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Article

First Principles Study of Gas Molecules Adsorption on Monolayered β-SnSe

by
Tianhan Liu
1,
Hongbo Qin
1,*,
Daoguo Yang
1 and
Guoqi Zhang
1,2
1
School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2
EEMCS Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2019, 9(6), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060390
Submission received: 30 April 2019 / Revised: 8 June 2019 / Accepted: 13 June 2019 / Published: 17 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Modeling of Emerging Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials and Devices)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
For the purpose of exploring the application of two-dimensional (2D) material in the field of gas sensors, the adsorption properties of gas molecules, CO, CO2, CH2O, O2, NO2, and SO2 on the surface of monolayered tin selenium in β phase (β-SnSe) has been researched by first principles calculation based on density functional theory (DFT). The results indicate that β-SnSe sheet presents weak physisorption for CO and CO2 molecules with small adsorption energy and charge transfers, which show that a β-SnSe sheet is not suitable for sensing CO and CO2. The adsorption behavior of CH2O molecules adsorbed on a β-SnSe monolayer is stronger than that of CO and CO2, revealing that the β-SnSe layer can be applied to detect CH2O as physical sensor. Additionally, O2, NO2, and SO2 are chemically adsorbed on a β-SnSe monolayer with moderate adsorption energy and considerable charge transfers. All related calculations reveal that β-SnSe has a potential application in detecting and catalyzing O2, NO2, and SO2 molecules.

1. Introduction

The detection of gases, especially the toxic gases, has aroused tremendous interest for its extensive application in the fields of agricultural production, industrial control, medical diagnosis, and environmental detection [1]. The traditional gas sensors, transition metal oxides sensors, have the shortcoming of a high operating temperature (200–600 °C) [2,3] and low sensing response [4], which have motivated researchers to search for appropriate materials as reliable and high performance gas sensors [5]. Fortunately, because 2D materials exhibit excellent physicochemical properties, such as the high ratio of surface area to volume [6], ultrahigh carrier mobility [7], excellent mechanical performance [8], and low electrical noise [9,10], it is possible for them to sense gas molecules at room temperature and normal pressure [11,12]. Within 2D materials, monolayered graphene has been immensely researched due to its commendable properties [13]. However, the lack of an energy band gap limits its applications in the fields of field-effect transistors, gas sensors, and computer chips [14,15]. On the contrary, some 2D materials have a large band gap, but they are unstable in air, such as silicene [16] and phosphorenes [17], which hinders their commercial applications. It is noteworthy that some stable layered materials also show semiconductor characteristics with an appropriate band gap, which is of vital importance for the sensing performance [18,19].
In addition, due to the low cost, rich elements, and environmental friendliness, 2D IV-VI semiconductors have become a research hotspot in recent years. Monolayered SnSe is a fascinating 2D material due to its ideal electric and thermal properties in the field of nanoelectronics [20], which means it has promising applications in the photovoltaic industry, cut-off devices, and infrared lasers [21,22,23]. It has been reported that the adsorption behaviors of some small gas molecules on a GeS sheet [11], a SnS sheet [24], and an α-SnSe sheet [25]. Significatively, there are some reports pointing out that monolayered SnSe allotropes also show high thermoelectric performance, chemical stability, no toxicity, and earth abundance, which indicate that these monolayer SnSe allotropes can have a potential application in the field of next generation nano-photovoltaic devices and 2D optoelectronic material [15,26]. However, reports about the adsorption behaviors of β-SnSe for small gas molecules is scarce. Therefore, in this paper, the sensing behaviors of small gas molecules (CO, CO2, CH2O, O2, NO2, and SO2) on a β-SnSe sheet were investigated by first principles calculation.

