grinding thickness of less than 0.2 mm and its hydrate water content is less than 1.5%, 1–2 grades.
Binder: Akremos-115A aqueous dispersion is a copolymer of styrene and acrylic monomers obtained by emulsion. It is used as a binder to produce paints that are suitable for exterior and interior painting. The composition of “Akremos-115A” does not contain organic solvents and belongs to the low-hazard substances class (4th class of hazard).
The polymer dispersion “Arakril ADC 777” is an aqueous dispersion of styrene copolymer and acrylic acid esters with high dry residue, obtained by emulsion. The dispersion of high-quality styrene–acrylic copolymer in water is specially formulated for the production of general-purpose paints with high to medium pigment volume concentration. The product contains finer copolymer particles (less than 0.1 µm) compared to standard grades of styrene–acrylic dispersions.
Pigment: Rutile titanium dioxide of P-02 grade (mass fraction of rutile titanium dioxide—95%). Titanium dioxide is a white dense powder, insoluble under normal conditions in alkalis, solutions and acids.
Rustan-10DN acrylic dispersant: Aqueous solution of sodium polyacrylate. Rustan-10DN disperses pigments and fillers in water-based paints, fillers and sealants based on acrylic and styrene–acrylic dispersions. It facilitates and accelerates the pigment distribution, prevents coagulum formation and ensures the viscosity stability of finished products with a long shelf life.
2.2. Methods
Plate specimens of 100 × 50 × 1 mm were used as the substrate material. Surface preparation was carried out by mechanical grinding with corundum grinding powder of 40–50 µm grit.
The coating was applied to steel samples in two layers by dipping at room temperature followed by drying in a desiccator at 40 °C until “tack”. The samples were then incubated for twenty-four hours at room temperature.
The adhesion of the paint coatings was determined via the lattice notch method. With the tip of the blade, several (four or five) parallel cuts must be made at 1 mm intervals, and the same number of cuts perpendicular to the first, at the same distance from each other. The incisions should penetrate all the way to the substrate. The tape is then applied to the surface and torn off. The adhesion value (%) is judged by the number of squares of the coating that have not separated. If adhesion is good, the coating material should not lag anywhere on the metal. If the adhesion is poor, the film will come off the metal almost all over the lattice.
The covering power of the coating was determined by applying layers of coating material on a glass plate (glass for photographic plates of size 9 × 12 − 1.2) until the contours of a black-and-white contrasting plate or a checkerboard placed under the glass plate became invisible. To determine the hiding power, the coating material was diluted to the working viscosity. One or two coats of coating material were applied to a prepared glass plate and weighed to the fourth decimal place. The glass plate with the coating material was placed on a contrasting plate and observed in diffused daylight whether the white and black fields were translucent. If the fields were translucent, successive new layers of material were applied to the plate until the difference between the white and black fields completely disappeared. After complete covering, the glass plate was weighed to the fourth decimal place, dried and weighed again. Before weighing and drying, any paint residue was removed from the back and ribs of the plate. Each time, before applying a new coat, the coating material was mixed. Tests were carried out on at least three plates.
The porosity of the coating was determined by the filter paper overlay method on 3 samples. For this purpose, the dried sample was covered with filter paper moistened with a solution of a composition, g/L, of potassium iron-bromide—10, and sodium chloride—5–20, so that no air bubbles remained between the surface of the sample and the paper. The dwell time was 5 min. The paper with stained prints was separated from the sample surface, washed with a stream of distilled water and dried on clean glass. The number of stained spots was determined by observing them through a magnifying glass at ×5 magnification.
The temperature in the infrared spectrum of the surface areas of the hot water tanks was determined using a FLIRB620 thermal imager (FLIR, Stockholm, Sweden). The 1 L containers were made of thermoplastic and fragmentarily coated with paint material without additive and with the addition of modified diatomite and modified diatomite + lime. The containers were filled with boiling water and the temperature of the painted and unpainted surface was measured using a thermal imager. The number of parallel measurements is 7.
