Biology

21 pages, 13760 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Screening and Identification of Chemosensory Genes in the Goji Berry Psyllid, Bactericera gobica (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

by Zhanghui Liu, Yang Ge, Zekun Zhang, Jiayi Liang, Chuanzhi Kang, Chengcai Zhang, Kang Chen, Xiufu Wan, Liu Zhang, Wangpeng Shi and Honghao Chen

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081105 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

Goji berry is widely consumed worldwide and holds substantial market value, yet its cultivation faces significant threats from the goji berry psyllid (Bactericera gobica). Chemosensory-related genes play critical roles in regulating insect behaviors, which makes them key molecular targets for the [...] Read more.

Goji berry is widely consumed worldwide and holds substantial market value, yet its cultivation faces significant threats from the goji berry psyllid (Bactericera gobica). Chemosensory-related genes play critical roles in regulating insect behaviors, which makes them key molecular targets for the development of environmentally friendly pest control strategies. However, chemosensory genes in B. gobica have not been previously identified or characterized. In this study, we sequenced transcriptomes from the antennae and body tissues of male and female B. gobica and annotated genes associated with chemosensory functions. We identified 15 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 18 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 26 odorant receptors (ORs), 8 gustatory receptors (GRs), and 32 ionotropic receptors (IRs). Transcriptome data and a quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the tissue-specific expression patterns of these genes, with several genes, including three BgobOBPs, eight BgobCSPs, one BgobOR, two BgobGRs, and two BgobIR, highly expressed in the antennae, suggesting their role in olfactory recognition. BgobGR1 was most highly expressed among GRs, indicating its important role in gustatory perception. We also identified gene BgobGR5 with differential expression patterns between females and males. Our study represents the first characterization of chemosensory genes in a Bactericera species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Morphology and Sensorimotor Systems of Insect Antennae)

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16 pages, 1493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on Growth Physiology, Yield Quality, and Nitrogen Fertilizer Utilization Rate of Liriope muscari in Pots

by Yuhong Yuan, Jihong Xiao, Shaoyan Liu, Tianyou He, Jundong Rong and Yushan Zheng

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081104 - 21 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 306

Abstract

Liriope muscari is a medicinal and ornamental herbaceous plant with significant economic value, as its tuberous roots are used for medicinal purposes. However, the current production of medicinal plants is characterized by wasteful use of resources and ecological risks caused by the unreasonable [...] Read more.

Liriope muscari is a medicinal and ornamental herbaceous plant with significant economic value, as its tuberous roots are used for medicinal purposes. However, the current production of medicinal plants is characterized by wasteful use of resources and ecological risks caused by the unreasonable application of nitrogen fertilizers. In this study, based on uniform application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, six nitrogen application levels were set in pot experiments (expressed as N): N0: 0 kg/ha, N1: 208.33 kg/ha, N2: 416.66 kg/ha, N3: 625 kg/ha, N4: 833.33 kg/ha, N5: 1041.66 kg/ha). The morphological characteristics, photosynthetic physiology, tuber yield and quality, and seven nitrogen fertilizer utilization indices of L. muscari were analyzed and measured. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed to investigate the mechanism by which nitrogen influences its growth and development, photosynthetic characteristics, tuber yield and quality, and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency. The results showed that (1) nitrogen significantly promoted plant height, crown width, tiller number, and chlorophyll synthesis, with the N3 treatment (625 kg/ha) reaching the peak value, and the crown width and tiller number increasing by 26.44% and 38.90% compared to N0; the total chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate increased by 39.67% and 77.04%, respectively, compared to N0; high nitrogen (N5) inhibited photosynthesis and increased intercellular CO₂ concentration; (2) Fresh weight of tuberous roots, polysaccharide content, and saponin C content peaked at N3 (34.67 g/plant, 39.89%, and 0.21%), respectively, representing increases of 128.69%, 28.37%, and 33.66% compared to N0; (3) Nitrogen uptake, nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, agronomic utilization efficiency, and apparent utilization efficiency were optimal at N3, while high nitrogen (N4–N5) reduced nitrogen fertilizer efficiency by 40–60%; (4) SEM analysis indicated that tiller number and transpiration rate directly drive yield, while stomatal conductance regulates saponin C synthesis. Under the experimental conditions, 625 kg/ha is the optimal nitrogen application rate balancing yield, quality, and nitrogen efficiency. Excessive nitrogen application (>833 kg/ha) induces photosynthetic inhibition and “luxury absorption”, leading to source-sink imbalance and reduced accumulation of secondary metabolites. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the precise management of nitrogen in Liriope-type medicinal plants. It is expected to alleviate the contradictions of “high input, low output, and heavy pollution” in traditional fertilization models. Full article

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13 pages, 724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aquaculture Strategy and Genetic Diversity of Argopecten irradians concentricus in Beibu Gulf, China

by Qishuai Wang, Jie Feng, Yanping Qin and Ying Pan

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081103 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 326

Abstract

Argopecten irradians concentricus has become one of the pillar industries in the aquaculture of the Beibu Gulf since it was introduced into China in 1991. This study examined how stocking density and culture site affects growth in breeding populations, compared their growth performance [...] Read more.

Argopecten irradians concentricus has become one of the pillar industries in the aquaculture of the Beibu Gulf since it was introduced into China in 1991. This study examined how stocking density and culture site affects growth in breeding populations, compared their growth performance and genetic diversity within control populations, and identified optimal culture locations for A. i. concentricus in the Beibu Gulf. The environmental investigation results revealed that among the three aquaculture sites of Beihai (BH), Qinzhou (QZ) and Fangchenggang (FCG), the fluctuation ranges of salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen at the BH site were relatively narrower. The sum of all algal genus abundances of the three sites were 155,370 cells∙L⁻¹, 931 cells∙L⁻¹, and 47,957 cells∙L⁻¹, respectively. Chaetoceros was the sole dominant algal genus in both BH and FCG, while Pleurosigma was the only dominant genus in QZ. The experimental results of growth demonstrated a significant negative correlation between growth rate and stocking density (p < 0.05). The mortalities of the QZ populations were significantly higher than those of the BH and FCG populations (p < 0.05). In comparison with the control populations, the breeding populations exhibited better growth performance but lower genetic diversity. FCG is a suitable location for cultivating the breeding population of A. i. concentricus. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for further understanding of the aquaculture strategy and genetic diversity of A. i. concentricus in the Beibu Gulf, China. Full article

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18 pages, 6450 KB

Open AccessArticle

Starvation Influences the Microbiota in the Stomach of the Corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns Starfish

by Ying Zhang, Fuxiang Lai, Litong Yang, Liling Dai, Nan Su, Jianxing Hu, Huizhen Chen, Qian Gao, Fanyu Zheng and Chang Chen

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081102 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS, Acanthaster spp.), is responsible for a considerable amount of coral loss in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. After decimating coral populations through predation, it is expected that CoTS will face food scarcity before coral recovery. It is unclear how CoTS [...] Read more.

The crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS, Acanthaster spp.), is responsible for a considerable amount of coral loss in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. After decimating coral populations through predation, it is expected that CoTS will face food scarcity before coral recovery. It is unclear how CoTS respond to starvation stress. Therefore, we conducted a four-month starvation stress experiment on CoTS, and analyzed the response characteristics of its stomach bacterial communities using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed no significant differences in the α-diversity of the stomach bacterial community, but the β-diversity differed significantly between fed and starved CoTS. The bacterial community composition in the CoTS stomach changed dramatically, manifesting mainly from Tenericutes to Proteobacteria at the phylum level, and from a community dominated by digestive bacteria (Mycoplasma) to beneficial bacteria (Endozoicomonas) at the genus level. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that starvation reduced the network stability of the bacteria community, but improved network modularity, which may have contributed to the CoTS adaptation to chronic starvation. This study provides a basis for elucidating the mechanism of starvation resistance in the crown-of-thorns starfish. Full article

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20 pages, 1320 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Nuclear Ribosomal Transcription Units of Two Echinostomes and Their Taxonomic Implications for the Family Echinostomatidae

by Yu Cao, Ye Li, Zhong-Yan Gao and Bo-Tao Jiang

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081101 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Echinostomatidae is a taxonomically complex group with substantial species diversity and richness. The vast majority of species in this family parasitize birds and mammals, including humans, causing significant economic losses and medical costs. In this study, Echinostoma miyagawai (Digenea, Echinostomatidae) and Patagifer bilobus [...] Read more.

Echinostomatidae is a taxonomically complex group with substantial species diversity and richness. The vast majority of species in this family parasitize birds and mammals, including humans, causing significant economic losses and medical costs. In this study, Echinostoma miyagawai (Digenea, Echinostomatidae) and Patagifer bilobus (Digenea, Echinostomatidae) were isolated from domestic duck and Grus japonensis, respectively. The nearly complete ribosomal transcription unit (rTU) sequences of two echinostomes were obtained, with the rTU for P. bilobus being obtained for the first time. The nearly complete rTU sequence of P. bilobus (6790 bp) and E. miyagawai (6893 bp) encompass the small-subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA), internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and large-subunit (28S) rDNA. The complete lengths of 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and 28S sequences for E. miyagawai are 1989 bp, 444 bp, 162 bp, 431 bp, and 3858 bp, respectively. For P. bilobus, complete or nearly complete lengths of these sequences are 1929 bp (nearly complete), 419 bp, 162 bp, 432 bp, and 3848 bp (nearly complete), respectively. The 18S, ITS, and 28S sequences of E. miyagawai show the highest sequence similarity with other E. miyagawai. The ITS and 28S sequences of P. bilobus show the highest sequence similarity with other P. bilobus, while 18S sequence shows the highest similarity with E. miyagawai. This is likely due to the unavailability of the 18S sequence of P. bilobus in GenBank. Repeat sequences were identified in 18S, ITS1, ITS2, and 28S sequences, with the 28S sequence containing the most repeats and the 5.8S sequence having none. The results of phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that E. miyagawai clusters with other Echinostoma spp., while P. bilobus clusters with other Patagifer spp., forming sister taxa. This study not only provides the first rTU sequence for P. bilobus but also reinforces the sister group status of Patagifer to Echinostoma through phylogenetic evidence. Finally, this study represents the first record of the G. japonensis as a new host for P. bilobus and the first report of a bird from the crane family (Gruidae) as a host for any echinostome species. These findings are significant as they expand our understanding of the host range and ecological interactions of Echinostomatidae. The data obtained provide a valuable resource of molecular markers for studying the taxonomy, population genetics, and systematics of the family Echinostomatoidea. This research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary relationships and biodiversity within this complex group of parasites, which is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate their impact on both wildlife and human health. Full article

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27 pages, 5967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Pattern and Plant Diversity in an Arid Inland River Basin: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Based on Multi-Source Data

by Hui Shi and Tiange Shi

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081100 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 405

Abstract

Biodiversity in arid river basins is highly climate-sensitive, yet the multi-pathway relations among the environment, landscape structure, connectivity, and plant diversity remain unclear. Framed by a scale–place–space sustainability perspective, we evaluated, in the Hotan River Basin (NW China), how the environmental factors affect [...] Read more.

Biodiversity in arid river basins is highly climate-sensitive, yet the multi-pathway relations among the environment, landscape structure, connectivity, and plant diversity remain unclear. Framed by a scale–place–space sustainability perspective, we evaluated, in the Hotan River Basin (NW China), how the environmental factors affect plant diversity directly and indirectly via the landscape configuration and functional connectivity. We integrated Landsat images (2000, 2012, and 2023), 57 vegetation plots, topographic and meteorological data; computed the landscape indices and Conefor connectivity metrics (PC, IIC); and fitted a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM). From 2000 to 2023, the bare land declined, converted mainly into shrubland and cropland; the construction land is projected to expand under SSP1-2.6/SSP2-4.5/SSP5-8.5 by 2035 and 2050. The landscape metrics showed a rising PD, DIVISION, and SHDI/SHEI, and a declining AI and CONTAG, indicating finer, more heterogeneous mosaics. Plant diversity peaked on low–moderate slopes and with ~32–36 mm annual precipitation. The PLS-SEM revealed significant direct effects on diversity from environmental factors (positive), landscape structure (negative), and connectivity (positive). The dominant chained mediation (environment → structure → connectivity → diversity) indicated that environmental constraints first reconfigure the spatial structure and then propagate to community responses via connectivity, highlighting connectivity’s role in buffering climatic stress and stabilizing communities. The findings provide a quantitative framework to inform biodiversity conservation and sustainable landscape planning in arid basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)

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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 359 KB

Open AccessReview

Nitrogen-Driven Orchestration of Lateral Root Development: Molecular Mechanisms and Systemic Integration

by Xichao Sun, Yingchen Gu, Yingqi Liu, Zheng Liu and Peng Wang

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081099 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 690

Abstract

N, as plants’ most essential nutrient, profoundly shapes root system architecture (RSA), with LRs being preferentially regulated. This review synthesizes the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning N sensing, signaling, and its integration into developmental pathways governing LR initiation, primordium formation, emergence, and elongation. We [...] Read more.

N, as plants’ most essential nutrient, profoundly shapes root system architecture (RSA), with LRs being preferentially regulated. This review synthesizes the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning N sensing, signaling, and its integration into developmental pathways governing LR initiation, primordium formation, emergence, and elongation. We delve deeply into the roles of specific transporters (NRT1.1, nitrate transporter 2.1 (NRT2.1)), transcription factors (Arabidopsis nitrate regulated 1 (ANR1), NLP7, TGACG motif-binding factor (TGA), squamosa promoter-binding protein-like 9 (SPL9)) and intricate hormone signaling networks (auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinins, ethylene) modulated by varying N availability (deficiency, sufficiency, excess) and chemical forms (NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, organic N). Emphasis is placed on the systemic signaling pathways, including peptide-mediated long-distance communication (CEP—C-terminally encoded peptide receptor 1 (CEPR1)) and the critical role of the shoot in modulating root responses. Furthermore, we explore the emerging significance of carbon–nitrogen (C/N) balance, post-translational modifications (ubiquitination, phosphorylation), epigenetic regulation, and the complex interplay with other nutrients (phosphorus (P), sulfur (S)) and environmental factors in shaping N-dependent LR plasticity. Recent advances utilizing single-cell transcriptomics and advanced imaging reveal unprecedented cellular heterogeneity in LR responses to N. Understanding this sophisticated regulatory network is paramount for developing strategies to enhance nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops. This synthesis underscores how N acts as a master regulator, dynamically rewiring developmental programs through molecular hubs that synchronize nutrient sensing with root morphogenesis—a key adaptive strategy for resource acquisition in heterogeneous soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

