3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Computational Methods
2.1. Differential-Form Methods
2.2. Integral-Equation Methods
2.3. Modal Analysis
2.4. Circuit Models
2.5. Other Methods
2.6. Commercial Solvers
3. Designs
4. Fabrication Techniques
4.1. Conventional Manufacturing Techniques and 3-D Assembly
4.2. 3-D Printing
4.3. Alternative Techniques for 3-D Prototyping
5. Future Trends
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods | Generality, Robustness | Mathematical Complexity | Computational Complexity | Accuracy | Physical Insight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Finite Differences | M-H | M | M-H | M-H | L |
Finite Elements | H | H | H | H | L |
Integral Equations | M-H | M-H | M-H | M-H | M |
Modal Analysis | M | M-H | M | M-H | M-H |
Circuits | L-M | L-M | L | L-M | H |
Ray Optics | L-M | L-M | L-M | L-M | M-H |
Homogenization | L-M | L-H | L-M | L-M | M-H |
Transfer Matrix | M | L-M | M | M | M |
Works | Fabrication Technique | 3-D Assembly | Required Metallization |
---|---|---|---|
[138,141,142,143,146,147,156,163] | PCB fabrication | Yes | No * |
[9] | EDM | No | No |
[175,178] | FDM 3-D printing | No | Yes |
[134,135,136] | MJ 3-D printing | No | Yes |
[126,161,164,176,179,180] | SLA 3-D printing | No | Yes |
[125,177] | SLS 3-D printing | No | Yes |
[94,131] | SLM 3-D printing | No | No |
[181] | Inkjet printing and WPT | No | No |
[182] | Inkjet printing on origami structures | No | No |
[183] | Inkjet printing and FDM | No | No |
[184,185,186] | Lithography | No | Yes |
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Alex-Amor, A.; Palomares-Caballero, Á.; Molero, C. 3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques. Electronics 2022, 11, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410
Alex-Amor A, Palomares-Caballero Á, Molero C. 3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques. Electronics. 2022; 11(3):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlex-Amor, Antonio, Ángel Palomares-Caballero, and Carlos Molero. 2022. "3-D Metamaterials: Trends on Applied Designs, Computational Methods and Fabrication Techniques" Electronics 11, no. 3: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030410