3. Results and Discussion
Results of Experimental Studies
The possibility of application of the diatom sediments in the Aktobe region of the Zhalpak deposit of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a filler in water-dispersion paint and varnish composition was investigated. Diatomite raw material samples are characterized by significant variation in their chemical composition. The SiO2 content varies from 73.087% in white varieties of the raw materials to 25.845% in yellow (ochre-like). The Fe2O3 content varies from 2.356% to 30.405%. The change in the content of minor components (Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, K2O, CaO) is not as significant. Slightly elevated contents of vanadium, rubidium and strontium compounds were noted in quantities exceeding their relative clark values, but these were not of interest for their targeted recovery as concentrates. To study the mineral composition of diatomite raw materials, X-ray phase analysis was performed on a D8 Advance diffract meter (BRUKER) using a-Cu emission. Quartz and muscovite were found to be the major phases in all diatomite raw material samples (Figure 1).
The obtained results of the physical and chemical analyses of diatomite indicate the possibility of its use as a raw material for paint and varnish products.
Table 1 summarizes the physical and mechanical characteristics of natural diatomite.
The samples of diatomite under study are finely dispersed powders of grayish-yellowish color, obtained by milling the slightly cemented rocks of the respective deposits. The particle size distribution of the dispersed material prepared in this way is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3 shows the structure images obtained by electron microscopy of the natural diatomite powders at magnifications of (a) 3000×, (b) 6000× and (c) 12,000× multiples. Remains of the shell flaps of diatom algae with regular channels ~100–500 nm in diameter, which constitute the life-support system of the unicellular algae, as well as various shapes and sizes of fragments of dispersed material, are clearly visible. A characteristic feature of these granular systems is their significant porosity, reaching, even for natural fossil rocks, 70% and more. Free spaces between particles, as well as inhomogeneities of the amorphous silica particles themselves in the form of pores, channels and cracks of nano- and submicrometer sizes, form a developed pore structure of different scale levels, which determines many of the properties of the mineral powders.
Studies on the chemical activation of diatomites in the determination of the optimal parameters of the processes were carried out. The interaction of different forms of diatomite raw materials with calcium oxide to improve the quality parameters of building products was investigated.
To activate the diatomite, mechanical grinding in a VG-3 vibro-grinder for 60 min and thermal activation in a laboratory furnace at 650 °C for 1 h, followed by grinding in the VG-3 grinder for 60 min, were carried out. Mechanical grinding in the abrasion machine achieved an average effective particle size of 70–80 μm. The abrasion of annealed ferruginous diatomite produced particles of 5–10 nm in size, which subsequently favored the formation of high-strength compounds such as hedenbergite—Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6—and chloritoid—A-FeAl2SiO5(OH)2. Thermal activation of ferruginous forms of diatomite allowed them to achieve a compressive strength of 25.2 MPa and water absorption of 4.3%.
The processes occurring during the heating of the diatomite were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The results of thermal analysis of the diatomite samples from the thermogravimetric analysis curve showed three stages of mass loss in the samples during the heating process. The first one starts immediately after the start of heating and lasts until about 350 °C. This partially dehydrates the natural diatomites and reduces the mass of the samples by about 6%. Upon further heating in the temperature range of 400–600 °C, along with the continuous dehydration of small-scale pores and pore channels of amorphous silica particles, the intensive burning of organic material residues in flaps and shell fragments of diatom algae, as well as other impurities of organogenic origin, is observed. These processes are recorded on the thermogravimetric analysis diagram as an endothermic peak around 500 °C, with a mass loss of approximately 2.5%. Heating the dispersed material from 600 to 1000 °C also results in a decrease in the mass of the diatomite sample, amounting to ~9% of the original mass.
The water-dispersible paint composition is prepared as follows.
Lightly mix the components by sequentially adding one component to the others. In this case, a pigment, for example, titanium dioxide grade TiO2 P-02 can be used; a filler—for example, activated diatomite Aktobe deposit, burnt at a temperature of 650 °C; lime fluff—1–2 grades; water—for example, drinking water.
