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Review

Advances and Classification of Autonomous Systems in Biomedical Devices: Integration of Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low Power Consumption

by
José Alejandro Amezquita Garcia
1,*,
Miguel E. Bravo Zanoguera
2 and
Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico
2,*
1
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21280, Mexico
2
Ingeniería Mecatrónica, Universidad Politécnica de Baja California, Mexicali 21376, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010144
Submission received: 6 November 2024 / Revised: 24 December 2024 / Accepted: 27 December 2024 / Published: 1 January 2025

Abstract

Autonomous electronic systems are becoming increasingly important in people’s lives, as a result of advances in efficient energy storage systems, devices that can be permanently implanted in humans, and the trend towards compact devices that function as an extension of the human body. In addition, strategies continue to be found for the integration of energy harvesting in a constant and efficient manner. Covering the numerous advances made in biomedical devices can be quite overwhelming. This work presents a review of the latest strategies developed to produce energy from human body activity, the energy collectors for devices, and the strategies to create ultra-low-power wearable devices. The review focuses on the potential energy sufficiency required to power devices that can be implanted or worn, while also providing information about the patient’s condition. A comparison between the energies produced by different instruments and the improvements in the development of low-consumption devices is presented, with a focus on the type of medical devices. A new approach is established to classify and locate the most recent advances in autonomous systems in biomedicine based on their complexity/function.
Keywords: biomedical devices; energy harvesting; ultra-low power biomedical devices; energy harvesting; ultra-low power

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Amezquita Garcia, J.A.; Bravo Zanoguera, M.E.; Murrieta-Rico, F.N. Advances and Classification of Autonomous Systems in Biomedical Devices: Integration of Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low Power Consumption. Electronics 2025, 14, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010144

AMA Style

Amezquita Garcia JA, Bravo Zanoguera ME, Murrieta-Rico FN. Advances and Classification of Autonomous Systems in Biomedical Devices: Integration of Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low Power Consumption. Electronics. 2025; 14(1):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010144

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amezquita Garcia, José Alejandro, Miguel E. Bravo Zanoguera, and Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico. 2025. "Advances and Classification of Autonomous Systems in Biomedical Devices: Integration of Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low Power Consumption" Electronics 14, no. 1: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010144

APA Style

Amezquita Garcia, J. A., Bravo Zanoguera, M. E., & Murrieta-Rico, F. N. (2025). Advances and Classification of Autonomous Systems in Biomedical Devices: Integration of Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low Power Consumption. Electronics, 14(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010144

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