Ability of Nicotinamide Riboside to Prevent Muscle Fatigue of Barrows Subjected to a Performance Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Live Animal Management
2.2. Muscle Biopsy
2.3. Performance Test
2.4. Gait4 Mat Analysis
2.5. Electromyography Analysis
2.6. Serum Analyses
2.7. Immunohistochemistry and Histochemistry
2.8. Mitochondrial DNA Expression
2.9. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward Primer, 5′-3′ | Reverse Primer, 5′-3′ | Tw 1 | Amplicon Length, bp | Efficiency | GeneBank Accession |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta-actin | CCCCTCCTCTCTTGCCTCTC | AAAAGTCCTAGGAAAATGGCAGAAG | 59.1 | 73 | 90 | DQ452569.1 |
Probe | 6FAMTGCCACGCCCTTTCTCACTTGTTCTMGBNFQ | |||||
Mitochondrial D-loop 2 | GATCGTACATAGCACATATCATGTC | GGTCCTGAAGTAAGAACCAGATG | 55.0 | 197 | 93 | OR237429.1 |
Probe | 6FAMCCAGTCAACATGCGTATCACCACCAMGBNFQ |
Item | Treatment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | 15NR | 30NR | 45NR | DRE | SEM | p-Value | |
Finishing performance | |||||||
Initial BW, kg | 95 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 5.1 | 0.96 |
Final BW, kg | 134 | 133 | 134 | 133 | 133 | 2.9 | 0.99 |
Pre-supplementation 2 | |||||||
ADG, kg | 1.01 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.07 | 0.60 |
ADI, kg | 3.56 | 3.48 | 3.49 | 3.38 | 3.51 | 0.22 | 0.72 |
G:F | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.51 |
D5 supplementation 3 | |||||||
ADG, kg | 1.65 | 1.44 | 1.41 | 1.55 | 1.53 | 0.16 | 0.44 |
ADI, kg | 3.64 | 3.41 | 3.56 | 3.52 | 3.57 | 0.23 | 0.74 |
G:F | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.93 |
D10 supplementation 4 | |||||||
ADG, kg | 2.89 | 2.41 | 2.69 | 2.51 | 2.24 | 0.31 | 0.37 |
ADI, kg | 3.74 a | 3.68 a | 3.50 a,b,x | 3.14 b,y | 3.56 a | 0.20 | 0.05 |
G:F | 0.25 a | 0.30 a | 0.34 ab | 0.43 b | 0.29 a | 0.05 | 0.07 |
Treatment | p-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | CON | 15NR | 30NR | 45NR | DRE 1 | SEM | Treatment | Time | Treatment × Time |
Performance test 2 | |||||||||
Average speed, m/s | 1.02 | 1.10 | 1.13 | 1.11 | 1.07 | 0.69 | 0.57 | - | - |
Exhaustion distance, m | 415 a,x | 531 b | 485 a,b | 526 a,b,y | 588 b | 47.4 | 0.07 | - | - |
Exhaustion time, s | 420 a | 498 a,b | 452 a | 461 a | 569 b | 42.2 | 0.04 | - | - |
Blood parameter | |||||||||
Serum cortisol, µg/dL | 0.85 | <0.01 | 0.99 | ||||||
Pre 3 | 3.62 | 3.50 | 3.91 | 2.69 | 3.58 | 0.91 | |||
Post 4 | 14.17 | 13.54 | 13.88 | 13.33 | 13.49 | 0.86 | |||
Serum glucose, mg/dL | 0.30 | 0.94 | 0.32 | ||||||
Pre | 86.98 | 84.89 | 87.22 | 86.93 | 86.83 | 5.51 | |||
Post | 77.60 | 77.75 | 93.05 | 90.21 | 93.16 | 5.06 |
Item | Treatment 1 | SEM | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | 15NR | 30NR | 45NR | DRE | |||
Fiber type, % | |||||||
Biceps femoris | |||||||
Type I | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.36 |
Type IIA | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.58 |
Type IIX | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.66 |
Type IIB | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
Semitendinosus | |||||||
Type I | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.22 |
Type IIA | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.29 |
Type IIX | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.46 |
Type IIB | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.35 |
Tensor facia latae | |||||||
Type I | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.88 |
Type IIA | 0.27 a | 0.26 a | 0.27 a | 0.20 b | 0.22 a,b | 0.03 | 0.09 |
Type IIX | 0.12 a | 0.09 a | 0.11 a | 0.18 b | 0.13 a,b | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Type IIB | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.83 |
Cross-sectional area, µm2 | |||||||
Biceps femoris | |||||||
Type I | 2753 | 3049 | 3019 | 3102 | 3112 | 299 | 0.90 |
Type IIA | 3917 | 4392 | 4440 | 4575 | 4146 | 393 | 0.78 |
Type IIX | 5148 | 5476 | 6335 | 5894 | 5674 | 558 | 0.64 |
Type IIB | 5775 | 6524 | 6662 | 6258 | 6260 | 624 | 0.70 |
Semitendinosus | |||||||
Type I | 3583 | 4433 | 4252 | 4507 | 3603 | 515 | 0.47 |
Type IIA | 4338 | 4796 | 4980 | 6098 | 4668 | 606 | 0.20 |
Type IIX | 5264 | 6238 | 6231 | 6840 | 6589 | 759 | 0.55 |
Type IIB | 4589 | 5801 | 5463 | 5997 | 6260 | 805 | 0.46 |
Tensor facia latae | |||||||
Type I | 1879 | 1698 | 2059 | 1849 | 2085 | 249 | 0.74 |
Type IIA | 2324 | 2455 | 3243 | 2388 | 2753 | 341 | 0.31 |
Type IIX | 3263 | 3450 | 4282 | 3459 | 3839 | 409 | 0.43 |
Type IIB | 3890 | 3912 | 4661 | 4241 | 4367 | 394 | 0.57 |
Item | Treatment | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | 15NR | 30NR | 45NR | DRE 1 | SEM | Treatment | Muscle | Treatment × Muscle | |
Expression, fold | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
Semitendinosus | 0.84 | 0.65 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.240 | |||
Tensor facia latae | 1.00 a | 0.75 a | 0.88 a | 0.91 a | 1.54 b | 0.231 | |||
Biceps femoris | 0.96 a | 1.2 a,b | 1.64 b,d | 2.28 c | 2.09 c,d | 0.314 |
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Hennesy, H.M.; Gravely, M.E.; Alambarrio, D.A.; Brannen, S.R.; McDonald, J.J.; Devane, S.A.; Turner, K.K.; Stelzleni, A.M.; O’Quinn, T.G.; Gonzalez, J.M. Ability of Nicotinamide Riboside to Prevent Muscle Fatigue of Barrows Subjected to a Performance Test. Metabolites 2024, 14, 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080424
Hennesy HM, Gravely ME, Alambarrio DA, Brannen SR, McDonald JJ, Devane SA, Turner KK, Stelzleni AM, O’Quinn TG, Gonzalez JM. Ability of Nicotinamide Riboside to Prevent Muscle Fatigue of Barrows Subjected to a Performance Test. Metabolites. 2024; 14(8):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080424
Chicago/Turabian StyleHennesy, Hanna M., Morgan E. Gravely, Daniela A. Alambarrio, Savannah R. Brannen, Jonathan J. McDonald, Sarah A. Devane, Kari K. Turner, Alexander M. Stelzleni, Travis G. O’Quinn, and John M. Gonzalez. 2024. "Ability of Nicotinamide Riboside to Prevent Muscle Fatigue of Barrows Subjected to a Performance Test" Metabolites 14, no. 8: 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080424