Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Inonotus hispidus Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Mushroom Material
2.3. UAE Methodology
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Evaluation of TPC
2.6. In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity
2.7. HPLC Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Determination of the Extraction Solvent
3.2. Optimization of the Extraction Conditions
3.3. Correlation between the Evaluated Responses of I. hispidus Extracts
3.4. HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run Order | Contact Time (min) | Solvent-to-Solid Ratio (mL/g) | Response TPC (mg GA/g DW) | Response DPPH (mmol Trolox/g DW) | Response FRAP (mmol Trolox/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 60 | 25 | R1 | R1 | R1 |
2 | 60 | 75 | R2 | R2 | R2 |
3 | 40 | 50 | R3 | R3 | R3 |
4 | 20 | 25 | R4 | R4 | R4 |
5 | 68.28 | 50 | R5 | R5 | R5 |
6 | 40 | 50 | R6 | R6 | R6 |
7 | 40 | 14.64 | R7 | R7 | R7 |
8 | 40 | 50 | R8 | R8 | R8 |
9 | 40 | 50 | R9 | R9 | R9 |
10 | 11.72 | 50 | R10 | R10 | R10 |
11 | 20 | 75 | R11 | R11 | R11 |
12 | 40 | 50 | R12 | R12 | R12 |
13 | 40 | 85.36 | R13 | R13 | R13 |
Independent Variables | Symbol | Coded Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−α (−2) | −1 | 0 | +1 | +α (+2) | ||
Contact Time (min) | X1 | 11.72 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 68.28 |
Solvent-to-Solid Ratio (mL/g) | X2 | 14.64 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 85.36 |
Contact Time | Organic Solvent | TPC (mg GA/g DW) | DPPH (mmol Trolox/g DW) | FRAP (mmol Trolox/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
40 min | Ethanol 40% (v/v) | 100.70 ± 5.08 **** | 1.09 ± 0.08 **** | 0.78 ± 0.03 **** |
Methanol 80% (v/v) | 85.94 ± 2.41 | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.69 ± 0.03 |
Assay | Coded Level (Real Values) | TPC (mg GA/g DW) | DPPH (mmol Trolox/g DW) | FRAP (mmol Trolox/g DW) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contact Time (min) | Solvent-to-Solid Ratio (mL/g) | Observed | Predicted | Observed | Predicted | Observed | Predicted | |
1 | +1 (60) | −1 (25) | 72.00 | 73.47 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.69 |
2 | +1 (60) | +1 (75) | 102.89 | 102.87 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.80 |
3 Z | 0 (40) | 0 (50) | 96.60 | 89.22 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.77 |
4 | −1 (20) | −1 (25) | 68.83 | 70.08 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.59 |
5 | +2 (68.28) | 0 (50) | 95.96 | 95.19 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.78 |
6 Z | 0 (40) | 0 (50) | 82.94 | 89.22 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.77 | 0.77 |
7 | 0 (40) | −2 (14.64) | 60.00 | 58.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.62 | 0.54 |
8 Z | 0 (40) | 0 (50) | 88.71 | 89.22 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.73 | 0.77 |
9 Z | 0 (40) | 0 (50) | 90.66 | 89.22 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.81 | 0.77 |
10 | −2 (11.72) | 0 (50) | 94.38 | 93.91 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
11 | −1 (20) | +1 (75) | 104.68 | 104.45 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 0.96 |
12 Z | 0 (40) | 0 (50) | 87.19 | 89.22 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 0.77 | 0.77 |
13 | 0 (40) | +2 (85.36) | 103.00 | 103.43 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.89 |
Responses | Statistics | X1 | X2 | X1,2 | X12 | X22 | Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPC | p value | 0.7661 (n.s.) | <0.0001 (****) | 0.5477 (n.s.) | 0.1164 (n.s.) | 0.0265 (*) | 0.0002 (***) |
F value | 0.1060 | 131.94 | 0.3990 | 3.21 | 7.84 | 29.00 | |
DPPH | p value | 0.6801 (n.s.) | 0.0004 (***) | 0.5886 (n.s.) | 0.0857 (n.s) | 0.2148 (n.s.) | 0.0057 (**) |
F value | 0.1850 | 38.35 | 0.3212 | 4.00 | 1.86 | 9.11 | |
FRAP | p value | 0.4650 (n.s.) | 0.0006 (***) | 0.0586 (n.s.) | 0.5524 (n.s.) | 0.2276 (n.s.) | 0.0064 (**) |
F value | 0.5970 | 35.54 | 5.10 | 0.3894 | 1.75 | 8.73 | |
TPC = 89.22 + 0.45X1 + 15.9439X2 − 1.24X1X2 + 2.66625X12 − 4.16875X22; R2 = 0.95 | |||||||
DPPH = 0.648 − 0.0107322X1 + 0.15455X2 − 0.02X1X2 + 0.0535X12 − 0.0365X22; R2 = 0.87 | |||||||
FRAP = 0.774 − 0.0157322X1 + 0.121391X2 − 0.065X1X2 + 0.013625X12 − 0.028875X22; R2 = 0.86 |
Experimental Assays | Independent Variables | Responses | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contact Time (min) | Solvent-to-Solid Ratio (mL/g) | TPC (mg GA/g DW) | DPPH (mmol Trolox/g DW) | FRAP (mmol Trolox/g DW) | |
1 | 20 | 75 | 121.27 ± 2.11 | 1.01 ± 0.14 | 1.11 ± 0.02 |
2 | 20 | 75 | 95.72 ± 1.14 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 0.98 ± 0.01 |
3 | 20 | 75 | 96.84 ± 1.62 | 0.80 ± 0.19 | 0.93 ± 0.01 |
Average | 104.61 ± 13.82 | 0.86 ± 0.15 | 1.01 ± 0.08 | ||
Results predicted by the statistical analysis | 104.45 | 0.85 | 0.96 |
Compound | Retention Time (min) | Concentration (µg/g DW) |
---|---|---|
Glycitin | 5.62 | 2.26 ± 0.006 |
Diosmetin | 8.03 | 18.39 ± 0.050 |
Hydroxybenzoic acid | 12.32 | 3.48 ± 0.032 |
Caffeic acid | 19.42 | 1.24 ± 0.012 |
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 20.64 | 1.22 ± 0.033 |
Myricetin | 20.91 | 13.45 ± 0.130 |
Luteolin-4′-O-glucoside | 22.27 | 3.75 ± 0.087 |
Quercetin | 22.37 | 1.91 ± 0.030 |
Hispidin | 23.61 | 122.80 ± 1.456 |
Hispidin-like compound | 24.98 | 4.08 ± 0.115 |
Hispidin-like compound | 26.37 | 3.86 ± 0.095 |
Hispidin-like compound | 27.31 | 5.70 ± 0.057 |
Hispidin-like compound | 29.11 | 19.50 ± 0.101 |
Hispidin-like compound | 30.11 | 3.62 ± 0.101 |
Isorhamnetin | 33.90 | 13.75 ± 0.035 |
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Machado-Carvalho, L.; Martins, T.; Aires, A.; Marques, G. Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Inonotus hispidus Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technology. Metabolites 2023, 13, 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040524
Machado-Carvalho L, Martins T, Aires A, Marques G. Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Inonotus hispidus Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technology. Metabolites. 2023; 13(4):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040524
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachado-Carvalho, Liliana, Tânia Martins, Alfredo Aires, and Guilhermina Marques. 2023. "Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Inonotus hispidus Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technology" Metabolites 13, no. 4: 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040524