The Ethylene Biosynthetic Enzymes, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO): The Less Explored Players in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure and Regulation of ACS
2.1. ACS
2.2. Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of ACS
2.3. Post-Translational Regulation of ACS
2.3.1. Regulation of ACS by Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
2.3.2. ACS Protein Turnover Ubiquitin–Proteasome Degradation System
2.3.3. Other Mechanisms for ACS Regulation
3. ACC Homeostasis and Its Signaling Function
4. Structure and Regulation of ACO
4.1. ACO
4.2. Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of ACO
4.3. Post-Translational Regulation of ACO
5. ACS and ACO in Relation to Abiotic Stress
5.1. Heat Stress
5.2. Heavy Metal Stress
5.3. Drought Stress
5.4. Salinity
5.5. Flooding
6. ACS and ACO in Nutritional Deficiency
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.No. | Plant | Transcription Factor | Gene Targeted | Up/Downregulated | Plant Organ | Plant Response under Abiotic Stress | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Arabidopsis | AtMYB30 | AtACS7 | Down | Root and Leaves | Ethylene synthesis reduced, leading to submergence tolerance | [39] |
EcAGL | AtACS2 | Down | Leaves | Reduce ethylene synthesis, thus enhancing Cd-tolerance by inhibiting Cd-transport from root to shoot. | [40] | ||
AtWRKY33 | AtACS2, AtACS6 | Up | Leaves | Enhanced ethylene synthesis resulting in salt tolerance | [41] | ||
AtSHYG | AtACO5 | Up | Leaf petiole | Enhanced ethylene synthesis leading to rapid petiole cell expansion and hyponastic leaf movement | [42] | ||
2. | Malus domestica | MdERF1B | MdACS1, MdACO1 | Up | Leaves | Enhanced ethylene production leading to cold tolerance | [43] |
3. | Oryza sativa | ERF109 | ACS6, ACO2 | Down | Leaves | Reduce ethylene production and enhance drought tolerance | [44] |
4. | Poncirus trifoliata | PtrERF9 | PtrACS1 | Up | Leaves | Feedback regulation of ethylene to orchestrate cold stress response | [33] |
5. | Triticum aestivum | TaMYC8-TaERF6 | TaACS, TaACO | Down | Root | Ethylene production decrease, leading to Cd-tolerance | [45] |
TabHLH094-TaMYC8 | TaACS, TaACO | Down | Root and leaves | Ethylene synthesis decreases, leading to reduced uptake of Cd into roots | [46] |
S.No. | Plant | Target Genes | Up/Downregulated | Plant Organ | Type of Stress | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Arabidopsis thaliana | ACS 2, | Up | Leaves | Hypoxia | [108] |
ACS9, ACS6, ACS7 | Up | Leaves and roots | Hypoxia | [108] | ||
ACS6 | Up | Leaves | NaCl, LiCl, CuCl2 | [109] | ||
ACS2, ACS6, ACO2, ACO4 | Up | Leaves and roots | Cadmium | [110] | ||
ACS11 | Up | Leaves | Salinity, cold, drought & flooding | [17] | ||
ACS6, ACS7, ACS8, ACS10, ACS11, ACS12, ACO2 | Up | -* | Heat | [4] | ||
ACS2, ACS4, ACS5, ACO1, ACO3, ACO4 | Down | -* | Heat | [4] | ||
ACS2, ACS4, ACS8 | Down | Root tip | Anaerobiosis | [36] | ||
ACS4, ACS5, ACS7 | Down | Root tip | Lithium treatment | [36] | ||
ACS5 | Up | Root tip | Lithium treatment | [36] | ||
Arabidopsis thaliana (GM-OE-ACO) | ACO | Up | Leaves | Flooding | [111] | |
2. | Agrostis stolonifera | ACO | Up | Leaves | Cold | [112] |
ACO | Down | Leaves | Drought and NaCl | [112] | ||
3. | Chenopodium quinoa | ACS7a, ACS10a/b, ACS12a | Up | Shoot | Heat | [113] |
ACS6a/b, ACS7a | Up | Root | Heat | [113] | ||