Then, place the obtained mixture in the vortex layer apparatus and stir it for 3–5 min at the frequency of electric current in the windings of the apparatus of 50 Hz.
Upon the performance of the given work, the main task of research was the question of studying the influence of a mineral natural filler on the characteristics of a water-dispersion composite on a polymeric base.
Table 2 presents a comprehensive study of the effect of the mineral additive diatomite in a water-dispersion composite, designed for interior finishing works, on some standardized indicators of paint quality.
The addition of diatomite to the composite was carried out directly during the mixing of the components in the dispersing unit. At the same time, the study of composite properties was carried out in two stages: immediately after mixing and the preparation of the composite, as well as after 2 months of composite storage. The latter study is due to the need to evaluate the influence of the degree of diatomite coagulation on the composite properties. The results of this research are presented in Table 3.
The introduction of activated diatomite into the water-dispersion composite did not particularly change the regulatory quality parameters such as density and dry residue. When diatomite is added, a significant increase in viscosity and hiding power of the composite is observed. At the same time, the influence of diatomite on these indicators is significantly higher, which is probably due to the different values of the wetting edge angle of these materials. The covering power, as one of the main indicators of composite quality, upon the introduction of diatomite increases very insignificantly and is practically within the normative limits. It should be noted that a slight increase in the viscosity of the water-dispersion composites in the process of production, while maintaining the other parameters, is positive because it allows a reduction in the viscosity of the composite and its dilution with water to ensure standardized quality, which, in turn, contributes to cheaper production and increased efficiency.
The addition of diatomite during the composite production process significantly increases its viscosity. However, after prolonged storage, the viscosity of the paint decreases to almost standard values. This effect can be favorably utilized when the composite is stored for long periods of time or transported long distances.
The carried-out complex of research has allowed the definition of the character of the influence of activated mineral natural filler introduced into water-dispersion composites and the changes in the standard indicators of the composites, which opens the possibility of the formation of a new complex of properties of water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with a simultaneous increase in the efficiency of the process of their industrial production.
Coatings and free films were obtained from the developed aqueous dispersion materials. The drying time of coatings up to degree 3 at temperature (20 ± 2) °C is 1 h and does not change with the introduction of modified diatomite. The characteristics of the samples are summarized in Table 4.
From the data in Table 4, it is evident that modification with activated diatomite provides a significant increase in the elastic modulus of composite films without reducing the tensile strength. This indicates high adhesive strength at the polymer-modified diatomite interphase boundary and, accordingly, a good compatibility of the modified diatomite with the polymer matrix (acrylate binder). Adhesive strengthening is ensured both without pigment and with pigment in the developed coatings. The introduction of modified diatomite into a sample with pigment does not lead to a decrease in the hiding power of the paint and varnish material. In combination with the ability to regulate the rheological properties of the dispersion during modification, this can help reduce the consumption of paint and varnish material during painting. Coatings modified with modified diatomite are characterized by increased hardness; this is presumably due to the ordering of polymer chains near the aluminosilicate surface, which is often observed in the case of good compatibility between the polymer and highly dispersed filler [23]. The resulting boundary layer of the polymer is characterized by increased physical and mechanical properties compared to the polymer in the volume. The modification of coatings with diatomite allows for a significant reduction in the water absorption of the coatings (2.6 times with the introduction of 20% modified diatomite). This may also be due to the compaction of the supramolecular structure of the polymer matrix. In addition, when introducing ultradispersed nanoparticles, the diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the composite decreases [24]. A sharp decrease in water absorption of the coating with an increase in the content of modified diatomite from 10 to 20% by weight may be associated with a change in the nanostructure of the composite; in work [25], in this range of concentrations of modified diatomite in the polymer dispersion, a transition from the exfoliated morphology of the nanocomposite to an intercalated morphology, characterized by a higher degree of ordering of the particles, is observed.
