Axial Anomaly in Galaxies and the Dark Universe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gravitational Bohr Radius and Reduced Compton Wave Length of a Planck–Scale Axion
3. Analysis of Rotation Curves
3.1. Fuzzy Dark Matter: Soliton–Navarro–Frenk–White vs. Burkert Model
3.2. Analysis of RCs in the SNFW Model
3.3. Analysis of RCs in the Burkert Model
4. Galactic Central Regions and the Dark Sector of the Universe
5. Discussion, Summary, and Outlook
5.1. Speculations on Origins of Milky Way’s Structure
5.2. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The chiral dynamics at the Planck scale, which produces the axion field, to some extent resolves the ground states of Yang–Mills theories: axions become massive by virtue of the anomaly because of this very resolution of topological charge density. |
References
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Galaxy | Hub. Type | Lum.
| 2 /d.o.f. | [kpc] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DDO170 | Im | 73.93 | 0.73 | 1.00 ± 0.82 | 36.90 ± 8.16 | 2.81 ± 1.95 |
F565-V2 | Im | 40.26 | 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.47 | 60.71 ± 11.52 | 11.65 ± 5.05 |
F568-1 | Sc | 57.13 | 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.24 | 70.06 ± 7.82 | 22.59 ± 6.67 |
F571-V1 | Sd | 64.39 | 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.30 | 49.71 ± 6.70 | 7.12 ± 2.83 |
F574-1 | Sd | 128.48 | 0.02 | 0.93 ± 0.15 | 53.96 ± 3.09 | 9.79 ± 1.44 |
F583-4 | Sc | 83.34 | 0.13 | 3.87 ± 1.37 | 75.08 ± 32.44 | 17.88 ± 13.83 |
NGC3109 | Sm | 140.87 | 0.18 | 1.14 ± 0.39 | 77.09 ± 18.07 | 19.85 ± 5.45 |
NGC3877 | Sc | 3410.59 | 0.17 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 69.37 ± 12.49 | 26.91 ± 6.58 |
NGC4085 | Sc | 5021.46 | 0.07 | 0.41 ± 0.18 | 46.07 ± 7.09 | 9.26 ± 2.78 |
NGC6195 | Sb | 174.11 | 0.47 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 121.72 ± 9.61 | 122.40 ± 24.56 |
UGC00731 | Im | 82.57 | 0.19 | 3.39 ± 0.87 | 53.27 ± 8.51 | 7.62 ± 2.90 |
UGC00891 | Sm | 113.98 | 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.10 | 44.92 ± 1.42 | 4.78 ± 0.36 |
UGC06628 | Sm | 103.00 | 0.00 | 3.61 ± 0.10 | 23.35 ± 0.87 | 0.77 ± 0.05 |
UGC07125 | Sm | 103.00 | 0.25 | 1.81 ± 0.65 | 47.55 ± 10.38 | 4.97 ± 2.68 |
UGC07151 | Scd | 965.67 | 0.72 | 1.94 ± 2.32 | 32.32 ± 5.65 | 2.53 ± 1.58 |
UGC11820 | Sm | 34.11 | 0.82 | 5.99 ± 4.75 | 75.83 ± 49.15 | 18.10 ± 34.72 |
UGC12632 | Sm | 66.81 | 0.09 | 1.47 ± 0.23 | 46.91 ± 6.10 | 5.56 ± 1.48 |
Galaxy | [kpc] | [kpc] | [kpc] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DDO170 | 1.34 ± 0.38 | 0.95 ± 0.78 | 6.02 ± 1.51 | 3.48 ± 2.99 | 3.45 ± 1.39 | 1.01 |
F565-V2 | 1.6 ± 0.21 | 0.51 ± 0.33 | 12.46 ± 4.33 | 3.14 ± 0.8 | 5.89 ± 4.38 | 0.53 |
F568-1 | 6.61 ± 0.56 | 2.67 ± 1.04 | 7.87 ± 1.36 | 2.59 ± 0.6 | 3.62 ± 1.06 | 0.72 |
F571-V1 | 1.61 ± 0.24 | 1.22 ± 0.68 | 7.42 ± 1.71 | 3.96 ± 1.21 | 4.65 ± 1.4 | 0.85 |
