Figure 1.
Block diagram of the P21XXCSR system from Powercast Corp. (
a) and an illustration of the operating principle of the energy storage charging inverter (
b) [
22].
Figure 1.
Block diagram of the P21XXCSR system from Powercast Corp. (
a) and an illustration of the operating principle of the energy storage charging inverter (
b) [
22].
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of the P21XXCSR test module from Powercast Corp. with the capacitor C, which is connected as the load on the harvester system when its dynamic parameters are measured by authors (according to
Figure 3, this can be C1, C2, or the external component under test C3 selected by JP1, respectively).
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of the P21XXCSR test module from Powercast Corp. with the capacitor C, which is connected as the load on the harvester system when its dynamic parameters are measured by authors (according to
Figure 3, this can be C1, C2, or the external component under test C3 selected by JP1, respectively).
Figure 3.
View of the P21XXCSR test module from Powercast Corp.
Figure 3.
View of the P21XXCSR test module from Powercast Corp.
Figure 4.
Measurement stand for the analysis of electric field strength distribution (power density) in an anechoic chamber: (a) stand with HL223 antenna as the source of the electromagnetic field; (b) adopted concept for the measurement of field distribution—principle of symmetry of antenna radiation characteristics.
Figure 4.
Measurement stand for the analysis of electric field strength distribution (power density) in an anechoic chamber: (a) stand with HL223 antenna as the source of the electromagnetic field; (b) adopted concept for the measurement of field distribution—principle of symmetry of antenna radiation characteristics.
Figure 5.
View of the systems (EMS_1GHz and EMS_6GHz) by Rohde & Schwarz for the generation of electromagnetic fields at the required intensities and frequencies during operation.
Figure 5.
View of the systems (EMS_1GHz and EMS_6GHz) by Rohde & Schwarz for the generation of electromagnetic fields at the required intensities and frequencies during operation.
Figure 6.
View of Powercast Corp.’s P21XXCSR evaluation system, prepared for testing, with the A3 type antenna installed. A test board with a set of capacitors to store recovered energy is visible in the background.
Figure 6.
View of Powercast Corp.’s P21XXCSR evaluation system, prepared for testing, with the A3 type antenna installed. A test board with a set of capacitors to store recovered energy is visible in the background.
Figure 7.
Results of unloaded harvester output voltage measurements for 2.4 GHz (WiFi) as a function of field strength changes for antenna A3.
Figure 7.
Results of unloaded harvester output voltage measurements for 2.4 GHz (WiFi) as a function of field strength changes for antenna A3.
Figure 8.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with a 15 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A3.
Figure 8.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with a 15 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A3.
Figure 9.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with a 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A3.
Figure 9.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with a 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A3.
Figure 10.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) in 1.2 V/m electromagnetic field of 1.2 V/m for antenna A3.
Figure 10.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) in 1.2 V/m electromagnetic field of 1.2 V/m for antenna A3.
Figure 11.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) in an electromagnetic field of 3 V/m for antenna A3.
Figure 11.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) in an electromagnetic field of 3 V/m for antenna A3.
Figure 12.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) in a 5 V/m electromagnetic field for antenna A3.
Figure 12.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the 2.4 GHz band (WiFi) in a 5 V/m electromagnetic field for antenna A3.
Figure 13.
Results of unloaded harvester output voltage measurements for the GSM1800 band (uplink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A5.
Figure 13.
Results of unloaded harvester output voltage measurements for the GSM1800 band (uplink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A5.
Figure 14.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 15 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A5.
Figure 14.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 15 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A5.
Figure 15.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 30 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A5.
Figure 15.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 30 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A5.
Figure 16.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) in a 1.2 V/m electromagnetic field for antenna A5.
Figure 16.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) in a 1.2 V/m electromagnetic field for antenna A5.
Figure 17.
Harvester output voltage measurement results without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for GSM1800 band (uplink) in an electromagnetic field of 3 V/m for antenna A5.
Figure 17.
Harvester output voltage measurement results without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for GSM1800 band (uplink) in an electromagnetic field of 3 V/m for antenna A5.
Figure 18.
Harvester output voltage measurement results without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) in a 5 V/m electromagnetic field for antenna A5.
Figure 18.