Thus, the modification of aqueous dispersions with silica-activated diatomite by mixing the components in a vortex layer apparatus helps to eliminate the main disadvantages of materials and coatings based on an acrylate binder—low water resistance and low physical and mechanical characteristics. The low cost of modified diatomite, the ease of introduction into water-dispersed materials, the possibility of regulating the rheological properties of the dispersion and the achieved improvement in the characteristics of the modified coatings determine the prospects for the practical application of water-dispersed materials modified with activated diatomite in a vortex layer apparatus, including paints and varnishes based on acrylate polymer.
Water-based paints based on modified fillers are of particular interest to consumers and manufacturers of paints and varnishes. Having a large specific surface area, granules of dispersed modified fillers create strong bonds between components and fill the voids between them, forming a homogeneous and durable coating.
It is known that dispersed granules of silicon dioxide are hollow balls that form the porous structure of paint.
In this regard, we conducted a series of experiments:
- determination of porosity, adhesion, elasticity and hiding power of the control composition;
- use of a modified filler to obtain porosity, adhesion, elasticity and hiding power.
The prescribed amount of the additive was introduced into a 200 mL glass beaker and stirred at room temperature using a magnetic stirrer for 5 min.
The results of the experimental studies are presented in Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9 of the first series of the experiment.
It has been established that the introduction of modified diatomite into water-based acrylate paint does not lead to the deterioration of the main performance characteristics of paint and varnish coatings—porosity, adhesion, elasticity and hiding power. The influence of the filler—modified diatomite—on the performance characteristics of paint and varnish coatings is insignificant, at the level of experimental error.
An insignificant influence of the time of full-scale tests in the studied small range, regardless of the quantitative composition of the modified diatomite, on the performance characteristics of paint and varnish coatings is shown.
The appearance of the coatings obtained without and with the addition of the modifier was assessed before and after full-scale tests for compliance with regulatory requirements and was found to be satisfactory.
The covering power of the dried film of paint and varnish material was 100 g/m2 (in accordance with the standard). The elasticity of all the studied coatings had a “flexibility of 10” (corresponds to the standard).
As can be seen from the experimental results presented in Table 6, Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9, the adhesion and porosity of the obtained coatings from paint and varnish material with modified diatomite coincide with the characteristics for the base material at the level of experimental error and correspond to the norm.
An experimental determination of the radiation in the IR region of the spectrum of the surface of the modified water-dispersion paint and varnish composites based on activated diatomite was carried out.
The temperature of the surface areas of the containers in the IR spectrum and coated with paint and varnish material without the addition of modified diatomite and with the addition of modified diatomite and modified diatomite + lime was determined. The number of parallel dimensions is 7. Mathematical processing of the results was carried out. The estimate of the reproducibility variance was determined, and the hypothesis of the experiment’s reproducibility was confirmed. The results of the experiments were averaged and are presented in Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8.
Thus, when conducting experimental studies, the following can be determined:
- It was established that the introduction of modifiers into a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition on an acrylate basis, selected as a base material, does not lead to a deterioration of the main performance characteristics of paint and varnish coatings—porosity, adhesion, elasticity and hiding power. The influence of modified diatomite on the performance characteristics of paint and varnish coatings is insignificant, at the level of experimental error.
- An insignificant influence of the time of full-scale tests in the studied small range, regardless of the amount of modified diatomite, on the performance characteristics of paint and varnish coatings is shown.
- A significant influence of the amount of modified diatomite on the reduction in the emissivity of paint and varnish coatings in the IR region of the spectrum is established.
- It is shown that a more significant effect on the reduction in the emissivity of paint and varnish coatings in the IR region of the spectrum is provided by the introduction of a mixture of additives of modified diatomite + lime.
4. Conclusions
- The insignificant effect of modified diatomite additives on the performance characteristics of water-dispersion paint and varnish compositions is shown.
- An insignificant influence of the time of field tests (in the small range studied) was established, regardless of the concentration of modified diatomite additives, on the performance characteristics of the water-dispersion paint and varnish composition.
- A significant influence of the concentration of modified diatomite additives on the reduction in the emissivity of the water-dispersion paint and varnish composition in the IR region of the spectrum is shown.
