Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phytopathogenic Infection in Humans
2.1. Bacterial Phytopathogens
2.2. Fungal Phytopathogens
2.3. Viral Phytopathogens
Responsible Pathogen | Symptoms in Plant | Plant Vectors | Clinical Presentation | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virus | TMV | Yellowing, Stunting | Tobacco, Tomato | Pulmonary disease | [73] |
PMMoV | Chlorosis, Mottling | Pepper | Abdominal pain, fever | [65] | |
Bacteria | Burkholderia cepacia | Gladiolus corms | Onion | Septicemia | [74] |
Burkholderia cenocepacia | Maize | ||||
Burkholderia glumae | Tomato | ||||
Burkholderia gladiol | Rice | ||||
Erwinia billingiae, Erwinia persinicus | Fire blight | Rosaceae, Pear, Apple | Cervical lymphadenitis | [43] | |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens | Crown gall disease | Eudicots | Bacteremia, Fetal death | [38,75] | |
Pantoea agglomerans | Leaf spot blotches | Fruit bearing trees | Septicemia | [49] | |
Pantoea ananatis | |||||
Fungi | Cladosporium angustisporum Cladosporiumallicinum Cladosporium flabelliforme Cladosporium ladosporioides Cladosporium funiculosum Cladosporium herbarum Cladosporium halotolerans Cladosporium perangustum Cladosporium macrocarpum Cladosporium tenuissimum Cladosporium ramotenellum Cladosporium subuliforme Cladosporium subinflatum Cladosporium sphaerospermum | Blight, Leaf spot, Blossom | Echeveria, Dendrobium, Strawberry | Infection in the respiratory tract | [61,76] |
Fusarium graminearum Fusarium proliferatum | Root rot, Head blight | Tomato, Tobacco, Legumes, Cucurbits | Blood infection | [59] | |
Colletotrichum truncatum | Blight, Lesion, Necrosis | Cereals, Citrus, Strawberry, | Ophthalmic infection | [60,77] | |
Alternaria infectoria | Blight, Blossom | Guayule | Keratitis, Phaeohyphomycosis | [54,78] | |
Bipolaris australiensis Bipolaris hawaiiensis Bipolaris spicifera | Necrotic lesions, Chlorosis, Leaf spot, Leaf blight | Switchgrass, Sugarcane, Bermudagrass, Buffalograss, | Corneal ulcer, Infection at surgical sites | [56,57] |
2.4. Inoculation Requirements for Infectious Disease Transmission across Kingdoms
2.4.1. Overcoming the External Physical Barrier
2.4.2. Prevailing over the Host Immune System
2.4.3. Molecular Pathogenic Pathways Implicated in Cross-Kingdom Infections
2.4.4. Disruption of Specific Animal Immune Responses by Phytopathogens
3. Green Nanoparticles as Alternatives to Conventional Approaches to Disease Control
3.1. Introduction to Green Nanoparticles
Plant Used | Part of Plant Used | NPs | Microorganism Used | Antibiotic Combined | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curcuma longa | Tuber extract | AgNPs | Escherichia coli BL-21 | Not combined | [18,141] |
Dioscorea bulbifera | Tuber extract | AgNPs | Acinetobacter baumannii | Piperacillin, erythromycin | [135,142] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Chloramphenicol, vancomycin | ||||
E. coli | Streptomycin | ||||
Catharanthus roseus | Cell cultures from roots, callus and leaves | AgNPs | E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and, Klebsiella pneumoniae | Not combined | [138,139] |
Senna siamea, Crossopteryx febrifuga and Brillantaisia owariensis | Aqueous leaf extracts | AgNPs | Gram (+): S. aureus Gram (−): E. coli, P. aeruginosa | Not combined | [140] |
Fagonia indica | Callus cell cultures | AgNPs | E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, and Citrobacter amalonaticus | Ciprofloxacin | [143] |
Urtica dioica | Aqueous leaf extracts | AgNPs | Gram (−): E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae Gram (+): Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus | Ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, Amikacin, streptomycin, cefotaxime vancomycin, and cefepime | [79] |
Ocimum tenuiflorum | Leaf extract | NiNPs | Gram (+): Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis Fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus clavatus and Aspergillus niger Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis Gram (−): E. coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae | Not combined | [144] |
Piper guineense | Aqueous leaf extracts | AuNPs | S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes | Not combined | [145] |
Zea mays | Corn leaf waste extract | AgNPs | S. typhimurium, S. aureus, E. coli, B. cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes | Kanamycin, rifampicin | [146] |
Typha angustifolia | Leaf extract | AgNPs | E. coli and K. pneumoniae | Gentamicin, cefotaxime, meropenem | [147] |
Phyllanthus reticulatus, Erigeron bonariensis | Leaf extract | CuONPs | E. coli | Not combined | [148] |
3.2. Green Nanoparticles: Detailed Overview, Mechanism of Action and Phytopathogenic Targets
3.2.1. Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
3.2.2. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
3.2.3. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)
3.3. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.3.1. Influence of Different Physicochemical Characteristics on Nanoparticle Synthesis
3.3.2. pH and Precursor Concentration
3.3.3. Temperature
4. Antibiotic Resistance and Phytopathogens in Therapeutic Settings
5. Anti-Microbial Action of Nanoparticles
5.1. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
5.2. Interaction with Microbial Cell Membranes
5.3. Penetration and Disruption of Microbial Cell Membranes
5.4. Interference with Intracellular Components
5.5. Biofilm Inhibition
6. Safety and Biocompatibility of Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles
6.1. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
6.2. Inflammatory Responses
6.3. Effects on Human Microbiota
6.3.1. Gut Microbiome
6.3.2. Skin Microbiome
6.3.3. Oral Microbiome
6.4. Pharmacokinetics of Green Nanoparticles
6.5. Pharmacodynamics of Green Nanoparticles
7. Current Clinical Scenario for Green Nanoparticles
7.1. Silver Nanoparticles and Antibiotics
7.2. Gold Nanoparticles and Antibiotics
7.3. Copper Nanoparticles and Antibiotics
8. Challenges Associated with Clinical Translation and Their Prospective Solutions
9. Standardization, Regulation and Environmental Effects of Green Nanoparticles
9.1. Standardization
9.2. Environmental Effects
9.2.1. Soil Quality and Microbial Communities
9.2.2. Water Quality and Aquatic Life
9.2.3. Air Quality and Human Health
9.2.4. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
9.2.5. Ecotoxicological Effects
9.3. Sustainable Practices in Synthesis
9.3.1. Sustainable Synthesis Methods
9.3.2. Efficient Resource Utilization
9.3.3. Lifecycle Assessment (LCA)
9.3.4. Safe Disposal and Recycling
9.3.5. Regulatory Framework and Collaboration
9.3.6. Case Studies and Implementation
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mukherjee, S.; Verma, A.; Kong, L.; Rengan, A.K.; Cahill, D.M. Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091082
Mukherjee S, Verma A, Kong L, Rengan AK, Cahill DM. Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(9):1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091082
Chicago/Turabian StyleMukherjee, Sunny, Anamika Verma, Lingxue Kong, Aravind Kumar Rengan, and David Miles Cahill. 2024. "Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens" Biomolecules 14, no. 9: 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091082