Rare Earth Element Content in Hair Samples of Children Living in the Vicinity of the Kola Peninsula Mining Site and Nervous System Diseases
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Sample Analysis
2.3. Comparison Areas
2.4. Analysis of the Population Morbidity in the Kola North
2.5. Statistical Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. REE Content in Children’s Hair Samples
3.2. Comparison
3.3. Nervous System Diseases
4. Discussion
4.1. Accumulation of REEs in the Brain
4.2. Nervous System Diseases and REEs
4.2.1. Episodic Paroxysmal Disorders (G40–G47)
4.2.2. Cerebral Palsy and Other Paralytic Syndromes (G80–G83)
4.2.3. Epilepsy and Status Epilepticus (G40–G41)
5. Advantages of This Study
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n = 53 | M | SD | Min | Max | Me | P25 | P75 | C. V. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sc | 0.0536 | 0.1238 | 0.0010 | 0.5544 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | 0.0010 | 230.9 |
Y | 0.0204 | 0.0152 | 0.0090 | 0.0782 | 0.0157 | 0.0130 | 0.0193 | 74.6 |
La | 0.0336 | 0.0222 | 0.0124 | 0.1288 | 0.0269 | 0.0198 | 0.0362 | 66.2 |
Ce | 0.0351 | 0.0219 | 0.0053 | 0.1073 | 0.0297 | 0.0200 | 0.0412 | 62.3 |
Pr | 0.0047 | 0.0019 | 0.0020 | 0.0131 | 0.0044 | 0.0038 | 0.0051 | 39.3 |
Nd | 0.0161 | 0.0048 | 0.0089 | 0.0383 | 0.0154 | 0.0132 | 0.0174 | 29.7 |
Sm | 0.0124 | 0.0069 | 0.0031 | 0.0548 | 0.0116 | 0.0092 | 0.0141 | 55.7 |
Eu | 0.0049 | 0.0030 | 0.0017 | 0.0233 | 0.0045 | 0.0036 | 0.0054 | 61.9 |
Gd | 0.0214 | 0.0024 | 0.0013 | 0.0630 | 0.0163 | 0.0101 | 0.0277 | 76.7 |
Tb | 0.0032 | 0.0009 | 0.0015 | 0.0046 | 0.0032 | 0.0025 | 0.0040 | 27.3 |
Dy | 0.0129 | 0.0199 | 0.0055 | 0.1531 | 0.0095 | 0.0080 | 0.0118 | 154.2 |
Ho | 0.0031 | 0.0010 | 0.0015 | 0.0058 | 0.0033 | 0.0023 | 0.0038 | 30.3 |
Er | 0.0077 | 0.0017 | 0.0032 | 0.0118 | 0.0076 | 0.0067 | 0.0091 | 22.4 |
Tm | 0.0029 | 0.0009 | 0.0012 | 0.0050 | 0.0027 | 0.0023 | 0.0035 | 31.3 |
Yb | 0.0121 | 0.0223 | 0.0037 | 0.1697 | 0.0091 | 0.0072 | 0.0103 | 184.0 |
Lu | 0.0028 | 0.0012 | 0.0015 | 0.0089 | 0.0027 | 0.0022 | 0.0033 | 43.5 |
Element | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | Me (Q25–Q75) | M ± SD | Me (Q25–Q75) | M ± SE | M (SD) ME | Range | |
Na | 642 ± 599 | 431 (275–783) | 728 ± 1198 | 389(143–940) | 223 ± 17 | 147 (149) 94 | 17–670 |
Ca | 287 ± 175 | 220 (186–349) | 960 ± 2844 | 228(100–673) | 1403 ± 90 | 750 (660) 590 | 113–2890 |
Sc | 0.054 ±0.124 | 0.001 (0.001–0.001) | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02(0.01–0.02) | 0.007 ± 0.0004 | 0.0014 (0.001) 0.0011 | 0.0004–0.0045 |