- It was established that the greatest effect on the reduction in the emissivity of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition in the IR region of the spectrum is provided by the introduction of a mixture of modified diatomite + lime additives.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, R.E.N. and Z.O.Z.; methodology, Z.N.A. and A.S.Y.; software, Y.S.O.; validation, R.E.N. and Z.O.Z.; formal analysis, Y.S.O. and Z.O.Z.; investigation, Z.N.A., A.S.Y. and Y.S.O.; resources, E.I.K., R.E.N. and Z.O.Z.; data curation, R.E.N. and Z.O.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, R.E.N. and Z.N.A.; writing—review and editing, E.I.K. and Z.O.Z.; visualization, E.I.K., Z.N.A. and A.S.Y.; supervision, R.E.N.; project administration, E.I.K.; funding acquisition, E.I.K. and R.E.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research is funded by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. BR21882292—“Integrated development of sustainable construction industries: innovative technologies, optimization of production, effective use of resources and creation of technological park”).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data are contained within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 1.
X-ray phase analysis of diatomite raw materials with low iron content (low-iron variety).
Figure 2.
Granulometric composition of diatomite of Zhalpak deposit.
Figure 3.
Microphotographs of natural diatomite powders from the Zhalpak deposit magnified to (a) 3000×; (b) 6000×; (c) 12,000× multiples.
Figure 3.
Microphotographs of natural diatomite powders from the Zhalpak deposit magnified to (a) 3000×; (b) 6000×; (c) 12,000× multiples.
Figure 4.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition without the addition of modified diatomite.
Figure 4.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition without the addition of modified diatomite.
Figure 5.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite (20 parts by weight·h).
Figure 5.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite (20 parts by weight·h).
Figure 6.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite (10 parts by weight·h).
Figure 6.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite (10 parts by weight·h).
Figure 7.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite + lime (40 parts by weight·h).
Figure 7.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite + lime (40 parts by weight·h).
Figure 8.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite (13 parts by weight·h).
Figure 8.
Temperature distribution over the surface of a container painted with a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition with the addition of modified diatomite (13 parts by weight·h).
Table 1.
Physical and mechanical characteristics of diatomite.
| Name of Sample Characteristic (Zhalpak Deposit) | Indicators |
|---|---|
| True density, kg/m3 | up to 2200 |
| Bulk density, kg/m3 | 250–400 |
| Porosity, % | 82–89 |
| Humidity, % | 5.0 |
| Compressive strength, kg/cm2 | 52.3–62.8 |
Table 2.
Results of research on introduction of modified diatomite into water-dispersion composite.
| Method of Introduction of Modified Diatomite into Composite | Quantity of Diatomite, wt.h. | Coverage, g/m3 | Viscosity, sP | Dry Balance, % | Density, g/cm3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mixing in the vortex bed apparatus, min | 1 | 20 | 170.3 | 11,500 | 65.5 | 1.66 |
| 2 | 10 | 165.7 | 12,100 | 65.5 | 1.66 | |
| 3 | 40 | 181.3 | 11,400 | 66.0 | 1.66 | |
| Mixture of CaO + modified diatomite | 1 | 5 | 155.26 | 11,980 | 65.5 | 1.66 |
| Normalized parameters | 170.5 | 10,500–11,200 | 65.5 | 1.66 | ||
Table 3.
Results of research on introduction of modified diatomite into water-dispersion composite after 2 months.
Table 3.
Results of research on introduction of modified diatomite into water-dispersion composite after 2 months.
| Type of Property Test | Viscosity, sP | Dry Balance, % | Coverage, g/m3 | Density, g/cm3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immediately after addition of modified diatomite | 15,780 | 65.5 | 175 | 1.66 |
| After storing a sample of the prepared composite with modified diatomite | 11,890 | 65.0 | 175 | 1.65 |
| Normalized parameters | 10,300 | 65.5 | 170.5 | 1.66 |
Table 4.
Physical–mechanical and operational properties of films and coatings based on compositions of polymer–binder-modified diatomite.
Table 4.