F574-1 | 5.41 ± 0.26 | 1.81 ± 0.32 | 6.98 ± 0.46 | 2.52 ± 1.04 | 2.52 ± 0.21 | 1.00 |
F583-4 | 8.05 ± 1.34 | 0.12 ± 0.13 | 27.1 ± 19.49 | 1.73 ± 0.41 | 1.12 ± 0.19 | 1.55 |
NGC3109 | 2.28 ± 0.09 | 0.14 ± 0.08 | 25.88 ± 11.92 | 2.03 ± 0.56 | 2.83 ± 0.48 | 0.71 |
NGC3877 | 15. ± 0.91 | 13.56 ± 15.7 | 4.4 ± 2.43 | 4.87 ± 0.91 | 3.03 ± 0.15 | 1.61 |
NGC4085 | 13.49 ± 1.04 | 103.33 ± 134.83 | 1.46 ± 0.82 | 2.46 ± 0.41 | 3.02 ± 0.65 | 0.81 |
NGC6195 | 128.1 ± 7.47 | 2.67 ± 0.6 | 13.68 ± 0.96 | 3.55 ± 0.12 | 1.59 ± 0.05 | 2.23 |
UGC00731 | 7.41 ± 0.87 | 0.39 ± 0.16 | 12.17 ± 1.85 | 1.62 ± 0.34 | 1.22 ± 0.15 | 1.32 |
UGC00891 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 8.85 ± 0.39 | 2.97 ± 0.19 | 3.42 ± 0.19 | 0.87 |
UGC06628 | 4.34 ± 0.08 | 1.3 ± 0.21 | 3.4 ± 0.28 | 2.27 ± 0.07 | 1.35 ± 0.02 | 1.68 |
UGC07125 | 2.2 ± 0.39 | 0.22 ± 0.12 | 13.55 ± 2.2 | 3.06 ± 0.94 | 2.27 ± 0.39 | 1.35 |
UGC07151 | 13.48 ± 2.86 | 7.49 ± 5.62 | 2.52 ± 0.66 | 1.05 ± 0.46 | 1.39 ± 0.83 | 0.75 |
UGC11820 | 15.04 ± 4.43 | 0.11 ± 0.2 | 28.64 ± 6.01 | 1.35 ± 0.66 | 0.77 ± 0.3 | 1.76 |
UGC12632 | 3.77 ± 0.3 | 0.61 ± 0.24 | 9.01 ± 1.82 | 3.12 ± 0.49 | 2.2 ± 0.16 | 1.42 |
Galaxy | Hub. Type | Lum. | 2/d.o.f. | [kpc] | [kpc] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UGC01281 | Sdm | 135.78 | 0.17 | 1.16 ± 0.24 | 32.78 ± 1.89 | 2.45 ± 0.35 | 3.56 ± 0.2 | 3.23 ± 0.17 |
UGC02023 | Im | 121.57 | 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.16 | 73.23 ± 24.56 | 24.82 ± 19.87 | 1.92 ± 0.21 | 8.95 ± 2.97 |
UGC04305 | Im | 88.07 | 0.76 | 3.42 ± 0.9 | 15.39 ± 2.06 | 0.28 ± 0.1 | 7.2 ± 1.55 | 1.19 ± 0.14 |
UGC04325 | Sm | 213.22 | 0.26 | 1. ± 0.2 | 32.71 ± 1.31 | 3.29 ± 0.34 | 31.75 ± 1.83 | 1.53 ± 0.05 |
UGC04483 | Im | 82.57 | 0.26 | 6.58 ± 1.48 | 9.51 ± 0.84 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 19.32 ± 2.23 | 0.52 ± 0.04 |
UGC04499 | Sdm | 127.30 | 0.09 | 1.05 ± 0.21 | 34. ± 1.01 | 2.96 ± 0.21 | 5.97 ± 0.24 | 2.8 ± 0.07 |
UGC05005 | Im | 65.59 | 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 59.27 ± 2.86 | 12.09 ± 1.21 | 1.1 ± 0.06 | 8.85 ± 0.32 |
UGC05414 | Im | 127.30 | 0.11 | 1.25 ± 0.25 | 30.31 ± 1.42 | 2.09 ± 0.24 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 2.51 ± 0.11 |
UGC05750 | Sdm | 124.98 | 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.14 | 49.77 ± 3.23 | 7.13 ± 0.97 | 1.07 ± 0.06 | 7.5 ± 0.4 |
UGC05829 | Im | 63.22 | 0.33 | 0.93 ± 0.23 | 38.9 ± 4.8 | 3.81 ± 1.16 | 2.21 ± 0.28 | 4.52 ± 0.52 |
UGC05918 | Im | 24.94 | 0.06 | 2.35 ± 0.48 | 19.9 ± 1.15 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 6.01 ± 0.47 | 1.64 ± 0.08 |
UGC05999 | Im | 51.62 | 0.35 | 0.53 ± 0.12 | 57.19 ± 5.87 | 11.71 ± 2.81 | 1.72 ± 0.22 | 7.29 ± 0.63 |
UGC06399 | Sm | 311.05 | 0.03 | 0.8 ± 0.16 | 40.82 ± 1.2 | 5.16 ± 0.36 | 6.2 ± 0.22 | 3.32 ± 0.08 |
UGC06446 | Sd | 86.46 | 0.78 | 1.05 ± 0.23 | 32.95 ± 2.75 | 3.01 ± 0.66 | 13.01 ± 1.64 | 2.08 ± 0.15 |