23 pages, 3815 KB

Open AccessArticle

Galangin and 1′-Acetoxychavicol Acetate from Galangal (Alpinia galanga) Suppress Lymphoma Growth via c-Myc Downregulation and Apoptosis Induction

by Sirinya Moakmamern, Lapamas Rueankham, Natsima Viriyaadhammaa, Kittikawin Panyakham, Natnicha Khakhai, Pinyaphat Khamphikham, Suwit Duangmano, Siriporn Okonogi, Sawitree Chiampanichayakul and Songyot Anuchapreeda

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081098 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 554

Abstract

The c-Myc protein, a key regulator of cell proliferation, growth, and apoptosis in B-cell lymphocytes, is frequently dysregulated in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Zingiberaceae plants—galangal (Alpinia galanga), black turmeric (Curcuma aeroginosa), black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora), phlai lueang (Zingiber [...] Read more.

The c-Myc protein, a key regulator of cell proliferation, growth, and apoptosis in B-cell lymphocytes, is frequently dysregulated in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Zingiberaceae plants—galangal (Alpinia galanga), black turmeric (Curcuma aeroginosa), black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora), phlai lueang (Zingiber montanum), and phlai dum (Zingiber ottensii)—are traditionally used as herbal remedies and may serve as natural anti-lymphoma agents. In this study, extracts from these five plants were screened for cytotoxicity against Raji and Daudi lymphoma cell lines and compared with their effects on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Galangal extract exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effects on lymphoma cells. Its major bioactive compounds, galangin and 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), showed selective cytotoxicity, with ACA being more potent. ACA significantly suppressed both c-Myc and phosphorylated c-Myc (p-c-Myc) protein levels and induced dose-dependent apoptosis in lymphoma cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed arrest at specific phases, supporting its anti-proliferative action. Furthermore, network pharmacology and pathway enrichment analyses implicated ACA in the modulation of oncogenic PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways. These findings highlight ACA as a promising plant-derived therapeutic candidate for lymphoma, acting through c-Myc suppression, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature's Pharmacy: Ethnobotanical Approaches to Medicinal Plant Research for the Discovery and Development of Potential Phytochemicals)

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24 pages, 8846 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of NRT Gene Family in Suaeda glauca

by Zitong Ou, Jin Sun, Xueli Li, Haoran Feng, Xingguang Chen, Sisi Liang, Zhonghua Guo, Lulu Wang, Xiaoping Niu, Jinbiao Ma, Sheng Wang, Yuan Qin and Yan Cheng

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081097 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and stress resistance and is primarily absorbed and transported by nitrate transporters (NRT). Suaeda glauca, known for its strong salt-alkali stress resistance, and SgNRT genes have rarely been reported. This study aims to identify and [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) is crucial for plant growth and stress resistance and is primarily absorbed and transported by nitrate transporters (NRT). Suaeda glauca, known for its strong salt-alkali stress resistance, and SgNRT genes have rarely been reported. This study aims to identify and analyze the SgNRT gene family to understand its composition, evolutionary patterns, and roles in salt stress responses. We identified 212 SgNRTs, which were categorized into three branches, with SgNRT1/SgNPF and SgNRT2 as the major families. Structural analysis, conserved domains, chromosomal localization, and collinearity were also examined. Spatiotemporal expression characteristics of SgNRT genes were analyzed, revealing specific expression across 13 organs or tissues and dynamic responses to salt treatment over 48 h. Notably, SgNRT1.185, SgNRT2.25, and SgNRT2.2 exhibited rapid salt induction in leaves (activated within 0.5 h, peaking at 2 h), with SgNRT1.185 showing relatively high upregulation. SgNRT1.185 and SgNRT2.35 were induced by high salt concentrations (200 mM) in both roots and leaves. SgNRT2.35 exhibited higher basal and stress-induced levels than the other genes. Bioinformatics analysis suggests spatially specific expression of SgNRT genes, potentially involved in nitrogen absorption and transport across various developmental stages and organs/tissues of Suaeda glauca. These findings offer a theoretical basis for understanding the adaptive strategies of Suaeda glauca under saline-alkali stress and provide insights into the functional evolution of plant NRT genes, aiding in the development of stress-resistant crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on Salt Stress in Plants)

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28 pages, 791 KB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Application of Sheep Manure and Azotobacter Biofertilizer Enhances Growth, Yield, Essential Oil Profile, and Antioxidant Activity in Summer Savory

by Ugur Benli, Gulsum Yaldiz and Mahmut Camlica

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081096 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Overuse of chemical fertilizers can threaten the agro-ecological balance, including an excessive accumulation of certain elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand, organic fertilizers and biofertilizers, which are eco-friendly and cost-effective, increase biological nitrogen fixation and enhance the availability of [...] Read more.

Overuse of chemical fertilizers can threaten the agro-ecological balance, including an excessive accumulation of certain elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand, organic fertilizers and biofertilizers, which are eco-friendly and cost-effective, increase biological nitrogen fixation and enhance the availability of nutrients to plants. The aim of this research was to study the possibility of using a full (22.50 t/ha) and 50% (11.25 t/ha) treatment of sheep manure with azotobacter (100 mL/20 L) instead of inorganic fertilizers for increasing savory (Satureja hortensis L.) growth production and yield value as well as improving chemical and biological properties. The results showed that the treatment with 50% sheep manure recorded the highest total dry herb (3.18 t/ha) yield. The inorganic fertilizer resulted in the highest essential oil content (1.43% v/w) and γ-terpinene (10.38% v/v), cymol (5.90% v/v), and α-bisabolene (5.28% v/v) values. The maximum carvacrol value (42.54% v/v) was recorded in the savory herb after applying no fertilization to the plants, while the highest concentration of thymol (16.09% v/v) was obtained by applying the full sheep manure treatment. The full sheep manure + azotobacter treatment had the highest mean α-terpinene value (7.22% v/v), and the 50% sheep manure + azotobacter treatment had the highest mean α-phellandrene value (6.44% v/v). The highest DPPH activity (60.86%) and FRAP value (69.64 mg TE/g DW) were observed with the azotobacter + full sheep manure treatment, while the highest total phenolic content (96.87 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (45.97 mg QE/g DW) in the savory herb were obtained from the combination treatment of 50% sheep manure doses + azotobacter. Principal coordinate analysis (PCA) revealed distinct clustering of treatments, with PC1 and PC2 explaining >60% of the variance, highlighting the dominant role of sheep manure doses in morphological/yield properties. Heatmap analysis grouped the treatments (right) and examined properties (bottom) as two main groups. The full sheep manure + biofertilizer and inorganic fertilizer treatments were found in the first group, depending on the treatments. Moreover, the heatmap analysis revealed that the full and 50% sheep manure (SM) treatments played critical roles in separating the examined properties, and the DPPH and carvacrol properties were grouped together compared to other properties. Thus, the results suggest that treatment with azotobacter could be employed in combination with appropriate rates of sheep manure to obtain the maximum benefits regarding herb yield, biological activity, and essential oil components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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14 pages, 3198 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Spatial Distribution Patterns and Climate Scenario Predictions of Palaemon gravieri: A Key Shrimp Species Depressing Jellyfish Blooms in the East China Sea Region

by Min Xu, Jianzhong Ling, Haisu Zheng, Xiaojing Song and Huiyu Li

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081095 - 21 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Palaemon gravieri is an ecologically important shrimp species that plays a vital role in depressing jellyfish blooms in the southern Yellow and East China Seas of China. However, information on its distribution pattern and migration route related to environmental variables is fragmented. We [...] Read more.