Harvester output voltage measurement results without load, with 15 kΩ load, and with 30 kΩ load for the GSM1800 band (uplink) in a 5 V/m electromagnetic field for antenna A5.
Figure 19.
Results of unloaded harvester output voltage measurements for the Europe RFID/GSM 850 band (downlink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A6.
Figure 19.
Results of unloaded harvester output voltage measurements for the Europe RFID/GSM 850 band (downlink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A6.
Figure 20.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 15 kΩ load for the Europe RFID/GSM 850 band (downlink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A6.
Figure 20.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 15 kΩ load for the Europe RFID/GSM 850 band (downlink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A6.
Figure 21.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 30 kΩ load for Europe RFID/GSM 850 band (downlink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A6.
Figure 21.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements with 30 kΩ load for Europe RFID/GSM 850 band (downlink) as a function of changes in field strength for antenna A6.
Figure 22.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ, and with 30 kΩ load for the Europe RFID/GSM850 band (downlink) in 1.2 V/m electromagnetic field for A6 antenna.
Figure 22.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ, and with 30 kΩ load for the Europe RFID/GSM850 band (downlink) in 1.2 V/m electromagnetic field for A6 antenna.
Figure 23.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ, and with 30 kΩ load for Europe RFID/GSM850 band (downlink) in 3 V/m electromagnetic field for A6 antenna.
Figure 23.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ, and with 30 kΩ load for Europe RFID/GSM850 band (downlink) in 3 V/m electromagnetic field for A6 antenna.
Figure 24.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ, and with 30 kΩ load for the Europe RFID/GSM850 band (downlink) in a 5 V/m electromagnetic field for the A6 antenna.
Figure 24.
Results of harvester output voltage measurements without load, with 15 kΩ, and with 30 kΩ load for the Europe RFID/GSM850 band (downlink) in a 5 V/m electromagnetic field for the A6 antenna.
Figure 25.
Simplified model of the harvester system.
Figure 25.
Simplified model of the harvester system.
Figure 26.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR harvester system as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) at different field strength levels for the A3 type antenna when the system output is loaded with resistance: (a) 15 kΩ, (b) 30 kΩ.
Figure 26.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR harvester system as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) at different field strength levels for the A3 type antenna when the system output is loaded with resistance: (a) 15 kΩ, (b) 30 kΩ.
Figure 27.
Harvester output power on load (a) 15 kΩ and (b) 30 kΩ as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) at different electric field strengths for antenna type A3.
Figure 27.
Harvester output power on load (a) 15 kΩ and (b) 30 kΩ as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) at different electric field strengths for antenna type A3.
Figure 28.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable loads (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in an electric field of 1.2 V/m using an A3 type antenna.
Figure 28.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable loads (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in an electric field of 1.2 V/m using an A3 type antenna.
Figure 29.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in a 3 V/m electric field using an A3 antenna.
Figure 29.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in a 3 V/m electric field using an A3 antenna.
Figure 30.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in an electric field of 5 V/m using an A3 type antenna.
Figure 30.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in an electric field of 5 V/m using an A3 type antenna.
Figure 31.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR harvester system as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink at different field strength levels for an A5 type antenna when the system output is loaded with resistance: (a) 15 kΩ, (b) 30 kΩ.
Figure 31.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR harvester system as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink at different field strength levels for an A5 type antenna when the system output is loaded with resistance: (a) 15 kΩ, (b) 30 kΩ.
Figure 32.
Harvester output power on load (a) 15 kΩ and (b) 30 kΩ as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink at different electric field strengths for antenna type A5.
Figure 32.
Harvester output power on load (a) 15 kΩ and (b) 30 kΩ as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink at different electric field strengths for antenna type A5.
Figure 33.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink when operating in an electric field of 1.2 V/m using an A5 type antenna.
Figure 33.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink when operating in an electric field of 1.2 V/m using an A5 type antenna.
Figure 34.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink when operating in an electric field of 3 V/m using an A5 type antenna.
Figure 34.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink when operating in an electric field of 3 V/m using an A5 type antenna.
Figure 35.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink when operating in an electric field of 5 V/m using an A5 type antenna.
Figure 35.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 1.710 to 1.785 GHz 1800GSM uplink when operating in an electric field of 5 V/m using an A5 type antenna.