UGC06667 | Scd | 614.94 | 0.11 | 0.81 ± 0.16 | 40.55 ± 1.3 | 5.03 ± 0.39 | 5.97 ± 0.23 | 3.34 ± 0.09 |
UGC06917 | Sm | 261.11 | 0.35 | 0.66 ± 0.13 | 45.28 ± 2.24 | 7.48 ± 0.92 | 9.48 ± 0.64 | 3.19 ± 0.13 |
UGC06923 | Im | 347.40 | 0.4 | 0.97 ± 0.26 | 34.69 ± 4.92 | 3.46 ± 1.28 | 11.64 ± 2.17 | 2.28 ± 0.29 |
UGC06930 | Sd | 189.16 | 0.21 | 0.62 ± 0.13 | 47.7 ± 3.06 | 8.45 ± 1.38 | 7.41 ± 0.72 | 3.65 ± 0.19 |
UGC06983 | Scd | 121.57 | 0.68 | 0.66 ± 0.14 | 45.05 ± 3.3 | 7.54 ± 1.42 | 11.27 ± 1.24 | 2.99 ± 0.18 |
UGC07089 | Sdm | 520.99 | 0.22 | 0.86 ± 0.18 | 40.29 ± 2.82 | 4.41 ± 0.75 | 2.82 ± 0.23 | 4.31 ± 0.27 |
UGC07261 | Sdm | 566.02 | 0.33 | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 28.32 ± 3.03 | 2. ± 0.57 | 18.97 ± 3.11 | 1.57 ± 0.14 |
UGC07323 | Sdm | 283.68 | 0.8 | 0.71 ± 0.17 | 44.67 ± 5.34 | 6.55 ± 1.98 | 5.06 ± 0.62 | 3.9 ± 0.43 |
UGC07524 | Sm | 106.86 | 0.57 | 0.86 ± 0.17 | 39.92 ± 1.58 | 4.45 ± 0.44 | 3.66 ± 0.19 | 3.89 ± 0.13 |
UGC07559 | Im | 55.06 | 0.03 | 2.93 ± 0.6 | 17.5 ± 0.93 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 4.15 ± 0.23 | 1.63 ± 0.08 |
UGC07577 | Im | 54.55 | 0.04 | 3.14 ± 1.07 | 18.08 ± 4.38 | 0.33 ± 0.19 | 1.02 ± 0.12 | 2.76 ± 0.66 |
UGC07603 | Sd | 520.99 | 0.22 | 1.66 ± 0.33 | 23.7 ± 1. | 1.19 ± 0.13 | 21.7 ± 1.3 | 1.26 ± 0.05 |
UGC07608 | Im | 46.65 | 0.07 | 1. ± 0.22 | 35.39 ± 2.78 | 3.27 ± 0.65 | 5.23 ± 0.44 | 3.05 ± 0.22 |
UGC07866 | Im | 97.46 | 0.1 | 3.78 ± 0.92 | 14.34 ± 1.63 | 0.23 ± 0.07 | 7.72 ± 1.11 | 1.08 ± 0.11 |
UGC08490 | Sm | 576.54 | 0.95 | 1.24 ± 0.25 | 28.16 ± 1.51 | 2.14 ± 0.31 | 38.07 ± 3.44 | 1.23 ± 0.05 |
UGC08837 | Im | 77.42 | 0.29 | 0.54 ± 0.18 | 57.39 ± 13.51 | 11.12 ± 6.14 | 1.26 ± 0.11 | 8.13 ± 1.89 |
UGC09037 | Scd | 841.07 | 0.61 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 72.32 ± 3.54 | 28.35 ± 2.75 | 5.11 ± 0.28 | 6.33 ± 0.21 |
UGC09992 | Im | 73.25 | 0.24 | 3.68 ± 1.34 | 14.37 ± 3.31 | 0.24 ± 0.15 | 10.76 ± 3.86 | 0.97 ± 0.19 |
UGC11557 | Sdm | 337.93 | 0.28 | 0.73 ± 0.17 | 44.75 ± 4.74 | 6.16 ± 1.6 | 3.16 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.43 |
UGC12506 | Scd | 5608.28 | 0.69 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 96.54 ± 6.95 | 80.52 ± 12.65 | 17.8 ± 1.77 | 5.53 ± 0.26 |
UGCA281 | BCD | 12.05 | 0.34 | 4.71 ± 1.08 | 11.71 ± 1.1 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 27.12 ± 2.79 | 0.58 ± 0.05 |
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Meinert, J.; Hofmann, R. Axial Anomaly in Galaxies and the Dark Universe. Universe 2021, 7, 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7060198
Meinert J, Hofmann R. Axial Anomaly in Galaxies and the Dark Universe. Universe. 2021; 7(6):198. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7060198
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeinert, Janning, and Ralf Hofmann. 2021. "Axial Anomaly in Galaxies and the Dark Universe" Universe 7, no. 6: 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7060198