Palaemon gravieri is an ecologically important shrimp species that plays a vital role in depressing jellyfish blooms in the southern Yellow and East China Seas of China. However, information on its distribution pattern and migration route related to environmental variables is fragmented. We conducted independent trawling surveys of P. gravieri between 2018 and 2019. Its sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity lower limits were 8 °C and 30‰, respectively. It showed the highest abundance at sea bottom temperatures and salinities of 12–14 °C and 32–33‰, respectively, in spring; 11–12 °C and 32.5‰ in autumn; and 10.5–14 °C and 31–33‰ in winter. Mean biomass, abundance, and size were ranked seasonally as follows: autumn > winter > spring > summer; autumn > winter and spring; and summer > spring > autumn > winter, respectively. Under the current climate scenario, P. gravieri is mainly concentrated in the inshore areas of the southern Yellow and northern East China Seas. Under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios in 2100, P. gravieri was mainly concentrated in the southern Yellow and northern East China Seas, and in inshore areas of the East China Sea. This species is therefore expected to benefit from climate warming. The findings of this study can facilitate the development of climate-induced fishery strategies and management schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Responses, Pollutant Toxicity Mechanisms, and Human Health Implications)

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17 pages, 3699 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of MHC-II Diversity over Enclosure Design in Gut Microbiota Structuring of Captive Bengal Slow Lorises

by Rong Jiang, Xiaojia Zhang, Lei Xie, Yan Zhang, Changjun Zeng, Yongfang Yao, Huailiang Xu, Caoyang Yang, Xiao Wang, Qingyong Ni, Meng Xie and Chuanren Li

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081094 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 452

Abstract

The endangered Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) relies heavily on captive/rescue populations for conservation. This study investigated the critical link between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II DRB1 exon 2 (DRB1e2) genetic variation and gut microbiota in 46 captive [...] Read more.

The endangered Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) relies heavily on captive/rescue populations for conservation. This study investigated the critical link between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II DRB1 exon 2 (DRB1e2) genetic variation and gut microbiota in 46 captive individuals, aiming to improve ex situ management. Using standardized conditions across three enclosure types, we characterized DRB1e2 polymorphism via targeted sequencing and analyzed fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results demonstrated that high DRB1e2 polymorphism significantly reduced microbial community evenness. Specific genotypes showed distinct microbial associations: G9 strongly correlated with beneficial short-chain fatty acid producers like Fructobacillus, and G2 positively correlated with Bifidobacterium spp., while G2, G3, and G4 correlated negatively with Buchnera (a nutrient-provisioning symbiont). Genotypes and polymorphism collectively explained 9.77% of microbiota variation, exceeding the weaker (5.15%), though significant, influence of enclosure type on β-diversity. These findings reveal that host DRB1e2 variation is a primary driver shaping gut microbiota structure and taxon abundance in captive slow lorises, providing evidence for MHC-mediated host–microbe co-adaptation. This offers a genetically informed framework for optimizing conservation strategies, such as tailoring diets or probiotics to specific genotypes, to enhance gut health and population viability. Full article

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15 pages, 2381 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Evaluation of Thermotolerance in Broccoli Seedlings Based on a Multi-Trait Phenotyping System

by Xuaner Li, Yongyu Zhao, Tiemin Xu, Xigang Feng, Fengqing Han, Dongna Wen, Yumei Liu, Wenzheng Gao, Zhiwei Zhao and Zhansheng Li

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081093 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

To establish a systematic approach for evaluating heat tolerance at the seedling stage in broccoli, we investigated 14 representative cultivars cultivated in China. Physiological indicators such as electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, proline, and chlorophyll content were measured before and after heat stress, alongside phenotypic [...] Read more.

To establish a systematic approach for evaluating heat tolerance at the seedling stage in broccoli, we investigated 14 representative cultivars cultivated in China. Physiological indicators such as electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, proline, and chlorophyll content were measured before and after heat stress, alongside phenotypic scoring of heat injury, to characterize the differential thermotolerance among genotypes. The results indicated that significant differences (p < 0.05) in heat tolerance at the seedling stage were observed among different broccoli cultivars after heat stress treatment at 40 °C. Among them, Yanxiu exhibited the strongest heat tolerance, followed by Meiqing, Naihanyouxiu, Meiao 7172, Feicui 5, Guowang 11, Zheqing 80, Zhongqing 15, Zhongqing 318, Zhongqing 319, and Qianghan. Lvxiong 90, Zhongqing 11, and Zhongqing 16 were the least heat tolerant. Pearson’s correlation analysis demonstrated that the seedling heat tolerance of different broccoli cultivars was significantly negatively correlated with electrical conductivity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.542 (p < 0.05). In this study, a rapid and robust method for determining the heat resistance response of broccoli was established, providing a scientific basis and technical support for the identification of the heat resistance of new broccoli cultivars and the selection and breeding of heat-tolerant cultivars in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Development and Stress Tolerance in Vegetables)

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26 pages, 12230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiome Diversity and Dynamics in Lotus–Fish Co-Culture Versus Intensive Pond Systems: Implications for Sustainable Aquaculture

by Qianqian Zeng, Ziyi Wang, Zhongyuan Shen, Wuhui Li, Kaikun Luo, Qinbo Qin, Shengnan Li and Qianhong Gu

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081092 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 559

Abstract

The lotus–fish co-culture (LFC) system leverages plant–fish symbiosis to optimize aqua-culture environments, enhancing both economic and ecological yields. However, the eco-logical mechanisms of microbial communities in LFC systems remain poorly understood, particularly regarding the functional roles of fungi, archaea, and viruses. This study [...] Read more.