ACS1b, ACS12a/b, ACS10 | Up | Shoot | Salt | [113] | ||
ACS10a, ACS12a | Down | Shoot | Salt | [113] | ||
ACS10b, ACS12a, ACS10a | Up | Root | Salt | [113] | ||
ACS1a | Down | Root | Salt | [113] | ||
ACS6a/b, ACS7a, ACS9a | Up | Root and leaves | salt | [113] | ||
ACS1a/b, ACS6a/b, ACS7a, ACS9a | Up | Root | Drought | [113] | ||
ACS10a, ACS12a | Up | Root and leaves | Drought | [113] | ||
4. | Cucumis sativus | ACS1 | Up | Fruit skin | Drought | [114] |
ACS1, ACS2, ACS3 | Up | Leaves | Salt, drought, cold | [115] | ||
ACO1, ACO2 | Up | Leaves | Salt, drought, cold | [115] | ||
5. | Gossypium hirsutum | ACS1 | Up | -* | Salt | [116] |
ACS 2, ACS6.1, ACS6.2, ACS6.4 | Down | -* | Salt | [116] | ||
ACS6.1, ACS6.3, ACS7.1, ACS10.1, ACS10.2 | Up | -* | Cold | [116] | ||
ACS6.2, ACS12.2 | Up | -* | Heat | [116] | ||
ACS1, ACS12, ACO1, ACO3 | Up | Leaves | Salt | [117] | ||
6. | Glycine max | ACS, ACO | Up | Leaves and roots | Drought | [118] |
7. | Lycopersicon esculentum | ACS1, ACS2, ACS6, ACS7, ACO1, ACO2, ACO3, ACO5 | Down | Leaves | UV | [119] |
ACS3, ACS5 | Up | Leaves | UV | [119] | ||
ACS1, ACS7, ACO3 | Up | Roots | UV | [119] | ||
ACS6, ACO1 | Down | Roots | UV | [119] | ||
ACS2, ACS3 | Up | Roots | Flooding | [120] | ||
ACS2, ACS6, ACO1, ACO3 | Up | Leaves | Ozone | [121] | ||
ACO5 | Up | Anther wall [at mature pollen grain (MPG stage) of development] | Heat | [122] | ||
ACS2, ACO4 | Down | Anther wall (MPG stage) | Heat | [122] | ||
ACS3, ACS11 | Up | Pollen grain [at polarized microspore (PM) and Bicellular pollen grain (BCP) of development] | Heat | [122] | ||
ACS4, ACO3 | Down | Pollen grain (at PM stage of development | Heat | [122] | ||
ACO1, ACO4 | Down | Pollen grain (at BCP stage of development) | Heat | [122] | ||
8. | Malus acuminata | ACS1, ACO1 | Down | Fruit | Cold | [123] |
9. | Medicago sativa | ACS, ACO | Up | Leaves | Waterlogging | [124] |
10. | Medicago truncatula | ACS2, ACO1 | Up | Leaves | Cold | [125] |
11. | Morus nigra | ACS1, ACS3 | Up | Leaves | Salt/drought | [126] |
12. | Morus alba | ACO1 | Up | Leaves | Cold | [127] |
13. | Nicotiana tabacum | ACO1, ACO2, ACO3 | Up | Leaves | Salt | [128] |
ACS1 | Down | Leaves | Salt | [128] | ||
14. | Oryza sativa | ACS2 | Up | Leaves | Drought/submergence | [129] |
ACS1, ACO5 | Up | Roots | Waterlogged | [130] | ||
ACS5 | Up | Stem | Submergence | [12] | ||
ACS1 | Down | Stem | Submergence | [12] | ||
ACS1, ACS2, ACO4, ACO5 | Up | Roots | Cr-stress | [131] | ||
ACS2, ACO4 | Up | Roots | As-stress | [132] | ||
ACS2, ACS6, ACO5, ACO7 | Up | -* | Heat | [4] | ||
ACO1, ACO2 | Down | -* | Heat | [4] | ||
ACS1 | Up | Shoot | Anaerobiosis | [133] | ||
ACS3 | Up | Root | Anaerobiosis | [133] | ||
15. | Petunia | ACS1 | Up | Leaves | Salt | [134] |
ACO1, ACO3 | Up | Leaves | Salt/Drought | [134] | ||
16. | Pisum sativum | ACS4, ACO1, ACO2 | Up | Pre-pollinated ovaries | Heat | [135] |
ACS4 | Up | Post-pollinated ovaries | Heat | [135] | ||
ACS2, ACS4, ACO1, ACO3 | Up | Pedicel | Heat | [135] | ||
ACO2 | Down | Pedicel | Heat | [135] | ||
ACS2 | Up | Anthers | Heat | [135] | ||
ACS2, ACO2 | Up | Stigma/style | Heat | [135] | ||
ACS2, ACS4, ACO3 | Up | Petals | Heat | [135] | ||
17. | Saccharum officinale | ACO2, ACO5 | Up | Leaves | Drought | [136] |
ACS | No expression detected | Leaves | Drought | [136] | ||
18. | Solanum tuberosum | ACO1 | Up | Leaves | Flooding | [137] |
