Analysis of 14C, 13C and Aspartic Acid Racemization in Teeth and Bones to Facilitate Identification of Unknown Human Remains: Outcomes of Practical Casework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Examined Samples
2.2. Tooth Preparation
2.3. Sample Pre-Treatment and AMS Analysis
2.4. CO2 Extraction of Carbonate Fraction from Tooth Crown and Root
2.5. Collagen Extraction from Bone and Tooth Root
2.6. AMS Analysis and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
2.7. Determining Year of Birth from 14C Analysis: Teeth
2.8. Selection of Cases for Aspartic Acid Racemization (AAR)
2.9. Method Protocols for AAR Analysis
2.10. DNA Analysis
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bomb Pulse 14C Dating of Tooth Crown Precisely Determines Date of Birth
3.2. 14C Analysis of Bones
3.3. 13C in Teeth and Bones Can Tell Geographical Origin
3.4. Aspartic Acid Racemization (AAR) Analysis
3.5. DNA Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Case | Sex 1 | Body Parts 2 | Tissue Analyzed | Analyses 3 | Environment | Remains Found | Identity Established | DNA Profiling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teeth available | ||||||||
1 | F | Whole body | Teeth 16, 17, 46 | 14C, 13C | Fire victim | 2012 | Yes | Yes |
2 | M | Whole body, skeletonized | Teeth 15, 27 | 14C, 13C, AAR | Air | 2013 | No | Yes |
3 | M | Mandible | Teeth 34, 35 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2013 | No | Yes |
4 | M | Whole body, skeletonized | Teeth 35, 43 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2013 | Yes | Yes |
5 | M | Cranium | Teeth 13, 35, 47 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2015 | Yes | Yes |
6 | F | Whole body | Teeth 23, 34, 42 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2015 | Yes | Yes |
7 | NA | Mandible | Teeth 46, 47 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2015 | No | Yes, but failed |
8 | M | Whole body, skeletonized | Teeth 14, 17 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2015 | Yes | Yes |
9 | NA | Cranium | Teeth 13, 17 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2015 | No | |
10 | (F) | Incomplete body, skeletonized | Teeth 14, 21 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2015 | No | |
11 | (F) | Several bones | Teeth 13, 15 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2016 | No | |
12 | NA | Several bones | Teeth 34, 38 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2016 | No | Yes, but failed |
13 | NA | Cranium | Teeth 16, 24 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2017 | No | Yes, but failed |
14 | M | Several bones | Teeth 18, 33, calvarium, humerus | 14C, 13C, AAR | Water | 2017 | Yes | Yes |
15 | NA | Cranium | Teeth 21, 38 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2020 | No | |
16 | F | Whole body | Teeth 25, 33, 48 | 14C, 13C, AAR | Air, fire | 1971 | No | Yes |
17 | F | Whole body | Teeth 31, 34 | 14C, 13C | Air, indoor | 1995 | No | Yes |
18 | NA | Several bones | Teeth 17, 33, 34 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2018 | Yes | Yes |
19 | NA | Several bones | Teeth 24, 27 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2018 | No | |
20 | NA | Mandible | Teeth 38 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2018 | No | |
21 | M | Whole body | Teeth 34, 48 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2019 | Yes | Yes |
22 | (M) | Cranium | Teeth 13 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2019 | No | |
23 | M | Whole body, skeletonized | Teeth 35, 48 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2004 | No | |