The lotus–fish co-culture (LFC) system leverages plant–fish symbiosis to optimize aqua-culture environments, enhancing both economic and ecological yields. However, the eco-logical mechanisms of microbial communities in LFC systems remain poorly understood, particularly regarding the functional roles of fungi, archaea, and viruses. This study compared microbiota (viruses, archaea, fungi) in water, sediment, and fish (crucian carp) gut of LFC and intensive pond culture (IPC) systems using integrated metagenomic and environmental analyses. Results demonstrated that LFC significantly reduced concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and nitrite nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand in water, and organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment compared to IPC. Community diversity analysis, LefSe, and KEGG annotation revealed suppressed viral diversity in LFC, yet increased complexity and stability of intestinal virus communities compared to IPC. Archaeal and functional analyses revealed significantly enhanced ammonia oxidation and OM decomposition in LFC versus IPC, promoting methane metabolism equilibrium and sediment organic matter decomposition. Moreover, crucian carp intestines in LFC harbored abundant Methanobacteria, which contributed to maintaining a low hydrogen partial pressure, suppressing facultative anaerobes and reducing intestinal infection risk. The abundance of fungi in sediment and crucian carp intestine in LFC was significantly higher than that in IPC, showing higher ecological self-purification ability and sustainability potential in LFC. Collectively, LFC's optimized archaeal–fungal networks strengthened host immunity and environmental resilience, while viral community suppression reduced pathogen risks. These findings elucidate microbiome-driven mechanisms underlying LFC’s ecological advantages, providing a framework for designing sustainable aquaculture systems through microbial community modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Microbial Biology)

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18 pages, 1803 KB

Open AccessArticle

One Shock, Not One Cure: Electroporation Reveals Disease-Specific Constraints in Hepatocyte Gene Editing Therapy

by Callie Clark, Menam Pokhrel, Benjamin Arthur, Pramita Suresh, Ilayda Ates, Justin Gibson, Abishek Dhungana, Ryan Mehlem, Andrew Boysia, Mugdha V. Padalkar, Achala Pokhrel, Jing Echesabal-Chen, Anne Vonada, Alexis Stamatikos, Olga V. Savinova, Markus Grompe and Renee N. Cottle

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081091 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 595

Abstract

We previously demonstrated lipid nanoparticle-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to disrupt the gene encoding cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Cypor), combined with transient administration of acetaminophen (APAP), to repopulate the liver with healthy hepatocytes and rescue a phenylketonuria mouse model. This study aimed to investigate electroporation-mediated [...] Read more.

We previously demonstrated lipid nanoparticle-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to disrupt the gene encoding cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Cypor), combined with transient administration of acetaminophen (APAP), to repopulate the liver with healthy hepatocytes and rescue a phenylketonuria mouse model. This study aimed to investigate electroporation-mediated delivery of Cypor-targeting CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins into wild-type hepatocytes, combined with liver engraftment under APAP treatment, as an in vivo selection approach in a mouse model of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (Ldlr^−/−). Electroporation provides higher delivery efficiency compared to lipid nanoparticles. We observed engraftment levels up to 13% engraftment of electroporated Cypor-deficient hepatocytes with indels in the liver of Ldlr^−/− mice after transient APAP administration, while negligible engraftment was observed in no-APAP controls (mean 9% and 2%, respectively, p = 0.0121). The engraftment of Cypor-deficient Ldlr^+/+ hepatocytes was associated with reductions in LDL-cholesterol (18%) and triglycerides (52%) compared to the untransplanted control Ldlr^−/− mice fed a Western diet for 5 weeks, but offered no protection from the development of diet-induced aortic root atherosclerosis or liver steatosis. While biochemical markers for liver damage normalized after discontinuation of APAP, we observed persistent lipid accumulation in the liver of Ldlr^−/− mice grafted with Cypor-deficient Ldlr^+/+ hepatocytes, likely stemming from the impact of Cypor deficiency on cholesterol clearance. Therefore, the combination of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated Cypor knockdown to induce clonal expansion of gene-edited hepatocytes using transient APAP administration is not a viable therapeutic strategy for familial hypercholesterolemia due to the essential role of Cypor in cholesterol metabolism. Unlike findings from phenylketonuria mouse model studies, the loss of Cypor function could not be compensated by unedited native hepatocytes in Ldlr^−/− mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that electroporation is a viable and informative approach for evaluating gene editing strategies for the treatment of inherited metabolic diseases that affect the liver. Our electroporation procedure revealed that a one-size-fits-all gene editing strategy may not be universally applicable for treating inherited metabolic liver disorders. Tailored gene editing and selection strategies may be needed for different liver disorders. Full article

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23 pages, 3772 KB

Open AccessReview

The Developing Human Sphenoid Bone: Linking Embryological Development to Adult Morphology

by George Triantafyllou and Maria Piagkou

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081090 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 622

Abstract

The human sphenoid bone (SB), centrally located at the cranial base, is structurally and developmentally complex. It arises from multiple cartilaginous precursors and undergoes both endochondral and intramembranous ossification, forming essential elements such as the sella, orbital walls, and numerous foramina. This review [...] Read more.

The human sphenoid bone (SB), centrally located at the cranial base, is structurally and developmentally complex. It arises from multiple cartilaginous precursors and undergoes both endochondral and intramembranous ossification, forming essential elements such as the sella, orbital walls, and numerous foramina. This review integrates embryological, anatomical, and radiological findings to present a comprehensive view of SB development and variation. Embryological studies reveal a layered ossification sequence, with accessory centers in the presphenoid and basisphenoid that influence adult morphology and variants, such as the caroticoclinoid foramen. In adulthood, the SB consists of a central body, paired greater and lesser wings, and the pterygoid processes, which articulate with key craniofacial bones and transmit vital neurovascular structures. Notable variants include duplication or absence of foramina, ossification of ligaments such as the pterygoid and pterygospinous ligaments, and the formation of bony bridges among the clinoid processes. These variants may affect cranial nerve trajectories and surgical access, posing potential risks during neurosurgical, endoscopic, and dental interventions. Emissary structures such as the sphenoidal emissary foramen and the newly described sphenopterygoid canal underscore the region’s vascular complexity. Additionally, variations in the optic and Vidian canals, as well as the superior orbital fissure, can also impact surgical approaches to the orbit, sinuses, and skull base. Understanding the full spectrum of sphenoid bone embryogenesis and morphology is essential for safe clinical practice and practical radiological imaging. Full article

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23 pages, 1467 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Rhodotorula mucilaginosa on Muscle Composition, Serum Biochemical Indicators, Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Metabolism, and mTOR Signaling Pathway in Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricanatus)

by Liuqing Meng, Luoqing Li, Ziyi Ma, Wenyan He, Qin Zhang, Tong Tong, Dapeng Wang, Rui Wang, Huizan Yang, Yongqiang Liu and Yin Huang

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081089 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 456

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with varying levels (CK: 0.0 g/kg; RL: 0.1 g/kg; RM: 1.0 g/kg; RH: 10.0 g/kg) of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa on muscle composition, serum biochemical indicators, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and the mTOR signaling pathway in red [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with varying levels (CK: 0.0 g/kg; RL: 0.1 g/kg; RM: 1.0 g/kg; RH: 10.0 g/kg) of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa on muscle composition, serum biochemical indicators, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and the mTOR signaling pathway in red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). Results showed that, compared to CK, treatment groups had higher muscle crude protein, fat, leucine, histidine, arginine, and essential amino acids (p < 0.05), and lower saturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). Treatment groups also exhibited increased activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, lysozyme, albumin, total protein, and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05), with reduced activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and triglycerides (p < 0.05). In the hepatopancreas, treatment groups showed significant downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase α, β, and γ, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 genes (p < 0.05). Conversely, genes involved in lipid anabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein, protein kinase B, and mammalian target of rapamycin 1 and 2) were upregulated (p < 0.05). In conclusion, R. mucilaginosa supplementation affects muscle composition, lipid metabolism, and mTOR signaling. The optimal dose is 1.0 g/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Environment, and Fish Physiology)

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19 pages, 1365 KB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Allium cepa and Allium sativum Extracts: Current Strategies, Emerging Applications, and Sustainability Utilization

by Alaa S. Bedir, Razan S. Almasri, Yasmena O. Azar, Rana E. Elnady and Seham M. Al Raish

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081088 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1100

Abstract

This review explores the therapeutic potential of Allium cepa (onion) and Allium sativum (garlic), focusing specifically on their antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and antibacterial effects. These widely used medicinal plants are rich in bioactive compounds that contribute to their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Based [...] Read more.