ACO2 | Down | Leaves | Flooding | [137] | ||
ACO1 | Up | Tubers | Heat/cold | [137] | ||
ACO2 | Up | Tubers | Cold | [137] | ||
19. | Triticum aestivum | ACS1, ACS3, ACS7, ACS9, ACS10, ACS11 | Up | -* | Drought | [49] |
ACS8, ACS6 | Down | -* | Drought | [49] | ||
ACS7, ACS9, ACS10 | Up | -* | Salt | [49] | ||
ACS1, ACS2, ACS3, ACS4, ACS5, ACS6, ACS8, ACS11, ACS12 | Up | -* | Cold | [49] | ||
ACS10 | Down | -* | Cold | [49] | ||
ACS4, ACS5, ACS6 | Up | -* | Heat | [49] | ||
20. | Zea mays | ACS1a | Down | Leaves | Salt | [138] |
ACO5b | Up | Leaves | Salt | [138] | ||
ACS2, ACS7 | Up | Root cortex | Hypoxic | [139] | ||
ACO15/31, ACO20/35 | Up | Root cap | Hypoxic | [139] |
S.No. | Plant Species | Gene Targeted | Up/Downregulated | Plant Organ | Nutritional Stress | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Arabidopsis thaliana | ACS 4, ACS6, ACO1, ACO2 | Up | Root | Magnesium deficiency | [194] |
ACS2, ACS4, ACS6, ACS7 | Up | Root | Phosphate deficiency | [187] | ||
ACO | Up | Root | Phosphate deficiency | [206] | ||
ACS4, ACS6, ACS9, ACO1, ACO2 | Up | Root | Iron deficiency | [197] | ||
ACS2, ACS6, ACS7, ACS8, ACS11 | Up | Leaves and root | Iron deficiency | [198] | ||
ACS9 | Up | Roots | Iron deficiency | [198] | ||
ACS2, ACS7, ACS8 | Up | Leaves | Magnesium deficiency | [192] | ||
ACS11 | Up | Leaves and Roots | Magnesium deficiency | [192] | ||
ACS2, ACS4-8, ACS11, ACO1, ACO2 | Up | Seedling | High nitrate | [182] | ||
ACS6 | Up | Root | Nitrogen deficiency | [207] | ||
ACO2, ACO4 | Up | Shoot | Nitrogen deficiency | [207] | ||
ACS11 | Up | Root | Boron deficiency | [202] | ||
ACS6, ACO2, ACO4 | Up | Leaves | Nitrogen deficiency | [208] | ||
ACS2, ACS6 | Up | Root, leaves | Potassium deprivation | [209] | ||
2. | Brassica napus | ACS, ACO | Up | Leaves | Sulfur deficiency | [200] |
3. | Citrullus lanatus | ACS9, ACS1, ACO1 | Down | Root | Potassium deprivation | [210] |
ACO4 | Up | Roots | Potassium deprivation | [210] | ||
4. | Cucumis sativus | ACO | Up | Leaves | Nitrogen deficiency | [180] |
5. | Medicago falcata | ACS, ACO | Up | seedlings | Phosphorus deficient | [211] |
6. | Medicago sativa | ACO | Up | Root | High nitrate | [212] |
7. | Medicago truncatula | ACS2, ACO | Up | Root apices | Aluminium exposure | [213] |
8. | Lycopersicon esculentum | ACO1 | Up | Pedicel | Calcium treatment | [205] |
9. | Trifolium repens | ACS1, ACS2, ACS3, ACO1, ACO3 | Up | Root | Phosphate deficiency | [214] |
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Khan, S.; Alvi, A.F.; Saify, S.; Iqbal, N.; Khan, N.A. The Ethylene Biosynthetic Enzymes, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO): The Less Explored Players in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010090
Khan S, Alvi AF, Saify S, Iqbal N, Khan NA. The Ethylene Biosynthetic Enzymes, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO): The Less Explored Players in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010090
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Sheen, Ameena Fatima Alvi, Sadaf Saify, Noushina Iqbal, and Nafees A. Khan. 2024. "The Ethylene Biosynthetic Enzymes, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Synthase (ACS) and ACC Oxidase (ACO): The Less Explored Players in Abiotic Stress Tolerance" Biomolecules 14, no. 1: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14010090