24 | NA | Mandible | Teeth 47 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2019 | No | |
25 | NA | Cranium | Teeth 17, 26, calvarium | 14C, 13C | Water | 2019 | No | Yes, but failed |
26 | NA | bones from at least 3 persons | Teeth 17, 25 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2019 | No | |
27 | NA | Cranium | Teeth 26, 36 | 14C, 13C | Air | 2020 | No | |
28 | M | Several bones | Teeth 16, 18 | 14C, 13C, AAR | In concrete | 2020 | No | Yes |
29 | NA | bones from at least 2 persons | Teeth 17 | 14C, 13C | Soil, plastic bags | 2021 | No | |
30 | M | Whole body | Teeth 35 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2020 | No | |
31 | M | Whole body | Teeth 47 | 14C, 13C | Water | 2021 | Yes | Yes |
32 | M | Several bones | Teeth 27 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2021 | No | |
33 | M | Whole body | Teeth 43 | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2003 | No | |
34 | NA | Cranium | Teeth 37 | 14C, 13C | Air, indoor | 2021 | No | |
Teeth not available 4 | ||||||||
35 | NA | Cranium | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Air | 2014 | No | |
36 | F | Cranium and femur | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Water | 2014 | No | Yes, but failed |
37 | F | Cranium | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Air | 2015 | No | Yes |
38 | F | Cranium | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Air | 2016 | No | Yes, but failed |
39 | NA | Several bones | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Water | 2015 | No | Yes, but failed |
40 | NA | Several bones | Thoracic vertebra | 14C, 13C | Water | 2017 | No | |
41 | M | Cranium | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Water | 2017 | No | Yes, but failed |
14 | M | Several bones | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Water | 2017 | Yes | Yes |
42 | F | Whole body | Femur | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2018 | No | |
43 | NA | Several bones | Sacrum | 14C, 13C | Water | 2019 | No | |
44 | NA | Several bones | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Water | 2019 | No | |
45 | NA | Several bones | Femur | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2019 | No | |
46 | F | Cranium | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Air | 2019 | No | |
25 | NA | Cranium | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Water | 2019 | No | Yes, but failed |
47 | NA | Several bones | Humerus | 14C, 13C | Water | 2020 | No | Yes, but failed |
48 | NA | Tibia, part of | Tibia | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2020 | No | |
49 | NA | Several bones | Femur | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2021 | No | |
33 | M | Whole body | Calvarium | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2003 | No | |
50 | NA | Femur | Femur | 14C, 13C | Soil | 2021 | No | |
51 | NA | Humerus | Humerus | 14C, 13C | Water | 2021 | No | |
52 | NA | Humerus | Humerus | 14C, 13C | Water | 2021 | No |
Case | Sex | Tissue | Tooth | True DOB | Tooth Formation Time (yrs) | F14C | Error (2σ) | δ13C (‰) | Estimated Tooth DOB | Estimated Person DOB * | True DOD | D/L Ratio | Estimated Age (yrs) | Estimated DOD | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | F | Crown | 16 | 1989.2 | 1.5 | 1.096 | 0.006 | −17.1 | NA | NA | 2011.9 | NA | NA | Sweden | |
1 | F | Crown | 17 | 1989.2 | 5.1 | 1.096 | 0.004 | −16.6 | 1999.5 | 1994.4 | 2011.9 | NA | NA | Sweden | |
1 | F | Crown | 46 | 1989.2 | 3.0 | 1.134 | 0.004 | −17.8 | 1992.8 | 1989.8 | 2011.9 | NA | NA | Sweden | |
