The Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Acute and Severe Inflammatory Disorders with Heparin and Heparinoid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Recent Innovations of the Molecular Mechanism Research
2.1. Inhibition of HMGB-1-Driven Inflammation Reactions
2.2. Inhibition of Histone Toxicity
2.3. Thrombo-Inflammatory Response Control
2.3.1. Protect the Structure Integrity of the Endothelial Cells
2.3.2. Disrupt the NET Formation
2.3.3. The Emerging New Mechanisms
2.4. The Mechanisms for Heparin Defenses against COVID-19
3. The Prophylaxis and Treatment of Sepsis with Heparin in Clinical Trials
3.1. Comparison between the Different Types of Heparins
3.2. Severe Acute Pancreatitis (SAP) Therapy
4. Discussions and Perspectives
Disease | Mechanism of the Effects | Clinical Progress | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sepsis/acute lung injury |
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| |
| The experiment design does not consider the proper time and patients for heparin therapy. | ||
COVID-19 |
|
| |
| Heparin might intervene with the inflammatory reaction in the early stage of sepsis that initiates the coagulation cascade. | ||
Acute kidney injury | Reduces H4 (histone) levels and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine in HK-2 cells (human renal tubular epithelial cells). | ||
Acute severe pancreatitis |
|
| |
Acute liver injury | By targeting the HMGB-1 /RAGE axis, the chemotaxis of neutrophils is inhibited, the anti-inflammatory effect on the damaged liver is enhanced and the efficacy is significantly improved. |
|
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Song, Y.; Wu, Y.; Ding, F.; Li, S.; Shen, Y.; Yang, B.; Tang, X.; Ren, L.; Deng, L.; Jin, X.; et al. The Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Acute and Severe Inflammatory Disorders with Heparin and Heparinoid. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091078
Song Y, Wu Y, Ding F, Li S, Shen Y, Yang B, Tang X, Ren L, Deng L, Jin X, et al. The Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Acute and Severe Inflammatory Disorders with Heparin and Heparinoid. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(9):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091078
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Ying, Yuxiang Wu, Fangfang Ding, Shuo Li, Yaojia Shen, Bingyan Yang, Xinran Tang, Lige Ren, Lirong Deng, Xuewen Jin, and et al. 2024. "The Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Acute and Severe Inflammatory Disorders with Heparin and Heparinoid" Biomolecules 14, no. 9: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091078