Cr | 4.21 ±13.64 | 4.43 (1.32–6.5) | 5.23 ± 5.69 | 4.68(0.46–6.11) | 0.5 ± 0.07 | 0.167 (0.118) 0.131 | 0.046–0.527 |
Fe | 24.5 ±18.6 | 23.0 (13.6–29.8) | 853 ± 872 | 793(300–1018) | 45 ± 3.7 | 9.6(4.4) 8.4 | 4.9–23 |
Co | 0.030 ±0.043 | 0.008 (0.002–0.047) | 1.05 ± 1.42 | 0.66(0.53–0.9) | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.013 (0.011) 0.01 | 0.002–0.063 |
Zn | 120 ±89 | 106 (77–130) | 210 ± 348 | 152(117–194) | 207 ± 8 | 142 (29) 144 | 68–198 |
As | 0.61 ±0.70 | 0.45 (0.001–0.96) | 0.42 ± 1.02 | 0.24(0.16–0.5) | <0.8 | 0.085 (0.054) 0.067 | 0.034–0.319 |
Se | 0.71 ± 0.28 | 0.68 (0.50–0.87) | - | - | 0.8 ± 0.03 | 0.83 (0.28) 0.79 | 0.48–1.84 |
Br | - | - | 8.82 ± 17.23 | 3.96(2.07–7.91) | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 37 (33) 26 | 5.6–221 |
Rb | 0.72 ± 0.79 | 0.48 (0.27–1.05) | 0.79 ± 1.24 | 0.3(0.2–0.81) | <3 | 0.093 (0.085) 0.06 | 0.012–0.482 |
Sr | 1.38 ±1.65 | 0.59 (0.32–2.06) | 4.53 ± 1.23 | 5(2.5–5) | <15 | 1.2 (1) 0.97 | 0.14–5.54 |
Ag | 0.28 ±0.16 | 0.23 (0.19–0.35) | 2.34 ± 17.67 | 0.11(0.05–0.26) | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.231 (0.298) 0.132 | 0.025–1.96 |
Sb | 0.06 ±0.06 | 0.044 (0.028–0.07) | 0.11 ± 0.15 | 0.06(0.03–0.12) | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.022 (0.017) 0.017 | 0.007–0.122 |
Cs | 0.014 ±0.022 | 0.01 (0.005–0.014) | 0.03 ± 0.14 | 0.005(0.001–0.02) | <0.05 | 0.00067 (0.00046) 0.00051 | 0.00017–0.0019 |
Ba | 0.58 ±0.88 | 0.41 (0.21–0.60) | 4.07 ± 12.24 | 2(1.97–2.43) | <10 | 0.64 (0.49) 0.46 | 0.16–1.92 |
Y | 0.020 ±0.015 | 0.016 (0.013–0.019) | - | - | - | - | - |
La | 0.034 ±0.022 | 0.027(0.02–0.036) | 0.04 ± 0.09 | 0.02(0.01–0.02) | 0.05 ± 0.006 | 0.035 (0.046) 0.018 | 0.0046–0.106 |
Ce | 0.035 ±0.022 | 0.03 (0.02–0.041) | 0.39 ± 1.79 | 0.1(0.05–0.1) | <0.08 | 0.039 (0.05) 0.019 | 0.007–0.164 |
Pr | 0.005 ±0.002 | 0.004 (0.004–0.005) | - | - | - | ||
Nd | 0.016 ±0.005 | 0.015 (0.013–0.017) | 0.25 ± 0.46 | 0.09(0.09–0.22) | - | ||
Sm | 0.0124 ±0.007 | 0.012 (0.009–0.014) | 0.006 ± 0.02 | 0.003(0–0.003) | 0.02 ± 0.003 | ||
Eu | 0.005 ±0.003 | 0.004 (0.004–0.005) | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.004(0.001–0.01) | <0.03 | ||
Gd | 0.0214 ±0.016 | 0.016 (0.010–0.028) | - | - | - | ||
Tb | 0.003 ±0.001 | 0.003 (0.002–0.004) | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.005(0.005–0.02) | 0.01 ± 0.0003 | ||
Dy | 0.013 ±0.02 | 0.01 (0.008–0.012) | - | - | - | ||
Ho | 0.003 ±0.001 | 0.003 (0.002–0.004) | - | - | - | ||