1 | F | Root | 16 | 1989.2 | 6.8 | 1.096 | 0.004 | −17.7 | 1999.4 | NA | 2011.9 | NA | NA | Sweden | |
1 | F | Root | 17 | 1989.2 | 11.0 | 1.075 | 0.004 | −18.0 | 2003.4 | 1992.4 | 2011.9 | NA | NA | Sweden | |
1 | F | Root | 46 | 1989.2 | 6.7 | 1.101 | 0.004 | −17.3 | 1998.4 | 1991.7 | 2011.9 | NA | NA | Sweden | |
2 | M | Crown | 15 | NA | 4.8 | 1.216 | 0.007 | −12.9 | 1984.3 | 1979.5 | NA | NA | NA | 2014 ± 5 | NA |
2 | M | Crown | 27 | NA | 5.1 | 1.202 | 0.007 | −12.0 | 1985.6 | 1980.5 | NA | NA | NA | 2014 ± 5 | NA |
2 | M | Root | 15 | NA | 11.7 | 1.133 | 0.007 | −12.9 | 1993.0 | 1981.3 | NA | 0.1122 | 36 | NA | NA |
2 | M | Root | 27 | NA | 12.4 | 1.130 | 0.007 | −13.7 | 1993.3 | 1980.9 | NA | 0.1184 | 36 | NA | NA |
3 | M | Crown | 34 | NA | 4.1 | 0.970 | 0.004 | −15.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Sweden |
3 | M | Crown | 35 | NA | 5.3 | 0.959 | 0.004 | −15.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Sweden |
3 | M | Root | 34 | NA | 10.6 | 0.969 | 0.004 | NA | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Sweden |
3 | M | Root | 35 | NA | 11.0 | 0.966 | 0.004 | NA | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Sweden |
4 | M | Crown | 35 | 1992.7 | 5.3 | 1.107 | 0.010 | −13.3 | 1997.4 | 1992.1 | 2012.0 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
4 | M | Crown | 43 | 1992.7 | 3.6 | 1.099 | 0.009 | −8.7 | 1998.9 | 1995.3 | 2012.0 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
4 | M | Root | 43 | 1992.7 | 9.8 | 1.079 | 0.009 | −9.4 | 2003.1 | 1993.3 | 2012.0 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
5 | M | Crown | 13 | 1972.0 | 3.3 | 1.346 | 0.018 | −13.2 | 1977.1 | 1973.8 | 2009.4 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
5 | M | Crown | 35 | 1972.0 | 5.3 | 1.336 | 0.017 | −12.7 | 1977.6 | 1972.3 | 2009.4 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
5 | M | Crown | 47 | 1972.0 | 6.2 | 1.146 | 0.015 | −13.5 | 1978.2 | 1972 | 2009.4 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
5 | M | Root | 13 | 1972.0 | 10.2 | 1.201 | 0.016 | −12.9 | 1986.2 | 1976 | 2009.4 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
5 | M | Root | 35 | 1972.0 | 11.3 | 1.167 | 0.015 | −13.4 | 1989.2 | 1977.9 | 2009.4 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
5 | M | Root | 47 | 1972.0 | 12.2 | 1.323 | 0.016 | −11.6 | 1992.0 | 1979.8 | 2009.4 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
6 | F | Crown | 23 | 1975.4 | 3.3 | 1.283 | 0.013 | −11.2 | 1980.4 | 1977.1 | 2014.6 | NA | NA | 2014.7 | Poland |
6 | F | Crown | 34 | 1975.4 | 4.1 | 1.275 | 0.013 | −11.8 | 1980.9 | 1976.8 | 2014.6 | NA | NA | 2014.7 | Poland |
6 | F | Crown | 42 | 1975.4 | 3.2 | 1.299 | 0.016 | −12.9 | 1979.2 | 1976 | 2014.6 | NA | NA | 2014.7 | Poland |
6 | F | Root | 23 | 1975.4 | 9.0 | 1.171 | 0.011 | −11.9 | 1988 | 1979 | 2014.6 | NA | NA | 2014.7 | Poland |
6 | F | Root | 34 | 1975.4 | 9.3 | 1.171 | 0.011 | −12.0 | 1988.4 | 1979.1 | 2014.6 | NA | NA | 2014.7 | Poland |
6 | F | Root | 42 | 1975.4 | 6.5 | 1.185 | 0.015 | −12.5 | 1987.2 | 1980.7 | 2014.6 | NA | NA | 2014.7 | Poland |
7 | NA | Crown | 47 | NA | 6.2 | 1.013 | 0.009 | −13.9 | 1956.0 | 1949.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
7 | NA | Crown | 46 | NA | 3.0 | 0.996 | 0.009 | −13.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
7 | NA | Root | 47 | NA | 12.0 | 1.016 | 0.009 | −13.5 | 1956.2 | 1944.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
7 | NA | Root | 46 | NA | 7.0 | 1.012 | 0.009 | −14.9 | 1956.2 | 1949.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
