Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes in Gene Expression and Metabolism in Young Fruit During and after Moisture Exposure
2.2. Changes in Gene Expression and Metabolism Caused by Moisture Exposure (Phases I and II) during Later Stages of Fruit Development
2.3. Histological and Metabolic Changes during and after Moisture Exposure
3. Discussion
- (1)
- Moisture exposure resulted in down-regulation of the genes involved in cutin and wax synthesis and deposition. The discontinuation of moisture exposure resulted in the up-regulation of genes involved in suberin synthesis.
- (2)
- The early fruit development stage was more responsive to moisture than later stages when effects of moisture exposure on cutin and wax deposition were much less and those on suberin deposition essentially absent.
3.1. Gene Expression
3.1.1. Cutin, Wax and Suberin Synthesis
3.1.2. Transport of Cutin Monomers, Wax Constituents and Suberin Monomers
3.1.3. Transcriptional Regulation of Cutin, Wax, and Suberin Synthesis
3.2. Metabolites
3.3. Russet Susceptibility is Highest during Early Fruit Development
3.4. Conclusion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Moisture Treatment
4.3. RNA Extraction
4.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
4.5. Isolation of Fruit Cuticular Membranes and Periderm Membranes and Bark Periderm Membrane
4.6. Cross-Sections of Skin Segments and Isolated Cuticular Membranes/Periderm Membranes and Microscopy
4.7. Quantification of Wax Constituents by GC/FID and GC/MS
4.8. Quantification of Apple Cutin and Suberin Monomers by GC/FID and GC/MS
4.9. Data Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name | Accession | AGI Locus Code | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cuticle-related | ||||
ABCG11 | MDP0000200335 | AT1G17840.1 | ABCG11, white-brown complex homolog protein 11, cuticular lipid transport to the extracellular matrix | [29] |
CER6 | MDP0000392495 | AT1G68530.1 | 3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase 6, involved in the synthesis of VLCFAs | [27] |
FDH, KCS10 | MDP0000235280 | AT2G26250.1 | FIDDLEHEAD,3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase 10, probably involved in synthesis of long-chain lipids | [25] |
GPAT6 | MDP0000479163 | AT2G38110.1 | Glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase 6, synthesis of cutin monomers | [24] |
SHN3 | MDP0000178263 | AT5G25390 | Positive transcriptional regulator of cuticle synthesis | [32] |
WSD1 | MDP0000701887 | AT5G37300.1 | Wax Ester Synthase/Acyl-Coenzyme A:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase, Wax ester synthesis and diacylglycerol acyltransfer | [26] |
Periderm-related | ||||
ABCG20 | MDP0000265619 | AT3G53510 | ATP-binding cassette G20, involved in transport of aliphatic suberin polymer precursors | [30] |
CYP86B1 | MDP0000306273 | AT5G23190.1 | Cytochrome P450, family 86, subfamily B, polypetide 1, synthesis of very long chain ω-hydroxyacid and α,ω-dicarboxylic acid in suberin polyester | [28] |
MYB42 | MDP0000787808 | AT4G12350.1 | MYB domain protein 42, involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and regulation of lignin synthesis | [35,36] |
MYB93 | MDP0000320772 | AT1G34670.1 | MYB domain protein 93, positive regulator of suberin synthesis | [21] |
NAC038 | MDP0000232008 | AT2G24430.1 | NAC domain containing protein 38 | uncharacterized |
NAC058 | MDP0000130785 | AT3G18400.1 | NAC domain containing protein 58 | uncharacterized |
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Straube, J.; Chen, Y.-H.; Khanal, B.P.; Shumbusho, A.; Zeisler-Diehl, V.; Suresh, K.; Schreiber, L.; Knoche, M.; Debener, T. Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence. Plants 2021, 10, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010065
Straube J, Chen Y-H, Khanal BP, Shumbusho A, Zeisler-Diehl V, Suresh K, Schreiber L, Knoche M, Debener T. Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence. Plants. 2021; 10(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010065
Chicago/Turabian StyleStraube, Jannis, Yun-Hao Chen, Bishnu P. Khanal, Alain Shumbusho, Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl, Kiran Suresh, Lukas Schreiber, Moritz Knoche, and Thomas Debener. 2021. "Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence" Plants 10, no. 1: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010065