Physical–mechanical and operational properties of films and coatings based on compositions of polymer–binder-modified diatomite.
| Indicators | Values for Composite with Modified Diatomite Content, % wt %. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 20 | |
| Without pigment | |||
| Modulus of elasticity, MPa | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.93 ± 0.8 |
| Tensile strength, MPa | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 5.15 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.4 |
| Relative elongation at break, % | 616 ± 79 | 378 ± 43 | 308 ± 46 |
| With pigment | |||
| Modulus of elasticity, MPa | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 2.5 | 8.3 ± 3.2 |
| Tensile strength, MPa | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.3 |
| Relative elongation at break, % | 415.5 ± 90 | 283 ± 70 | 162 ± 60 |
| Coverage, g/m2, not more | 175.0 | 183.5 | 183.0 |
| Hardness, conventional units | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.25 |
| Water absorption, % | 77.4 | 66.5 | 32.4 |
Table 5.
The influence of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (without additive—modified diatomite, substrate—metal).
Table 5.
The influence of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (without additive—modified diatomite, substrate—metal).
| Sample Number | Adhesion, % | Porosity, Number of Points per 40 cm2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Field Tests, Days | ||||||
| 1 | 7 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 14 | |
| 1 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| 2 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | 96 | 96 | 94 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| 4 | 95 | 96 | 95 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 5 | 94 | 95 | 94 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Table 6.
Effect of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite (20 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
Table 6.
Effect of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite (20 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
| Sample Number | Adhesion, % | Porosity, Number of Points per 40 cm2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Field Tests, Days | ||||||
| 1 | 7 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 14 | |
| 1 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| 2 | 91 | 92 | 91 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| 3 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| 4 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
| 5 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Table 7.
The influence of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite (10 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
Table 7.
The influence of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite (10 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
| Sample Number | Adhesion, % | Porosity, Number of Points per 40 cm2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Field Tests, Days | ||||||
| 1 | 7 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 14 | |
| 1 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| 2 | 95 | 94 | 95 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | 94 | 93 | 95 | 3 | 5 | 4 |
| 4 | 96 | 95 | 94 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| 5 | 93 | 95 | 94 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
Table 8.
The influence of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite + lime (40 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
Table 8.
The influence of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite + lime (40 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
| Sample Number | Adhesion, % | Porosity, Number of Points per 40 cm2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Field Tests, Days | ||||||
| 1 | 7 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 14 | |
| 1 | 96 | 95 | 96 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 2 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 3 | 94 | 96 | 96 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 4 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 5 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Table 9.
Effect of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite (13 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
Table 9.
Effect of the time of full-scale tests on the performance characteristics of a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition (containing an additive—modified diatomite (13 parts by weight·h), substrate—metal).
| Sample Number | Adhesion, % | Porosity, Number of Points per 40 cm2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of Field Tests, Days | ||||||
| 1 | 7 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 14 | |
| 1 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 2 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | 92 | 94 | 95 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| 4 | 93 | 93 | 95 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| 5 | 91 | 93 | 94 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
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MDPI and ACS Style
Nurlybayev, R.E.; Kuldeyev, E.I.; Altayeva, Z.N.; Zhumadilova, Z.O.; Yestemessova, A.S.; Orynbekov, Y.S. Study of Properties of Water-Dispersion Paint and Varnish Compositions with the Content of Modified Mineral Filler. Coatings 2024, 14, 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091154
AMA Style
Nurlybayev RE, Kuldeyev EI, Altayeva ZN, Zhumadilova ZO, Yestemessova AS, Orynbekov YS. Study of Properties of Water-Dispersion Paint and Varnish Compositions with the Content of Modified Mineral Filler. Coatings. 2024; 14(9):1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091154
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurlybayev, Ruslan E., Erzhan I. Kuldeyev, Zaure N. Altayeva, Zhanar O. Zhumadilova, Axaya S. Yestemessova, and Yelzhan S. Orynbekov. 2024. "Study of Properties of Water-Dispersion Paint and Varnish Compositions with the Content of Modified Mineral Filler" Coatings 14, no. 9: 1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091154
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