Evaluation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in an Experimental Intestinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Model in Rats: The Role of Ozone Therapy and Trimetazidine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Chemicals and Drugs
2.3. Ozone Therapy Procedure
2.4. Biochemical Analysis
2.4.1. Preparation of Tissue Homogenate
2.4.2. Determinations of Tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels (TBARS Assay)
2.4.3. Determination of Tissue Total Thiols (TTs), Glutathione (GSH) Levels
2.5. Histopathological Analysis
2.6. Immunohistochemical (IHC) Analysis
2.7. Semi-Quantitative Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biochemical Results
3.1.1. Results of Tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels (TBARS Assay)
3.1.2. Results of Tissue Total Thiol (TT) Levels
3.2. Histopathological Results
3.3. Immunohistochemical (IHC) Results
3.3.1. CHOP Positivity
3.3.2. GRP-78 Positivity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Score | Findings |
---|---|
Villus Epithelial Cell Necrosis | |
0 | ≤5% |
1 | 6–25% |
2 | 26–50% |
3 | ≤50% |
Villus Fusion | |
0 | ≤5% |
1 | 6–25% |
2 | 26–50% |
3 | ≥50% |
Lamina Propria Inflammation | |
0 | ≤5% |
1 | 6–25% |
2 | 26–50% |
3 | ≥50% |
Gruenhagens Space Extension with Capillary Congestion | |
0 | ≤5% |
1 | 6–25% |
2 | 26–50% |
3 | ≥50% |
Hemorrhage | |
0 | ≤5% |
1 | 6–25% |
2 | 26–50% |
3 | ≥50% |
Score | |
---|---|
None (less than 5%) | |
1 | Mild (from 6–25%) |
2 | Moderate (from 26–50%) |
3 | Severe (from 51–75%) |
4 | Very Severe (more than 76%) |
Groups | MDA Levels (nmol/mg) (Mean ± Std. Deviation) | GSH Levels (nmol/mg) (Mean ± Std. Deviation) |
---|---|---|
Control | 3.86 ± 0.52 | 34.97 ± 0.86 |
O3 | 3.86 ± 0.47 | 36.02 ± 0.59 |
I/R | 6.78 ± 0.13 a,b | 26.54 ± 0.70 a,b |
I/R + TMZ | 4.04 ± 0.47 c | 28.63 ± 0.93 d |
IR + O3 | 3.96 ± 0.93 c | 30.54 ± 1.22 c,e |
Groups | Villus Epithelial Cell Necrosis | Villus Fusion | Lamina Propria Inflammation | Gruenhagens Space Extension with Capillary Congestion | Hemorrhage | IHDS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–1) |
O3 | 0 (0–0.5) | 0 (0–0.5) | 0 (0–0.5) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 1 (1–2) |
I/R | 2 (2–3) a,b | 3 (2–3) a,b | 1 (1–2) a,b | 2 (1–2) a,b | 1 (0.5–1) a | 9 (9–11) a,b |
I/R + TMZ | 1 (1–1) c | 2 (2–2) c | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–1) c | 1 (0–1) d | 4 (4–5.5) a,c |
I/R + O3 | 1 (0–1) c | 1 (1–1) c,f | 0 (0–0) c | 0 (0–0.5) c | 0 (0–0.5) c | 1 (0–1) a,e,f |
Groups | CHOP/DDIT3 Positivity Score | GRp-78 Positivity Score |
---|---|---|
Control | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0.5) |
O3 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) |
I/R | 2 (2–3) a,b | 2 (1–2) a,b |
I/R + TMZ | 0.5 (0–1) c | 1 (0–1) c |
I/R + O3 | 0 (0–1) c | 0 (0–1) c |
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Demiral, G.; Mercantepe, T.; Altuntas, G.; Pergel, A.; Kalcan, S.; Ozdemir, A.; Tumkaya, L.; Mataraci Karakas, S.; Ozturk, A.; Yilmaz, A. Evaluation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in an Experimental Intestinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Model in Rats: The Role of Ozone Therapy and Trimetazidine. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091051
Demiral G, Mercantepe T, Altuntas G, Pergel A, Kalcan S, Ozdemir A, Tumkaya L, Mataraci Karakas S, Ozturk A, Yilmaz A. Evaluation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in an Experimental Intestinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Model in Rats: The Role of Ozone Therapy and Trimetazidine. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(9):1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091051
Chicago/Turabian StyleDemiral, Gokhan, Tolga Mercantepe, Gurkan Altuntas, Ahmet Pergel, Suleyman Kalcan, Ali Ozdemir, Levent Tumkaya, Sibel Mataraci Karakas, Aykut Ozturk, and Adnan Yilmaz. 2024. "Evaluation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in an Experimental Intestinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Model in Rats: The Role of Ozone Therapy and Trimetazidine" Biomolecules 14, no. 9: 1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091051