8 | M | Crown | 14 | 1967.7 | 3.6 | 1.450 | 0.012 | −15.0 | 1972.9 | 1969.3 | 2015.2 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
8 | M | Crown | 17 | 1967.7 | 5.1 | 1.440 | 0.014 | −14.9 | 1973.4 | 1968.3 | 2015.2 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
8 | M | Root | 14 | 1967.7 | 10.9 | 1.260 | 0.012 | −15.7 | 1981.6 | 1970.7 | 2015.2 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
8 | M | Root | 17 | 1967.7 | 12.4 | 1.230 | 0.012 | −16.1 | 1983.3 | 1970.9 | 2015.2 | NA | NA | NA | Poland |
9 | M | Crown | 13 | NA | 3.3 | 1.042 | 0.005 | −13.0 | 1956.8 | 1953.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
9 | M | Crown | 17 | NA | 5.1 | 1.053 | 0.007 | −15.3 | 1956.9 | 1951.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
9 | M | Root | 13 | NA | 9.6 | 1.280 | 0.007 | −15.3 | 1962.0 | 1952.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
9 | M | Root | 17 | NA | 11.7 | 1.516 | 0.008 | −15.5 | 1963.0 | 1951.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
10 | (F) | Crown | 14 | NA | 3.6 | 0.936 | 0.005 | −6.0 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
10 | (F) | Crown | 21 | NA | 2.2 | 0.941 | 0.005 | −6.1 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
10 | (F) | Root | 14 | NA | 9.7 | 0.997 | 0.005 | −5.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
10 | (F) | Root | 21 | NA | 8.3 | 0.992 | 0.005 | −6.1 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
11 | (F) | Crown | 13 | NA | 3.3 | 0.9800 | 0.003 | −24.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Pre-bomb | NA |
11 | (F) | Crown | 15 | NA | 4.8 | 0.988 | 0.003 | −13.6 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Pre-bomb | NA |
11 | (F) | Root | 13 | NA | 9.0 | 0.979 | 0.003 | −12.9 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Pre-bomb | NA |
11 | (F) | Root | 15 | NA | 10.7 | 0.985 | 0.003 | −10.5 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | Pre-bomb | NA |
12 | Na | Crown | 34 | NA | 4.1 | 0.985 | 0.004 | −13.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
12 | Na | Crown | 38 | NA | 11.0 | 0.988 | 0.004 | −13.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
12 | Na | Root | 34 | NA | 10.0 | 0.982 | 0.004 | −12.4 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
12 | Na | Root | 38 | NA | 17.0 | 0.995 | 0.004 | −12.1 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
13 | Na | Crown | 16 | NA | 1.5 | 0.972 | 0.006 | −14.9 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
13 | Na | Crown | 24 | NA | 3.6 | 0.981 | 0.006 | −15.4 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
13 | Na | Root | 16 | NA | 1.5 | 0.971 | 0.007 | −14.4 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
13 | Na | Root | 24 | NA | 3.6 | 0.983 | 0.003 | −14.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
14 | M | Crown | 33 | 1965.2 | 3.6 | 1.550 | 0.008 | −14.1 | 1969.4 | 1965.8 | 2008.6 | NA | NA | NA | Finland |
14 | M | Crown | 18 | 1965.2 | 11.5 | 1.379 | 0.006 | −13.8 | 1975.5 | 1964.0 | 2008.6 | NA | NA | NA | Finland |
14 | M | Root | 33 | 1965.2 | 9.8 | 1.358 | 0.008 | −14.6 | 1972.8 | 1963.0 | 2008.6 | NA | NA | NA | Finland |
14 | M | Root | 18 | 1965.2 | 17.0 | 1.251 | 0.006 | −15.1 | 1978.4 | 1961.4 | 2008.6 | NA | NA | NA | Finland |
15 | (M) | Crown | 21 | NA | 2.2 | 0.903 | 0.004 | −14.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
15 | (M) | Crown | 38 | NA | 11.0 | 0.926 | 0.004 | −12.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
15 | (M) | Root | 21 | NA | 7.4 | 0.910 | 0.004 | −13.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