2. Materials and Methods

In this work, all the simulation calculations are presented by applying the DMOL3 module in the Materials Studio [27]. Due to the fact that the conventional generalized gradient approximation (GGA) methods are inclined to underestimate the adsorption energy [14], the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) of generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was applied as the exchange-correlation functional in the process of structural optimization [28], which is widely employed for its precision and economy [29]. Due to the existence of the tiny van der Waals interaction, the Grimme custom method for DFT-D correction was applied [30]. Moreover, the double numerical plus d-function (DND) basis set was carried out to achieve high computational quality of the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. It has been verified that the basic set superposition error (BSSE) effect is not considered when the numerical basis sets are applied in DMOL3 [31,32,33]. For both geometric optimization and electronic properties calculations, the 4 × 4 × 1 Monkhorst–Pack k-point mesh was chosen. Considering the interaction between β-SnSe sheets of adjacent supercells, a 4 × 4 single-layered β-SnSe supercell with a vacuum region of 15 Å in the Z direction was utilized in the simulated system. Non-spin polarization was proposed in the investigation of the adsorbing properties, but not the two types of molecules (NO2 and O2) as they are paramagnetic [14]. In addition, all the correlation simulation calculations were completely performed until the displacement, energy, and force were converged to 0.005 Å, 0.002 Ha/Å (1 Ha = 27.21 eV), and 1 × 10−5 Ha, respectively.
Considering the different adsorption effects for the different initial configurations of SnSe toward the gas molecules, eight different adsorption initial locations for each molecule were calculated. On the Sn atoms side of β-SnSe layer, four adsorption sites were calculated, the T1 point is located on top of the Sn atom, the T2 point is located on top of the Se atom, the T3 point is located in the middle of the Se–Sn bond, and the T4 point is located in the center of the puckered hexagon. There are four equal configurations (T5, T6, T7, T8) on the Se atoms side of β-SnSe sheet, as shown in Figure 1. The initial distance of 3 Å is applied as the height of the gas molecules on top of the β-SnSe monolayer.
For the purpose of intuitively accessing the adsorbing performance of the gas molecules adsorbed on the β-SnSe layer, we calculated the adsorption energy (Ea), the Hirshfeld charge transfer (Qc), and the equilibrium distance (di). The negative value of Qc expresses that gas molecules acquire charge from the β-SnSe layer, and the di stands for the balanced minimum distance between gas molecules and the β-SnSe layer. Ea is defined as follows:
Ea = E(molecules + SnSe) − ESnSe − Emolecules
where E(molecules + SnSe), ESnSe, and Emolecules denote the total energy of gas molecules on the SnSe sheet, a SnSe sheet, and a single gas molecule, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