Er | 0.008 ±0.002 | 0.008 (0.007–0.009) | - | - | - | ||
Tm | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.003 (0.002–0.004) | - | - | - | ||
Yb | 0.012 ±0.022 | 0.009 (0.007–0.010) | 0.007 ± 0.009 | 0.005(0–0.009) | 0.03 ± 0.0005 | ||
Lu | 0.003 ±0.001 | 0.003 (0.002–0.003) | 0.003 ± 0.01 | 0.001(0–0.003) | 0.002 ± 0.0001 | ||
Hf | 0.004 ±0.005 | 0.004 (0.001–0.007) | 0.05 ± 0.12 | 0.037(0.001–0.05) | 0.02 ± 0.002 | 0.005 (0.008) 0.0017 | 0.0004–0.037 |
Ta | 0.006 ±0.015 | 0.006 (0.001–0.001) | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.008(0–0.008 | <0.03 | 0.004 (0.003) 0.0031 | <0.002–0.020 |
Au | 0.012 ±0.021 | 0.012 (0.001–0.017) | 0.03 ± 0.14 | 0.001(0–0.01) | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.03 (0.028) 0.017 | 0.003–0.200 |
Hg | 0.42 ± 0.197 | 0.42 (0.31–0.5) | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.261 (0.145) 0.249 | 0.053–0.927 |
Th | <0.001 <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.23 ± 0.29 | 0.14(0.05–0.27) | 0.02 ± 0.001 | 0.0013 (0.001) 0.001 | 0.0003–0.0044 |
U | 0.005 ±0.003 | 0.005 (0.003–0.006) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01(0.01–0.016) | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.057 (0.065) 0.036 | 0.006–0.436 |
L—G.M.(R) | L—M ± SE | M1—G.M.(R) | M2—G.M.(R) | C1—G.M.(R) | C2—G.M.(R) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
La * | 0.03 (0.01–0.13) | 0.033 ± 0.003 | 0.89 (0.17–6.93) | 0.45 (0.14–0.37) | 0.12 (0.05–0.30) | 0.11 (0.04–0.40) |
Ce * | 0.03 (0.01–0.11) | 0.035 ± 0.003 | 0.53 (0.20–1.37) | 0.34 (0.16–0.82) | 0.22 (0.09–0.57) | 0.16 (0.07–0.44) |
Pr * | 0.004 (0.00–0.01) | 0.005 ± 0.000 | 0.19 (0.04–1.55) | 0.08 (0.03–0.26) | 0.03 (0.01–0.09) | 0.02 (0.01–0.09) |
Nd * | 0.016 (0.01–0.04) | 0.016 ± 0.001 | 0.67 (0.13–5.27) | 0.28 (0.09–0.95) | 0.12 (0.04–0.32) | 0.09 (0.04–0.32) |
Sm * | 0.01 (0.00–0.05) | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.11 (0.02–0.91) | 0.04 (0.03–0.12) | 0.03 (0.01–0.06) | 0.02 (0.01–0.07) |
Eu | 4.4 (1.70–23.33) | 4.9 ± 0.04 | 12.1 (2.9–95.0) | 6.0 (2.6–21.2) | 3.7 (1.8–8.7) | 2.4 (1.9–6.6) |
Gd | 15.1 (1.29–63.22) | 21.4 ± 0.2 | 90.5 (19.4–645.6) | 30.6 (12.2–119.0) | 23.7 (8.3–59.3) | 29.5 (9.8–64.6) |
Tb | 3.0 (1.51–4.65) | 3.17 ± 0.012 | 11.1(2.6–73.8) | 3.3 (1.4–13.2) | 3.4 (1.3–8.3) | 3.1 (1.6–9.7) |
Dy | 10.3 (5.51–153.10) | 12.9 ± 0.27 | 53.5 (13.6–338.6) | 15.1(6.4–63.0) | 18.2 (7.5–44.1) | 17.8 (9.8–54.5) |
Ho | 3.0 (1.53–5.83) | 3.14 ± 0.013 | 8.5 (2.2–55.63) | 2.3 (1.0–10.7) | 3.1 (1.2–7.3) | 3.2 (1.7–10.4) |