15 | (M) | Root | 38 | NA | 17.0 | 0.942 | 0.004 | −12.4 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
16 | F | Crown | 25 | NA | 4.8 | 0.980 | 0.004 | −14.3 | Pre-bomb | 1945.2 | 1970.9 | NA | 25.7 | NA | |
16 | F | Crown | 33 | NA | 3.6 | 0.990 | 0.004 | −14.8 | Pre-bomb | 1927.4 | 1970.9 | NA | 43.5 | NA | |
16 | F | Crown | 48 | NA | 11.0 | 0.980 | 0.004 | −13.7 | Pre-bomb | 1924.7 | 1970.9 | NA | 46.2 | NA | |
17 | F | Crown | 31 | NA | 1.9 | 1.432 | 0.006 | −15.1 | 1973.5 | 1971.6 | 1995.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
17 | F | Crown | 34 | NA | 4.1 | 1.394 | 0.005 | −13.9 | 1974.8 | 1970.7 | 1995.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
17 | F | Root | 34 | NA | 9.3 | 1.275 | 0.005 | −14.6 | 1980.6 | 1971.3 | 1995.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
18 | M | Crown | 33 | 1960.8 | 3.6 | 1.313 | 0.004 | −15.1 | 1962.7 | 1959.1 | 2015.6 | NA | NA | NA | Vietnam |
18 | M | Crown | 34 | 1960.8 | 4.1 | 1.516 | 0.004 | −13.9 | 1963.1 | 1959.0 | 2015.6 | NA | NA | NA | Vietnam |
18 | M | Crown | 17 | 1960.8 | 5.1 | 1.582 | 0.004 | −13.5 | 1963.2 | 1958.1 | 2015.6 | NA | NA | NA | Vietnam |
18 | M | Root | 33 | 1960.8 | 9.8 | 1.399 | 0.004 | −15.1 | 1974.6 | 1964.8 | 2015.6 | NA | NA | NA | Vietnam |
18 | M | Root | 34 | 1960.8 | 10.6 | 1.384 | 0.004 | −14.6 | 1975.2 | 1964.6 | 2015.6 | NA | NA | NA | Vietnam |
18 | M | Root | 17 | 1960.8 | 12.4 | 1.256 | 0.004 | −15.3 | 1981.7 | 1969.3 | 2015.6 | NA | NA | NA | Vietnam |
19 | M | Crown | 24 | NA | 3.6 | 0.950 | 0.003 | −13.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
19 | M | Crown | 27 | NA | 5.1 | 0.964 | 0.003 | −12.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
20 | NA | Crown | 38 | NA | 11.0 | 0.900 | 0.003 | −20.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
21 | M | Crown | 34 | 2002.4 | 4.1 | 1.102 | 0.004 | −13.9 | 2003.4 | 1999.3 | 2018.6 | NA | NA | NA | Libya |
21 | M | Crown | 48 | 2002.4 | 11.0 | 1.082 | 0.003 | −15.5 | 2014.8 | 2003.8 | 2018.6 | NA | NA | NA | Libya |
21 | M | Root | 34 | 2002.4 | 10.6 | 1.074 | 0.004 | −15.2 | 2003.5 | 1992.8 | 2018.6 | NA | NA | NA | Libya |
21 | M | Root | 48 | 2002.4 | 17.0 | 1.025 | 0.004 | −13.7 | 2015.0 | 1998.0 | 2018.6 | NA | NA | NA | Libya |
22 | (M) | Crown | 13 | NA | 3.3 | 0.909 | 0.003 | −13.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
22 | (M) | Root | 13 | NA | 10.2 | 0.946 | 0.003 | −13.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
23 | M | Crown | 35 | NA | 5.3 | 1.127 | 0.003 | −12.7 | 1957.8 | 1952.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
23 | M | Crown | 48 | NA | 11.0 | 1.702 | 0.005 | −12.9 | 1963.4 | 1952.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
23 | M | Root | 35 | NA | 11.3 | 1.386 | 0.003 | −13.2 | 1962.6 | 1951.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
23 | M | Root | 48 | NA | 17.0 | 1.446 | 0.005 | −13.3 | 1962.9 | 1945.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
24 | M | Crown | 47 | NA | 6.2 | 0.809 | 0.003 | −14.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
24 | M | Root | 47 | NA | 12.2 | 0.809 | 0.003 | −14.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
25 | NA | Crown | 17 | NA | 5.1 | 0.772 | 0.003 | −12.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
25 | NA | Crown | 26 | NA | 1.5 | 0.789 | 0.003 | −13.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
25 | NA | Root | 17 | NA | 11.7 | 0.769 | 0.003 | −20.7 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