The lattice dimensions of the optimized 4 × 4 supercell structure are a = b = 15.125 Å, and the unit cell has a lattice constant of a = b = 3.187 Å. The parameters of structural optimizations are in accordance with the results in the previous work [26]. Additionally, a SnSe monolayer in β-phase is a semiconductor with a 1.974 eV band gap in the PBE method, which has a larger band gap than that of SnSe in α-phase (the band gap values of α-SnSe are 0.90 eV indirect and 1.30 eV direct) [15,26]. Judging from the result of the DFT calculation, the most stable sites of structural optimizations for gas molecules on the β-SnSe layer are presented in Figure 2. In addition, the adsorption parameters of the gas molecules adsorbed on the β-SnSe layer, such as Ea, di, and Qc, are shown in Table 1. The Ea values of the CO, CO2, and CH2O gas molecules adsorbed on the β-SnSe monolayer are −0.202, −0.175, and −0.322 eV, respectively. Moreover, Table 1 shows the large equilibrium distances (more than 3.2 Å) and the small charge transfer (less than 0.1 e, absolute value) of these molecules. Clearly, the values of di are outside the length of the covalent radii of the C atom and Sn atom (2.15 Å), the O atom and Sn atom (2.22 Å), or the H atom and Sn atom (1.72 Å) [34,35]. It follows that these three types of gas molecules show the tendency for physisorption on the β-SnSe layer. However, for O2 on the surface of the β-SnSe sheet, the optimized structure has a slight distortion. The Ea and Qc are −1.596 and −0.445 eV, respectively, which are much larger than that of other gas molecules (CO, CO2, CH2O, NO2, and SO2) adsorbed on the β-SnSe monolayer. As for the di for O2, it is 2.058 Å, which is within the length of the covalent radii of the O atom and Sn atom (2.22 Å) [35]. From this is can be concluded that the O2 molecules are chemisorbed on the β-SnSe. When it comes to the adsorption properties of polluting gas molecules (e.g., NO2 and SO2) on the surface of β-SnSe, the Ea values are −0.829 and −0.499 eV, respectively, which are larger than the Ea of the molecules on the antimonene [14]. For NO2 on the surface of GeS and α-SnSe monolayers, the values of Ea are −0.519 [11] and −0.770 eV [25], respectively, meaning that the adsorption behaviors of NO2 and SO2 molecules on β-SnSe are stronger than the aforementioned adsorption system. In addition, the charge transfer values for NO2 and SO2 are −0.279 and −0.278 eV, respectively, indicating that the charge transfer clearly happens between the gas molecules and the β-SnSe layer. The adsorption distance values for NO2 and SO2 are 2.531 Å and 2.692 Å, respectively, which is approaching the range of the Sn–O bond lengths (2.22 Å to 2.66 Å) [35]. It is of great significance for the β-SnSe sheet to detect NO2 and SO2 in the field of gas sensors. It is worth mentioning that all the most energetically stable adsorption sites are on the Sn atom’s side of the β-SnSe sheet, showing that the adsorption properties of metal atoms are stronger than that of non-metal atoms [36].
Furthermore, the first principles molecular dynamics (MD) simulation lasted 5 ps with a step of 1 fs and the canonical ensemble (NVT) was applied at 300 K to examine the structural stability of a pristine β-SnSe sheet. Judging from Figure S1 (in the Supplementary Materials), results show that the total potential energy of a pristine β-SnSe sheet fluctuates a small amount before 2500 fs, and then keeps stable during the remaining 2500 fs. As for the structure of a pristine β-SnSe sheet, it has a slight deformation. This all shows that a pristine β-SnSe sheet is stable at 300 K.
For the purpose of fully understanding the adsorption mechanism of the molecule-substrate systems, Figure 3 shows the calculation results of the density of states (DOSs) of the β-SnSe monolayer, molecule-SnSe systems, and the projected DOS for the adsorbate gas molecules. In addition, the band information of the molecule-substrate systems is plotted in Figure 4. Clearly, the summits of the DOSs of CO and CO2 molecules illustrated in Figure 3a,b mainly localize below −3 eV in the valence band (VB), which are doubtless out of the Fermi level (Ef). In addition, judging from the band structure of the adsorption system, it is found that there is a slight influence on the band structure of the β-SnSe sheet. All of this indicates that CO and CO2 are weakly adsorbed on the β-SnSe layer. As for the adsorption performances of CH2O adsorbed on the β-SnSe sheet, the influences of the electronic levels of CH2O molecules to the β-SnSe monolayer are mainly located in the interval ranging from −1.5 to −0.5 eV in the VB, which is not at the position of Ef. Thus, the changes in the band gaps and band structures are slight. In regard to the O2 and SO2 adsorbed on the surface of the β-SnSe sheet, it is found that these two gas molecules contribute the electronic levels of the adsorption system from −2.0 to 2.0 eV, which are close to the Ef. Accordingly, the band gap values of the molecule-substrate systems of O2 and SO2 are 1.496 and 1.473 eV, respectively, revealing that the O2 and SO2 molecules have a strong influence on the electronic properties of the β-SnSe sheet. In terms of the electronic density of the state of NO2 on β-SnSe, the peaks of NO2, SnSe, and NO2–SnSe gather and overlap near the Ef. In addition, the band structures of β-SnSe induce great changes with the appearance of NO2 on the β-SnSe sheet. Thus, it is inferred that the existence of NO2 has a dramatic influence on the electronic properties of the β-SnSe monolayer.
Furthermore, the slices of charge densities are presented in Figure 5. Using the slice of charge densities for the molecule-substrate systems, the electric distribution of the systems were investigated. Judging from Figure 5a–c, there are clearly no charges gathering between the atom in the gas molecule and the Sn atom. As for the charge density slices of O2, NO2, and SO2, the high electronic densities are presented in the areas between the O atom and the Sn atom, see Figure 5d–f, indicating the emergence of covalent bonding in the molecule-substrate systems. In addition, the total charge carrier in the substrate can be changed via charge transfer, so the electronic properties of the substrate will be altered after the molecules are adsorbed on it [37,38]. Thus, it is of vital significance for β-SnSe to be applied in the field of gas sensors.
In addition, taking the effect of humidity on the substance into consideration, the adsorption performances of H2O adsorbed on the β-SnSe sheet are calculated by first principles calculation. The most stable site of structural optimizations for H2O on the β-SnSe layer is presented (see Figure S2 in the Supplementary Materials) The Ea, Qc, and di of H2O adsorbed on β-SnSe monolayer are −0.4038 eV, −0.0577 e, and 2.898 Å, respectively. The Ea and Qc are small, the value of di is outside of the length of the covalent radii of the O atom and Sn atom (2.22 Å). The band gap value of the H2O-substrate system is 1.962 eV, which is shown in Figure S3 (in the Supplementary Materials). The change in value of the band gap is small (0.012 eV). In addition, the peak of DOSs of the H2O molecule illustrated in Figure S4 (in the Supplementary Materials) mainly localize below −2.5 eV in the valence band (VB), which are doubtless out of the Fermi level (Ef). Judging from Figure S5 (in the Supplementary Materials), there are clearly no charge distributions between the atom in the gas molecule and the Sn atom. All results show that H2O has little effect on the β-SnSe monolayer.