This review explores the therapeutic potential of Allium cepa (onion) and Allium sativum (garlic), focusing specifically on their antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and antibacterial effects. These widely used medicinal plants are rich in bioactive compounds that contribute to their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Based on over two decades of scientific literature, this review synthesizes findings from more than 20 years of research to highlight the efficacy of these plant extracts. Rising chronic disease rates and antimicrobial resistance have renewed interest in plant-derived therapies; in the UAE context, Allium cepa and Allium sativum are promising candidates for integrative, sustainable interventions. This review further elucidates the mechanisms through which those bioactive constituents exert therapeutic effects, current extraction strategies, and challenges in enhancing formulations for functional health applications. Additionally, it addresses their role in sustainable healthcare practices due to their renewable nature and minimal environmental impact compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Mechanisms of Action for Promoting Health)

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20 pages, 11105 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linarin and Hyperoside Inhibit lptD/msbA to Disrupt Membranes of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

by Yuqi Yang, Xue Li, Yunshi Chen, Yan Zhang, Lailai Li, Yihui Chai, Xiang Pu and Xin Liu

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081087 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 482

Abstract

Against the backdrop of rising multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR AB) threats, this study explores the in vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of Senecio scandens (a Miao ethnic medicinal herb) crude extract. Using 10 clinical MDR AB strains, we reassessed antibiotic sensitivity and then [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of rising multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR AB) threats, this study explores the in vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of Senecio scandens (a Miao ethnic medicinal herb) crude extract. Using 10 clinical MDR AB strains, we reassessed antibiotic sensitivity and then applied microbroth dilution to determine MIC/MBC, time-kill curves for bactericidal kinetics, and SEM/TEM for structural changes. Proteomics identified downregulated proteins, cross-referenced with VFDB/CARD to target membrane-related proteins (msbA, lptD), while molecular docking validated the strong binding of linarin/hyperoside to these targets. qPCR confirmed lptD/msbA mRNA downregulation (p < 0.05) by linarin/hyperoside (MIC = 312.5 μmol/L). The extract showed concentration-dependent bactericidal effects (MIC = 640 μg/mL), disrupting cell wall/membrane integrity. This study first reveals that linarin and hyperoside inhibit MDR AB by downregulating lptD/msbA, compromising outer membrane integrity, offering novel therapeutic candidates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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30 pages, 723 KB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Molluscan Microbiome: Diversity, Function, and Ecological Implications

by Tsireledzo Goodwill Makwarela, Nimmi Seoraj-Pillai and Tshifhiwa Constance Nangammbi

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081086 - 20 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 709

Abstract

Mollusks are among the most ecologically and economically significant invertebrates; yet, their associated microbiomes remain understudied relative to those of other metazoans. This scoping review synthesizes the current literature on the diversity, composition, functional roles, and ecological implications of molluscan microbiomes, with an [...] Read more.

Mollusks are among the most ecologically and economically significant invertebrates; yet, their associated microbiomes remain understudied relative to those of other metazoans. This scoping review synthesizes the current literature on the diversity, composition, functional roles, and ecological implications of molluscan microbiomes, with an emphasis on three major groups: gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods. Drawing on studies from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, we identified the dominant bacterial phyla, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, and explored how microbiota vary across different habitats, diets, tissue types, and host taxonomies. We examined the contribution of molluscan microbiomes to host functions, including digestion, immune modulation, stress responses, and nutrient cycling. Particular attention was given to the role of microbiota in shell formation, pollutant degradation, and adaptation to environmental stressors. The review also evaluated microbial interactions at different developmental stages and under aquaculture conditions. Factors influencing microbiome assembly, such as the host’s genetics, life history traits, and environmental exposure, were mapped using conceptual and graphical tools. Applications of molluscan microbiome research in aquaculture, conservation biology, and environmental biomonitoring are highlighted. However, inconsistencies in the sampling methods, taxonomic focus, and functional annotations limit the generalizability across taxa. We identify key knowledge gaps and propose future directions, including the use of meta-omics, standardized protocols, and experimental validation to deepen insights. By synthesizing emerging findings, this review contributes to a growing framework for understanding mollusk–microbiome interactions and their relevance to host fitness and ecosystem health. It further establishes the importance of mollusks as model systems for advancing microbiome science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Aquatic Animals Nutrition, Immunity, and Host–Microbe Interactions)

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1 pages, 162 KB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Sudakov et al. Cross-Generational Impact of Epigenetic Male Influence on Physical Activity in Rat. Biology 2022, 11, 1606

by Sergey K. Sudakov, Natalia G. Bogdanova and Galina A. Nazarova

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081085 - 20 Aug 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

The Biology Editorial Office retracts the paper entitled “Cross-Generational Impact of Epigenetic Male Influence on Physical Activity in Rat” [...] Full article

17 pages, 3198 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Pollinator Support: Plant–Pollinator Dynamics Between Salvia yangii and Anthidium Bees in Anthropogenic Landscapes

by Daniela Lupi, Claudia Giuliani, Gelsomina Fico, Serena Malabusini, Carla Sorvillo and Manuela Giovanetti

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081084 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 661

Abstract

Anthropogenic environments are increasingly recognised for their potential to support pollinator diversity, especially through the strategic selection of ornamental plant species. This study investigated the ecological role of Salvia yangii (formerly Perovskia atriplicifolia) in supporting solitary bees, particularly species of the genus [...] Read more.

Anthropogenic environments are increasingly recognised for their potential to support pollinator diversity, especially through the strategic selection of ornamental plant species. This study investigated the ecological role of Salvia yangii (formerly Perovskia atriplicifolia) in supporting solitary bees, particularly species of the genus Anthidium, within urban green spaces in Milan (Italy). Field observations were conducted in both urban and rural sites to assess pollinator visitation rates, bee abundance, and plant traits relevant to nesting and foraging. S. yangii attracted a diverse assemblage of bee genera, with Anthidium spp. consistently recorded as dominant visitors. This preference is likely driven by the short corolla tube, which facilitates the access to nectar, and its dense coverage of trichomes, which may serve as essential nesting materials. The interaction was found to be stable across environments, suggesting that S. yangii provides reliable floral and structural resources. These findings highlight the potential of specific ornamental plants to contribute meaningfully to urban pollinator conservation. While the use of exotic species warrants caution, we propose that S. yangii may be suitable for inclusion in pollinator-friendly planting guidelines under controlled horticultural conditions, offering a promising model for enhancing urban biodiversity through informed plant selection. Full article

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18 pages, 2865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parasitic Fauna of Lepus europaeus and Lepus timidus in Kazakhstan: Parasitological Profile and Molecular Identification

by Vladimir Kiyan, Ainura Smagulova, Nurassyl Manapov, Karina Jazina, Rabiga Uakhit, Aitbay Bulashev, Lyudmila Lider and Sergey Leontyev

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081083 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 507

Abstract

Hares (Lepus europaeus and Lepus timidus) play important ecological and economic roles in Kazakhstan; however, data on their parasitic fauna are scarce. This study aimed to assess the diversity, prevalence, and genetic characteristics of endoparasites in wild hare populations from central [...] Read more.