Figure 36.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR harvester system as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM 850 downlink) at different field strength levels for the A6 type antenna when the system output is loaded with resistance: (a) 15 kΩ, (b) 30 kΩ.
Figure 36.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR harvester system as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM 850 downlink) at different field strength levels for the A6 type antenna when the system output is loaded with resistance: (a) 15 kΩ, (b) 30 kΩ.
Figure 37.
Harvester output power on load (a) 15 kΩ and (b) 30 kΩ as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM 850 downlink) at different electric field strengths for antenna type A6.
Figure 37.
Harvester output power on load (a) 15 kΩ and (b) 30 kΩ as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM 850 downlink) at different electric field strengths for antenna type A6.
Figure 38.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR chip (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM850 downlink) when operating in an electric field of 1.2 V/m using an A6 type antenna.
Figure 38.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR chip (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM850 downlink) when operating in an electric field of 1.2 V/m using an A6 type antenna.
Figure 39.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in an electric field of 3 V/m using an A6 type antenna.
Figure 39.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR circuit (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 2.4 to 2.495 GHz (WiFi) when operating in an electric field of 3 V/m using an A6 type antenna.
Figure 40.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR chip (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM850 downlink) when operating in an electric field of 5 V/m using an A6 type antenna.
Figure 40.
Internal resistance of the P21XXCSR chip (a) and harvester output power at variable load (b) as a function of frequency from 865 to 895 MHz (Europe RFID/GSM850 downlink) when operating in an electric field of 5 V/m using an A6 type antenna.
Figure 41.
Results of voltage measurements on a 10 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 879.5 MHz.
Figure 41.
Results of voltage measurements on a 10 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 879.5 MHz.
Figure 42.
Results of voltage measurements on a 100 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 879.5 MHz.
Figure 42.
Results of voltage measurements on a 100 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 879.5 MHz.
Figure 43.
Results of voltage measurements on a 1000 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 879.5 MHz.
Figure 43.
Results of voltage measurements on a 1000 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 879.5 MHz.
Figure 44.
Results of voltage measurements on a 10 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 1747.5 MHz.
Figure 44.
Results of voltage measurements on a 10 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 1747.5 MHz.
Figure 45.
Results of voltage measurements on a 100 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 1747.5 MHz.
Figure 45.
Results of voltage measurements on a 100 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 1747.5 MHz.
Figure 46.
Results of voltage measurements on a 1000 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 1747.5 MHz.
Figure 46.
Results of voltage measurements on a 1000 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a frequency of 1747.5 MHz.
Figure 47.
Results of voltage measurements on a 10 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a 2442 MHz frequency.
Figure 47.
Results of voltage measurements on a 10 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a 2442 MHz frequency.
Figure 48.
Results of voltage measurements on a 100 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a 2442 MHz frequency.
Figure 48.
Results of voltage measurements on a 100 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a 2442 MHz frequency.
Figure 49.
Results of voltage measurements on a 1000 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a 2442 MHz frequency.
Figure 49.
Results of voltage measurements on a 1000 μF capacitor for different electric field strengths and a 2442 MHz frequency.
Table 1.
Operating frequencies of the Powercast Corporation P21XXCSR harvester system [
22].
Table 1.
Operating frequencies of the Powercast Corporation P21XXCSR harvester system [
22].
Component | Band | Band (MHz) | Center Frequency (MHz) |
---|
J1 | GSM-850 uplink | 824–849 | 836.5 |
J2 | Europe RFID and GSM-850 downlink | 865–894 | 879.5 |
J3 | GSM-900 and EGSM-900 | 925–960 | 947.5 |
J4 | GSM-1800 uplink | 1710–1785 | 1747.5 |
J5 | GSM-1800/LTE downlink | 1805–1825 | 1815 |
J6 | WiFi 2.4 GHz (ETSI) | 2400–2495 | 2442 |
Table 2.
The main parameters of the antennas tested from the Powercast Corp. P1110 harvester evaluation system.
Table 3.
Dynamic resistance RD of the P21XXCSR harvester system operating in the voltage range 0.9–0.945 V when charging a capacitor of fixed capacitance for different field strength levels.