4. Conclusions

In summary, the adsorption and electronic characteristics of a β-SnSe monolayer for CO, CO2, CH2O, O2, NO2, and SO2 have been carried out by first principles calculation. The CO, CO2, and CH2O can be physisorbed on the β-SnSe monolayer. Because the adsorptions of CH2O on the β-SnSe monolayer have relatively numerous charge transfers and a significant effect on the DOS, it is deduced that the β-SnSe layer can be employed to detect CH2O. In addition, O2, NO2, and SO2, show strong adsorption energy, charge transfer, and dramatic changes to the electronic properties, meanwhile, covalent bonds are formed between the O atom and the Sn atom. Thus, they are chemisorbed on the β-SnSe monolayer, suggesting that the β-SnSe monolayer can be employed to detect and catalyze these three types of gas molecules.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/9/6/390/s1, Figure S1: Total potential energy of pristine monolayer SnSe at 300 K within 5 ps during the first-principles molecular dynamics (MD) simulation; Figure S2: The most stable site of structural optimizations for H2O on β-SnSe layer is presented; Figure S3: Band structure of the monolayered β-SnSe with the H2O molecules; Figure S4: Total DOSs of the H2O on SnSe (black curve), the projected DOS of SnSe (red curve), and the adsorbate molecules (blue curve) for H2O on SnSe monolayer. The Ef is set to zero, as illustrated by black dotted line; Figure S5: The slice of charge densities for the β-SnSe monolayer with the H2O molecule. The value of electron densities ranges between 0 and 1.00 e/Å3.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.Q. and T.L.; Methodology, H.Q. and T.L.; Software, T.L. and H.Q.; Validation, T.L.; Formal Analysis, T.L.; Investigation, T.L. and H.Q.; Resources, T.L.; Data Curation, T.L.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, H.Q. and T.L.; Writing—Review and Editing, D.Y. and G.Z.; Visualization, T.L.; Supervision, H.Q. and D.Y.; Project Administration, H.Q.; Funding Acquisition, H.Q. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

Our investigation was supported by the project of Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (grant No. 2016GXNSFBA380114), and Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education (grant No. 2018YJCX04).

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (grant No. 2016GXNSFBA380114), and Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education (grant No. 2018YJCX04).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the work described was original research that has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. All the authors listed have approved the final manuscript.