25 | NA | Root | 26 | NA | 7.1 | 0.769 | 0.003 | −20.0 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
26 | NA | Crown | 17 | NA | 5.1 | 0.989 | 0.004 | −14.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
26 | NA | Crown | 25 | NA | 4.8 | 0.961 | 0.003 | −13.9 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
26 | NA | Root | 17 | NA | 7.1 | 0.986 | 0.004 | −15.1 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
27 | NA | Crown | 26 | NA | 1.5 | 0.900 | 0.004 | −19.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
27 | NA | Crown | 36 | NA | 3.0 | 0.930 | 0.004 | −19.7 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
28 | M | Crown | 16 | NA | 1.5 | 1.144 | 0.005 | −13.3 | 1991.8 | 1990.3 | NA | 0.077 | 34.3 | 2016-now | NA |
28 | M | Crown | 18 | NA | 11.5 | 1.108 | 0.004 | −13.4 | 1997.3 | 1985.8 | NA | 0.067 | 36.9 | NA | |
29 | (M) | Crown | 17 | NA | 5.1 | 0.987 | 0.003 | −16.7 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | Pre-bomb | NA |
30 | M | Crown | 35 | NA | 5.3 | 1.127 | 0.004 | −15.7 | 1994.0 | 1988.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
30 | M | Root | 35 | NA | 11.3 | 1.056 | 0.004 | −15.4 | 2007.4 | 1996.1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
31 | M | Crown | 47 | 1987.8 | 6.2 | 1.123 | 0.004 | −14.8 | 1994.6 | 1988.3 | 2020.0 | NA | NA | NA | Germany |
31 | M | Root | 47 | 1987.8 | 12.2 | 1.063 | 0.004 | −16.4 | 2005.9 | 1993.9 | 2020.0 | NA | NA | NA | Germany |
32 | M | Crown | 27 | NA | 5.1 | 0.897 | 0.003 | −14.3 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA |
32 | M | Root | 27 | NA | 11.7 | 0.937 | 0.003 | −13.7 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA |
33 | M | Crown | 43 | NA | 3.6 | 0.992 | 0.004 | −12.2 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
33 | M | Root | 43 | NA | 9.8 | 1.176 | 0.004 | −13.1 | 1958.7 | 1949.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
34 | NA | Crown | 37 | NA | 6.2 | 0.906 | 0.003 | −12.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | prebomb | NA | NA | NA | NA |
34 | NA | Root | 37 | NA | 12.0 | 0.904 | 0.003 | −19.8 | Pre-bomb | Pre-bomb | prebomb | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Case | Sex | Tissue | True DOB | F14C | Error (2σ) | δ13C (‰) | C/N | Estimated Living Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 | M | Calvarium | 1965.2 | 1.247 | 0.006 | −20.9 | 3.3 | >1955 |
14 | M | Calvarium (trabecular) | 1965.2 | 1.210 | 0.006 | −21.8 | 3.3 | >1955 |
14 | M | Humerus | 1965.2 | 1.209 | 0.006 | −21.1 | 3.3 | >1955 |
25 | NA | Calvarium | NA | 0.770 | 0.003 | −20.6 | 3.2 | Before 1955 |
33 | M | Calvarium | NA | 1.140 | 0.004 | −27.7 | 3.3 | >1955 |
35 | NA | Calvarium | NA | 1.040 | 0.008 | −24.2 | 3.3 | >1955 |
36 | F | Calvarium | NA | 1.003 | 0.009 | −15.7 | 3.2 | Before 1955 |
37 | F | Calvarium | NA | 0.979 | 0.006 | −20.5 | NA | Before 1955 |
38 | F | Calvarium | NA | 1.189 | 0.004 | −21.6 | NA | Before 1963 |
39 | NA | Humerus | NA | 0.693 | 0.003 | −18.1 | 3.3 | Before 1955 |
40 | NA | Thoracic vertebra | NA | 0.941 | 0.003 | −18.1 | NA | Before 1955 |
41 | M | Calvarium | NA | 1.216 | 0.006 | −21.0 | 3.4 | >1955 |
41 | M | Calvarium (trabecular) | NA | 1.259 | 0.006 | −20.8 | 3.3 | >1955 |
42 | F | Femur | 2009.9 | 1.054 | 0.004 | −20.8 | 3.2 | >1955 |
43 | NA | Sacrum | NA | 0.976 | 0.003 | −18.9 | 3.2 | Before 1900 |
44 | NA | Calvarium | NA | 0.913 | 0.003 | −18.7 | 3.2 | Before 1900 |
45 | NA | Femur | NA | 0.973 | 0.003 | −19.4 | 3.2 | Before 1955 |
46 | F | Calvarium | NA | 0.984 | 0.003 | −19.4 | 3.3 | Before 1900 |