Hares (Lepus europaeus and Lepus timidus) play important ecological and economic roles in Kazakhstan; however, data on their parasitic fauna are scarce. This study aimed to assess the diversity, prevalence, and genetic characteristics of endoparasites in wild hare populations from central and northern Kazakhstan. From November 2022 to February 2025, 107 hares (L. europaeus, n = 46; L. timidus, n = 61) were collected in the Akmola and Karaganda regions. Parasitological and coprological analyses were conducted. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses were performed using partial sequences of the mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes and a partial 28S rDNA region to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of selected parasite genera. Seven parasite taxa were identified: Mosgovoyia pectinata (6.5% in L. europaeus, 11.5% in L. timidus), Cysticercus pisiformis (4.3% in Le, 3.3% in Lt), Coenurus serialis (3.3%, only in Lt), Passalurus ambiguus (6.5% in Le, 4.9% in Lt), Nematodirus leporis (36.6% in Le, 13.4% in Lt), Eimeria spp. (9.1% in Le, 3.8% in Lt), and Trichuris leporis (1.9%, only in Lt). Genetic methods confirmed species identity and revealed phylogenetic relationships. This is the first genetically confirmed survey of endoparasites in hares in Kazakhstan. The results contribute valuable data to regional parasitology and support the need for continued wildlife health monitoring. Full article

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19 pages, 3332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Taurine Supplementation Enhances the Resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei Postlarvae to Low-Salinity Stress

by Huaichi Wang, Xinyue Du, Jiahong Zou, Mengya Wang, Yan Lei, Bin Zhang, Yongzhen Zhao, Linyuan Jiang, Xiaohan Chen and Qingchao Wang

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081082 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

In aquaculture, Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) growth in low-salinity waters is limited by osmoregulatory stress; therefore, improving resistance to low-salinity stress via nutritional modulation is key. In the present study, shrimp postlarvae were provided with a taurine supplement under low-salinity [...] Read more.

In aquaculture, Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) growth in low-salinity waters is limited by osmoregulatory stress; therefore, improving resistance to low-salinity stress via nutritional modulation is key. In the present study, shrimp postlarvae were provided with a taurine supplement under low-salinity stress, and then the survival rate, the histology, the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA) expression pattern and transcriptomic sequencing were investigated to evaluate the postlarval responses. The results showed that the postlarva survival rate in low-salinity water was only 61.11%, which is significantly lower than that for postlarvae reared in saline water (92.67%). However, taurine supplementation significantly increased the postlarva survival rate in low-salinity culture to 76.67% and also increased the shrimp body length. Moreover, immunofluorescence and enzyme activity assays indicated that taurine alleviated NKA overactivation in the shrimp postlarvae under low-salinity stress. Furthermore, a GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that the overactivation of hormone and receptor signaling under low-salinity stress was significantly downregulated after taurine supplementation. On the other hand, taurine supplementation may promote epithelial cell proliferation in shrimp postlarvae by negatively regulating the Wnt signaling pathway. These findings suggest that taurine may enhance the shrimp postlarval osmoregulatory capacity, thereby improving their ability to acclimatize to low-salinity environments. Full article

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20 pages, 1450 KB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing the Power of Microbiota: How Do Key Lactobacillus Species Aid in Clearing High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Promoting the Regression of Cervical Dysplasia?

by Edyta Kęczkowska, Joanna Wrotyńska-Barczyńska, Aneta Bałabas, Magdalena Piątkowska, Michalina Dąbrowska, Paweł Czarnowski, Ewa E. Hennig, Maciej Brązert, Piotr Olcha, Michał Ciebiera and Natalia Zeber-Lubecka

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081081 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1134

Abstract

Lactobacillus species play a fundamental role in maintaining a healthy vaginal microbiota and have been increasingly recognized for their protective effects against high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). These beneficial bacteria contribute to host defense through [...] Read more.

Lactobacillus species play a fundamental role in maintaining a healthy vaginal microbiota and have been increasingly recognized for their protective effects against high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). These beneficial bacteria contribute to host defense through multiple mechanisms, including the production of lactic acid that sustains a low vaginal pH, enhancement of epithelial barrier integrity via E-cadherin regulation, and modulation of immune signaling pathways such as interferon responses and NF-κB activity. Lactobacillus strains exert anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and interfering with oncogenic pathways including Wnt/β-catenin and the expression of HPV E6 and E7 proteins. Additionally, they may regulate tumor-suppressor microRNAs and modulate dendritic cell and macrophage activity, supporting antiviral immunity. Recent studies have explored their potential influence on CIN regression and HR-HPV clearance, particularly the strains Lactobacillus crispatus and L. gasseri, which are associated with favorable microbial community states. This review explores the potential mechanisms through which Lactobacillus species contribute to HR-HPV clearance and the regression of cervical dysplasia, integrating evidence from molecular studies, in vivo models, and clinical trials. The emerging role of probiotic interventions as adjunctive strategies in HPV management is also discussed, highlighting their possible synergy with conventional treatments and prophylactic vaccination. Full article

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18 pages, 2450 KB

Open AccessArticle

Passive eDNA Sampling Characterizes Fish Community Assembly in the Lancang River of Yunnan, China

by Li Ding, Xinbin Duan, Mingdian Liu, Daqing Chen, Xiaofeng Huang, Dengqiang Wang, Baoshan Ma, Shijian Fu and Liqiao Zhong

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081080 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 526

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the practical efficacy of passive eDNA samplers (PEDS) for monitoring fish diversity in riverine ecosystems. It investigated the utility of environmental DNA (eDNA) in accurately depicting fish composition and diversity within the Lancang River. Environmental DNA technology, particularly [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the practical efficacy of passive eDNA samplers (PEDS) for monitoring fish diversity in riverine ecosystems. It investigated the utility of environmental DNA (eDNA) in accurately depicting fish composition and diversity within the Lancang River. Environmental DNA technology, particularly PEDS, may be used as a substitute for traditional water filtration techniques. However, its effectiveness in natural water ecosystems remains to be proven. The filter materials included mixed cellulose acetate and nitrate (MCE), nylon (NL), glass fiber (GF), and polyvinyl chloride filter membrane (PVC). This study used four different types of filters, each with identical pore sizes and dimensions but constructed from various materials, to assess eDNA capture under laboratory and field conditions in the water samples. The filter materials included mixed cellulose acetate and nitrate (MCE), nylon (NL), glass fiber (GF), and polyvinyl chloride filter membrane (PVC). Environmental DNA macrobarcoding was used to analyze fish biodiversity and to understand the environmental effects on species distribution. Our study identified 50 fish species inhabiting the Lancang River, with equal representation of exotic and native species. A comparative analysis of four filter-based environmental DNA samplers and traditional environmental DNA sampling methods demonstrated comparable species richness. Redundancy analysis indicated that environmental variables, elevation, electrical conductivity, salinity, and chlorophyll-a significantly influenced the distribution patterns of both non-native and native fish species in the river. This study highlights the significance of eDNA technology in evaluating fish diversity across diverse habitats, thereby establishing a theoretical framework for the sustained monitoring and management of fish biodiversity in protected areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Fisheries Resources, Fisheries, and Carbon-Sink Fisheries)

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19 pages, 16639 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nucleotide Metabolism and Immune Genes Can Predict the Prognostic Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Immune Microenvironment

by Xiaofang Wang, Qinghua Cui and Yuan Zhou

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081079 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

The overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, highlighting the need for better prognostic tools. Nucleotide metabolism fuels tumor progression, while the immune microenvironment dictates therapy response, but integrated models combining both features are lacking. Using TCGA-LIHC transcriptomic/clinical data, we identified nucleotide [...] Read more.

The overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, highlighting the need for better prognostic tools. Nucleotide metabolism fuels tumor progression, while the immune microenvironment dictates therapy response, but integrated models combining both features are lacking. Using TCGA-LIHC transcriptomic/clinical data, we identified nucleotide metabolism and immune-related differentially expressed genes (NMIRGs), which stratified HCC patients into two subtypes via non-negative matrix factorization. A nine-gene prognostic risk signature was constructed through LASSO/Cox regression and validated using independent GEO datasets, and the NMIRG signature was further validated experimentally via RT-qPCR in HCC cell lines and independently using the HPA database for protein-level evidence. As evaluated by our risk signature, high-risk patients exhibited altered immune profiles (T cells increasing, neutrophils decreasing), elevated tumor mutation burden and microsatellite instability, and worse predicted immunotherapy response. Gene set enrichment analysis linked high-risk genes to immune pathways and low-risk genes to metabolic processes. Our risk signature predicted HCC prognosis independent of demographic features and outperformed existing signatures with superior C-index accuracy, effectively predicting immune microenvironment status and therapy benefits. Together, this integrated NMIRG signature offers enhanced prognostication and identifies promising biomarkers for personalized HCC management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinformatics in RNA Modifications and Non-Coding RNAs)

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22 pages, 1561 KB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Analysis of a Nonautonomous Delayed Stochastic Predator–Prey Model with Beddington–DeAngelis Functional Response

by Lili Jia and Changyou Wang

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081078 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 326

Abstract

Predator–prey interactions constitute a fundamental dynamic governing population regulation, community structure, and ecosystem stability [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

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25 pages, 7553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution and Variation Characteristics of Branched Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers (BrGDGTs) in Sediment Cores Along the Nearshore-to-Offshore Gradient of the East China Sea and Their Correlation with Microbial Community Diversity

by Ting Zeng, Cheng Liu, Qunhui Yang, Jingyuan Zhao and Fuwu Ji

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081077 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 528

Abstract

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are promising molecular biomarkers widely applied in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, including temperature and pH. However, knowledge of the microorganisms responsible for brGDGT production in marine environments remains limited, which constrains the further development and application of brGDGT-based proxies [...] Read more.

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) are promising molecular biomarkers widely applied in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, including temperature and pH. However, knowledge of the microorganisms responsible for brGDGT production in marine environments remains limited, which constrains the further development and application of brGDGT-based proxies for reconstructing past marine conditions. In this study, both ‘living’ intact polar lipid-derived brGDGTs (IPL-brGDGTs) and ‘fossil’ core brGDGTs (CL-brGDGTs), together with bacterial community compositions, were analysed in multiple sediment cores collected along a nearshore-to-offshore transect in the East China Sea (ECS). The potential correlations between brGDGT distributions and bacterial community compositions at varying sediment depths across an environmental gradient were also explored. Results revealed that IPL-brGDGTs were predominantly biosynthesised in situ, whereas CL-brGDGTs reflected a mixture of marine autochthonous production and terrestrial inputs. Potential brGDGT-producing bacteria in nearshore environments were primarily composed of chemolithoautotrophic taxa (e.g., Gammaproteobacteria and Dehalococcoidia) and chemoheterotrophic taxa (e.g., Alphaproteobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria). In contrast, offshore regions were dominated by chemoheterotrophic hypoxic bacteria (e.g., Anaerolineae and Phycisphaerae) and facultatively anaerobic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria (e.g., Gammaproteobacteria and Desulfobacteria). A significant difference in bacterial community composition and IPL-brGDGT distribution was observed at a depth of 17 cm, likely due to physical disturbance in near-surface sediments, such as wave action, tidal forces, and storm events. Variance partitioning analysis (VPA) revealed that the bacterial community composition alone accounted for 14.1% of the variation in IPL-brGDGTs and 6.5% in CL-brGDGTs, further suggesting that the distribution of brGDGTs is primarily influenced by the composition of the bacterial community in the nearshore-to-offshore sedimentary ecosystems of the ECS. These findings regarding the potential biosynthesis of brGDGTs in coastal habitats advance our understanding of the microbial mechanisms that regulate brGDGT distribution in marine ecosystems. Moreover, they emphasise the importance of considering physical disturbance effects when interpreting sedimentary brGDGT records for paleoenvironmental reconstructions in marginal seas, such as the ECS. Full article

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29 pages, 2190 KB

Open AccessReview

The Sublethal Effects of Neonicotinoids on Honeybees

by Zunair Ahsan, Zhijia Wu, Zheguang Lin, Ting Ji and Kang Wang

Biology 2025, 14(8), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14081076 - 18 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are indispensable pollinators vital to global biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and agricultural productivity, and they promote over 35% of food crops and 75% of flowering plants. Yet, they are in unprecedented decline, partly as a result of neonicotinoid pesticide [...] Read more.

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are indispensable pollinators vital to global biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and agricultural productivity, and they promote over 35% of food crops and 75% of flowering plants. Yet, they are in unprecedented decline, partly as a result of neonicotinoid pesticide use elsewhere. These effects on honey bee health are synthesized in this paper through molecular, physiological, and behavioral data showing that sublethal effects of neonicotinoids impair honey bee health. As neurotoxic insecticides that target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), these insecticides interfere with neurotransmission and underlie cognitive impairment, immune suppression, and oxidative stress. Developmental toxicity is manifested in larvae as retarded growth, reduced feeding, and increased death; queen and drone reproduction are impaired, lowering colony viability. As a result, adult bees have shortened lives and erratic foraging, are further disoriented, and experience impaired navigation, communication, and resource collection. Together, these effects cascade to reduced brood care, thermoregulatory failure, and heretofore unrecognized increased susceptibility to pathogens, increasing the probability of colony collapse at the colony level. Contaminants such as pesticides may cause pollinator exposure and, in turn, may cause their population to be undermined if they are not mitigated; therefore, urgent mitigation strategies, including integrated pest management (IPM), regulatory reforms, and adoption of biopesticides, are needed to mitigate pollinator exposure. The focus of this review lies in the ecological necessity of restructuring how agriculture is managed to simultaneously meet food security and the conservation of honeybee health, the linchpin of global ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms and Ecological Implications)

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