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Coatings 09 00390 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Structure and initial adsorption sites of the Sn atom’s side of the β-SnSe monolayer are presented in the picture; (b) structure and initial adsorption sites of the Se atom’s side of the β-SnSe monolayer are presented in the picture, and (c) the band structure of the β-SnSe monolayer is shown in the picture.
Figure 1. (a) Structure and initial adsorption sites of the Sn atom’s side of the β-SnSe monolayer are presented in the picture; (b) structure and initial adsorption sites of the Se atom’s side of the β-SnSe monolayer are presented in the picture, and (c) the band structure of the β-SnSe monolayer is shown in the picture.
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Figure 2. The most stable sites of optimized configurations of the adsorbate molecules: (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2, and (f) SO2 adsorbed on a β-SnSe monolayer. The most stable sites are exhibited.
Figure 2. The most stable sites of optimized configurations of the adsorbate molecules: (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2, and (f) SO2 adsorbed on a β-SnSe monolayer. The most stable sites are exhibited.
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Figure 3. Total DOSs of the (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2 and (f) SO2 on SnSe (black curve), the projected DOS of SnSe (red curve), and the adsorbate molecules (blue curve) for CO, CO2, CH2O, O2, NO2, SO2 on SnSe monolayer. The Ef is set to zero, as illustrated by the black dotted line.
Figure 3. Total DOSs of the (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2 and (f) SO2 on SnSe (black curve), the projected DOS of SnSe (red curve), and the adsorbate molecules (blue curve) for CO, CO2, CH2O, O2, NO2, SO2 on SnSe monolayer. The Ef is set to zero, as illustrated by the black dotted line.
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Figure 4. Band structures of the monolayered β-SnSe with the adsorbate molecules: (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2, and (f) SO2, respectively. The Ef is set to zero, as presented via the blue dotted line.
Figure 4. Band structures of the monolayered β-SnSe with the adsorbate molecules: (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2, and (f) SO2, respectively. The Ef is set to zero, as presented via the blue dotted line.
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Figure 5. The slice of charge densities for the β-SnSe monolayer with the adsorbate molecules: (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2, and (f) SO2, respectively. The value of electron densities ranges between 0 and 1.00 e/Å3.
Figure 5. The slice of charge densities for the β-SnSe monolayer with the adsorbate molecules: (a) CO, (b) CO2, (c) CH2O, (d) O2, (e) NO2, and (f) SO2, respectively. The value of electron densities ranges between 0 and 1.00 e/Å3.
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Table
Table 1. The adsorption properties (adsorption energy (Ea), Hirshfeld charge transfer (Qc), and equilibrium distance (di)) of CO, CO2, CH2O, O2, NO2, and SO2 on a β-SnSe monolayer.
Table 1. The adsorption properties (adsorption energy (Ea), Hirshfeld charge transfer (Qc), and equilibrium distance (di)) of CO, CO2, CH2O, O2, NO2, and SO2 on a β-SnSe monolayer.
Gas MoleculeEa (eV)Qc (e)di (Å)Most Stable Site
CO−0.202−0.0333.293 (C−Sn)T3
CO2−0.175−0.0363.617 (C−Sn)T3
CH2O−0.322−0.0853.222 (H−Sn)T2
O2−1.596−0.4452.058 (O−Sn)T2
NO2−0.829−0.2792.531 (O−Sn)T3
SO2−0.499−0.2782.692 (O−Sn)T2

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Liu, T.; Qin, H.; Yang, D.; Zhang, G. First Principles Study of Gas Molecules Adsorption on Monolayered β-SnSe. Coatings 2019, 9, 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060390

AMA Style

Liu T, Qin H, Yang D, Zhang G. First Principles Study of Gas Molecules Adsorption on Monolayered β-SnSe. Coatings. 2019; 9(6):390. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060390

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Tianhan, Hongbo Qin, Daoguo Yang, and Guoqi Zhang. 2019. "First Principles Study of Gas Molecules Adsorption on Monolayered β-SnSe" Coatings 9, no. 6: 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060390

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