47 | NA | Humerus | NA | 1.432 | 0.005 | −20.1 | NA | Before 1974 |
48 | NA | Tibia | NA | 0.991 | 0.004 | −19.2 | 3.2 | Before 1900 |
49 | NA | Femur | NA | 0.918 | 0.003 | −19.1 | 3.2 | Before 1900 |
50 | NA | Femur | NA | 0.994 | 0.003 | −20.4 | 3.3 | Before 1900 |
51 | NA | Humerus | NA | 0.789 | 0.003 | −20.1 | 3.2 | Before 1900 |
52 | NA | Humerus | NA | 0.854 | 0.003 | −19.3 | 3.2 | Before 1900 |
Case Information | Radiocarbon Analyses | Aspartic Acid Analyses | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Sex | Tissue | Tooth No. | True DOB | True DOD | Tooth Formation Time | F14C | Error (2σ) | δ 13C ‰ | Estimated Tooth DOB | Estimated DOB | Average DOB | D/L Ratio | Estimated Age | Estimated Year of Death |
2 | M | Crown | 15 | NA | NA | 6.6 | 1.216 | 0.007 | −12.9 | 1984.3 | 1977.7 | 1978.4 | |||
2 | M | Crown | 27 | NA | NA | 6.5 | 1.202 | 0.007 | −12.0 | 1985.6 | 1979.1 | ||||
2 | M | Dentin | 15 | NA | NA | 11.7 | 1.133 | 0.007 | −12.9 | 1993,0 | 0.1122 | 36.0 | 2014 ± 5 | ||
2 | M | Dentin | 27 | NA | NA | 12.4 | 1.130 | 0.007 | −13.7 | 1993.3 | 0.1184 | 36.0 | 2014 ± 5 | ||
14 | M | Crown | 33 | 1965.2 | 2008.6 | 3.6 | 1.550 | 0.008 | −14.1 | 1969.4 | 1965.8 | 1964.9 | |||
14 | M | Crown | 18 | 1965.2 | 2008.6 | 11.5 | 1.379 | 0.006 | −13.8 | 1975.5 | 1964.0 | ||||
14 | M | Dentin | 33 | 1965.2 | 2008.6 | 3.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.0433 | 36.8 | 2002.0 | |
14 | M | Dentin | 43 | 1965.2 | 2008.6 | 3.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.0428 | 36.6 | ||
16 | F | Crown | 25 | NA | 1970.9 | 4.8 | 0.980 | 0.004 | −14.3 | Pre-bomb | NA | ||||
16 | F | Crown | 33 | NA | 1970.9 | 3.6 | 0.990 | 0.004 | −14.8 | Pre-bomb | NA | ||||
16 | F | Crown | 48 | NA | 1970.9 | 11.0 | 0.980 | 0.004 | −13.7 | Pre-bomb | NA | ||||
16 | F | Dentin | 22 | NA | 1970.9 | 3.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1945.2 | 0.0557 | 25.7 | ||
16 | F | Dentin | 24 | NA | 1970.9 | 3.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1924.7 | 0.0660 | 46.2 | ||
16 | F | Dentin | 25 | NA | 1970.9 | 4.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1927.4 | 0.0647 | 43.5 | ||
28 | M | Crown | 16 | NA | NA | 1.5 | 1.144 | 0.005 | −13.3 | 1991.8 | 1990.3 | 1988.0 | |||
28 | M | Crown | 18 | NA | NA | 11.5 | 1.108 | 0.004 | −13.4 | 1997.3 | 1985.8 | ||||
28 | M | Dentin | 16 | NA | NA | 1.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.077 | 34.3 | 2016-today | |
28 | M | Dentin | 18 | NA | NA | 11.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.067 | 36.9 |
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Teglind, R.; Dawidson, I.; Balkefors, J.; Alkass, K. Analysis of 14C, 13C and Aspartic Acid Racemization in Teeth and Bones to Facilitate Identification of Unknown Human Remains: Outcomes of Practical Casework. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111655
Teglind R, Dawidson I, Balkefors J, Alkass K. Analysis of 14C, 13C and Aspartic Acid Racemization in Teeth and Bones to Facilitate Identification of Unknown Human Remains: Outcomes of Practical Casework. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(11):1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111655
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeglind, Rebecka, Irena Dawidson, Jonas Balkefors, and Kanar Alkass. 2021. "Analysis of 14C, 13C and Aspartic Acid Racemization in Teeth and Bones to Facilitate Identification of Unknown Human Remains: Outcomes of Practical Casework" Biomolecules 11, no. 11: 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111655