Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in South Asian and Nordic Women after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Markers of Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance
3.2. Markers of Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Fat Mass
3.3. Markers of Liver Fat and Insulin Resistance and Associations with Post-Prandial Glucose Levels
3.4. Fetuin-A and Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Normoglycaemia | p | Prediabetes/Type 2 Diabetes | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nordics | South Asians | Nordics | South Asians | |||
Participants, n (%) | 57/108 [52.7] | 55/178 [30.9] | 51/108 [47.2] | 123/178 [69.1] | <0.001 * | |
Age (years) | 36.7 (4.9) | 34.4 (3.9) | <0.001 | 36.2 (4.8) | 34.6 (4.2) | 0.031 |
Years since index pregnancy | 1.4 [0.9] | 1.3 [1.2] | 0.093 | 1.6 [1.1] | 1.3 [1.0] | 0.159 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.0 (0.3) | 36.6 (0.5) | <0.001 | 38.0 (0.6) | 40.4 (0.4) | 0.004 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (2.1) | 5.5 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.2) | 5.8 (2.2) | ||
Weight [kg] | 72.0 [24.0] | 68.8 [17.6] | <0.001 | 86.0 [21.0] | 72.9 [19.3] | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 167.9 (6.0) | 158.1(6.0) | <0.001 | 165.8 (6.0) | 160.0 (6.6) | <0.001 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 25.5 [8.4] | 27.6 [5.4] | 0.663 | 31.9 [6.9] | 28.8 [6.4] | 0.007 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 92.2 (14.3) | 93.6 (12.6) | 0.777 | 100.5 (12.4) | 97.9 (11.5) | 0.185 |
Waist–hip ratio | 0.87 (0.09) | 0.88 (0.06) | 0.018 | 0.89 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.07) | 0.069 |
Waist–height ratio | 0.55 (0.86) | 0.59 (0.77) | 0.002 | 0.61 (0.08) | 0.61 (0.07) | 0.657 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.24 (0.82) | 4.2 (0.6) | 0.358 | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.4 (0.7) | 0.397 |
ASAT (U/L) | 20.7 (4.3) | 24.3 (5.9) | 0.004 | 23.8 (7.7) | 24.2 (5.2) | 0.685 |
ALAT (U/L) | 16.3 (6.1) | 20.4 (9.1) | 0.065 | 22.8 (13.9) | 22.1 (8.4) | 0.668 |
Parity (no.) | 1.7 (0.7) | 2.1 (1.0) | <0.001 | 1.7 (0.7) | 2.2 (1.0) | 0.001 |
Prior GDM (yes/no [%]) | 9/57 [16] | 13/54 [24] | 0.100 | 15/51 [29] | 42/121 [35] | 0.503 |
Family history of diabetes (yes/no [%]) | 10/46 [22] | 38/51 [75] | <0.001 | 12/45 [27] | 87/117 [74] | <0.001 |
Insulin use in pregnancy (yes/no [%]) | 11/57 [19] | 19/55 [35] | 0.138 | 23/51 [45] | 53/123 [43] | 0.809 |
Years of education | 17.2 (2.8) | 14.4 (3.3) | <0.001 | 16.3 (3.1) | 15.0 (3.5) | 0.022 |
Smoking | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Daily (yes/no [%]) | 1/57 (1.8) | 2/55 (3.6) | 7/51 (13.7) | 2/123 (1.6) | ||
Earlier (yes/no [%]) | 18/57 (31.6) | 2/55 (3.6) | 20/51 (39.2) | 2/123 (1.6) | ||
Never (yes/no [%]) | 38/57 (66.7) | 51/55 (92.7) | 24/51 (47.1) | 119/123 (96.8) | ||
Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Weekly (yes/no [%]) | 18/57 (31.6) | 1/55 (1.8) | 10/51 (19.6) | 2/123 (1.6) | ||
Less than weekly (yes/no [%]) | 38/57 (66.7) | 8/55 (14.6) | 38/51 (74.5) | 12/123 (9.8) | ||
Never (yes/no [%]) | 1/57 (1.8) | 46/55 (83.6) | 3/51 (5.9) | 109/123 (88.6) |
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Kvist, A.A.S.; Sharma, A.; Sommer, C.; Qvigstad, E.; Gulseth, H.L.; Sollid, S.T.; Nermoen, I.; Sattar, N.; Gill, J.; Tannæs, T.M.; et al. Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in South Asian and Nordic Women after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolites 2024, 14, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14050288
Kvist AAS, Sharma A, Sommer C, Qvigstad E, Gulseth HL, Sollid ST, Nermoen I, Sattar N, Gill J, Tannæs TM, et al. Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in South Asian and Nordic Women after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolites. 2024; 14(5):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14050288
Chicago/Turabian StyleKvist, Ahalya Anita Suntharalingam, Archana Sharma, Christine Sommer, Elisabeth Qvigstad, Hanne Løvdal Gulseth, Stina Therese Sollid, Ingrid Nermoen, Naveed Sattar, Jason Gill, Tone Møller Tannæs, and et al. 2024. "Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in South Asian and Nordic Women after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus" Metabolites 14, no. 5: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14050288
APA StyleKvist, A. A. S., Sharma, A., Sommer, C., Qvigstad, E., Gulseth, H. L., Sollid, S. T., Nermoen, I., Sattar, N., Gill, J., Tannæs, T. M., Birkeland, K. I., & Lee-Ødegård, S. (2024). Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in South Asian and Nordic Women after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolites, 14(5), 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14050288