Table 3.
Dynamic resistance RD of the P21XXCSR harvester system operating in the voltage range 0.9–0.945 V when charging a capacitor of fixed capacitance for different field strength levels.
| | 1.2 V/m | 2.4 V/m | 3.6 V/m |
---|
C, µF | f, MHz | RD, kΩ | RD, kΩ | RD, kΩ |
---|
10 | 836.5 | 1.29 | 0.86 | 0.22 |
879.5 | 1.72 | 0.86 | 0.22 |
947.5 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 |
1747.5 | 1.72 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
1815 | 1.72 | 0.86 | 0.43 |
2442 | 173.05 | 1.81 | 1.03 |
100 | 836.5 | - | - | - |
879.5 | 14.77 | 4.67 | 1.66 |
947.5 | 8.59 | 2.56 | 1.05 |
1747.5 | 17.63 | 4.37 | 1.96 |
1815 | 22.75 | 4.52 | 2.11 |
2442 | - | 12.91 | 4.82 |
1000 | 836.5 | - | 0.92 | - |
879.5 | 1.95 | 0.52 | 0.19 |
947.5 | 1.03 | 0.32 | 0.13 |
1747.5 | 2.07 | 0.48 | 0.19 |
1815 | 2.78 | 0.54 | - |
2442 | - | 1.59 | 0.59 |
Table 4.
Dynamic resistance RD of the P21XXCSR harvester system operating in the voltage range of 1.02–1.25 V when charging a capacitor of fixed capacitance for different field strength levels.
Table 4.
Dynamic resistance RD of the P21XXCSR harvester system operating in the voltage range of 1.02–1.25 V when charging a capacitor of fixed capacitance for different field strength levels.
| | 1.2 V/m | 2.4 V/m | 3.6 V/m |
---|
C, µF | f, MHz | RD, kΩ | RD, kΩ | RD, kΩ |
---|
10 | 836.5 | - | - | 0.08 |
879.5 | 0.86 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
947.5 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 |
1747.5 | 2.15 | 0.43 | 0.21 |
1815 | 2.80 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
2442 | - | - | - |
100 | 836.5 | 5.12 | - | 0.08 |
879.5 | 10.25 | 2.41 | 1.05 |
947.5 | 4.97 | 1.51 | 0.75 |
1747.5 | 14.46 | 2.26 | 1.36 |
1815 | - | 2.56 | 1.21 |
2442 | - | 14.12 | 2.76 |
1000 | 836.5 | 0.76 | - | 0.08 |
879.5 | 1.17 | 0.26 | 0.04 |
947.5 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 0.06 |
1747.5 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.13 |
1815 | 4.69 | 0.28 | 0.11 |
2442 | - | 1.83 | 0.35 |
Table 5.
Dynamic resistance RD of the P21XXCSR harvester system operating in the voltage range 1.02–1.25 V when charging a capacitor of constant capacitance for different field strength levels.
Table 5.
Dynamic resistance RD of the P21XXCSR harvester system operating in the voltage range 1.02–1.25 V when charging a capacitor of constant capacitance for different field strength levels.
| | 1.2 V/m | 2.4 V/m | 3.6 V/m |
---|
C, µF | f, MHz | RD, kΩ | RD, kΩ | RD, kΩ |
---|
10 | 836.5 | - | - | - |
879.5 | 8.39 | 1.72 | 0.86 |
947.5 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 1.51 |
1747.5 | 11.19 | 1.72 | 1.72 |
1815 | - | 1.94 | 1.51 |
2442 | - | - | - |
100 | 836.5 | 31.94 | 0.00 | 4.52 |
879.5 | 68.10 | 13.26 | 5.88 |
947.5 | 31.49 | 9.04 | 4.07 |
1747.5 | 123.70 | 14.31 | 6.93 |
1815 | - | 15.82 | 6.78 |
2442 | - | 156.01 | 19.11 |
1000 | 836.5 | 3.86 | - | 0.28 |
879.5 | 3.86 | 1.69 | 0.84 |
947.5 | 4.20 | 1.07 | 0.52 |
1747.5 | 14.88 | 1.84 | 0.87 |
1815 | - | 1.81 | 0.82 |
2442 | - | 23.38 | 2.34 |