Er | 7.5 (3.23–11.79) | 7.74 ± 0.024 | 20.7 (5.7–134.3) | 15.9 (2.7–27.3) | 8.5 (3.8–20.1) | 8.8 (5.2–28.9) |
Tm | 2.8 (1.24–4.96) | 2.9 ± 0.012 | 2.3 (0.6–16.2) | 0.6 (0.3–3.1) | 1.1 (0.4–2.5) | 1.2(0.6–4.1) |
Yb | 9.1 (3.68–169.73) | 12.1 ± 0.307 | 13.5 (4.4–90.5) | 3.6 (1.6–18.3) | 6.6 (3.6–15.0) | 7.1 (3.9–22.3) |
Lu | 2.7 (1.47–8.93) | 2.8 ± 0.017 | 1.7 (0.4–13.3) | 0.5 (0.2–2.6) | 0.8 (0.4–2.0) | 1.0 (0.4–3.3) |
Y | 17.5 (0.009–0.0078) * | 20.0 ± 2.0 | 203.5 (0.06–1.27) * | 71.2 (0.03–0.30) * | 82.3 (0.03–0.19) * | 76.5 (0.04–0.29) * |
Sc | 3.4 (1.0–554.0) | 53.6 ± 17.0 | 154 | 195.5 | 194.7 | 243.1 |
Lovozero Village, Russia | 4 Village, China | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | P25 | P75 | M | P25 | P75 | |
La | 0.0269 | 0.0198 | 0.0362 | 0.3907 | 0.2399 | 1.1505 |
Ce | 0.0297 | 0.0200 | 0.0412 | 0.5958 | 0.3811 | 1.6591 |
Pr | 0.0044 | 0.0038 | 0.0051 | 0.0489 | 0.0337 | 0.1271 |
Nd | 0.0154 | 0.0132 | 0.0174 | 0.1646 | 0.1098 | 0.3574 |
Sm | 0.0116 | 0.0092 | 0.0141 | 0.0226 | 0.0150 | 0.0364 |
Eu | 0.0045 | 0.0036 | 0.0054 | 0.0060 | 0.0042 | 0.0097 |
Gd | 0.0163 | 0.0101 | 0.0277 | 0.0184 | 0.0118 | 0.0296 |
Tb | 0.0032 | 0.0025 | 0.0040 | 0.0020 | 0.0009 | 0.0030 |
Dy | 0.0095 | 0.0080 | 0.0118 | 0.0112 | 0.0066 | 0.0151 |
Ho | 0.0033 | 0.0023 | 0.0038 | 0.0020 | 0.0012 | 0.0027 |
Er | 0.0076 | 0.0067 | 0.0091 | 0.0051 | 0.0028 | 0.0071 |
Tm | 0.0027 | 0.0023 | 0.0035 | 0.0009 | 0.0005 | 0.0015 |
Yb | 0.0091 | 0.0072 | 0.0103 | 0.0049 | 0.0030 | 0.0064 |
Lu | 0.0027 | 0.0022 | 0.0033 | 0.0006 | 0.0003 | 0.0010 |
Y | 0.0157 | 0.0130 | 0.0193 | 0.0497 | 0.0312 | 0.0672 |
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Belisheva, N.K.; Drogobuzhskaya, S.V. Rare Earth Element Content in Hair Samples of Children Living in the Vicinity of the Kola Peninsula Mining Site and Nervous System Diseases. Biology 2024, 13, 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080626
Belisheva NK, Drogobuzhskaya SV. Rare Earth Element Content in Hair Samples of Children Living in the Vicinity of the Kola Peninsula Mining Site and Nervous System Diseases. Biology. 2024; 13(8):626. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080626
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelisheva, Natalia K., and Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya. 2024. "Rare Earth Element Content in Hair Samples of Children Living in the Vicinity of the Kola Peninsula Mining Site and Nervous System Diseases" Biology 13, no. 8: 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13080626