Diversity and Genetic Structure of Dioon holmgrenii (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) in the Mexican Pacific Coast Biogeographic Province: Implications for Conservation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Genetic Diversity
2.2. Genetic Structure
3. Discussion
3.1. Genetic Diversity
3.2. Genetic Structure
3.3. Implications and Strategies for Conservation
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. DNA Sampling and Extraction
4.2. Microsatellite Analysis
4.3. Genetic Diversity
4.4. Genetic Structure
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Populations | NTA | NCA | NRA | NAE | PLP | NA | EA | He | Ho | F | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Río Leche | 37 | 32 | 5 | 3 | 100 | 6.17 | ab | 4.02 | ab | 0.72 | ab | 0.97 | ab | −0.352 | Ab |
La Lima | 24 | 21 | 3 | 0 | 100 | 4.00 | bc | 2.89 | bc | 0.63 | bc | 0.98 | a | −0.601 | A |
Ocotlán | 39 | 37 | 2 | 1 | 100 | 6.50 | a | 4.76 | a | 0.78 | a | 0.95 | ab | −0.231 | Bc |
Rancho Viejo | 20 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 83 | 3.33 | c | 2.41 | c | 0.48 | c | 0.66 | bc | −0.121 | Bc |
Rancho el Limón | 22 | 18 | 4 | 1 | 83 | 3.67 | c | 2.55 | bc | 0.49 | bc | 0.62 | c | −0.108 | C |
Cerro Antiguo | 26 | 22 | 4 | 4 | 83 | 4.33 | bc | 3.46 | bc | 0.60 | bc | 0.63 | c | −0.091 | C |
Cieneguilla | 23 | 20 | 3 | 0 | 67 | 3.83 | bc | 3.07 | bc | 0.51 | bc | 0.64 | bc | −0.209 | Bc |
Cerro Caballo | 25 | 32 | 7 | 0 | 100 | 4.17 | bc | 2.55 | bc | 0.56 | bc | 0.74 | abc | −0.299 | Bc |
San Bartolomé | 37 | 21 | 4 | 0 | 83 | 4.00 | bc | 2.72 | bc | 0.56 | bc | 0.69 | bc | −0.227 | Bc |
Locus | FIT | FIS | FST | Nm |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ed3 | −0.143 | −0.526 | 0.251 | 0.746 |
Cap5 | −0.095 | −0.433 | 0.236 | 0.812 |
Ed5 | 0.009 | −0.288 | 0.230 | 0.836 |
Ed6 | 0.296 | −0.453 | 0.515 | 0.235 |
1660 | −0.155 | −0.310 | 0.118 | 1.865 |
Zam29 | 0.515 | 0.290 | 0.317 | 0.539 |
Average | 0.071 | −0.287 | 0.278 | 0.839 |
Variation Source | Degrees of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | Probability | Variance Component | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between groups | 2 | 118.07 | 59.03 | 0.0700 | 0.53 | 8.21 |
Between populations | 6 | 194.72 | 32.45 | 0.0001 | 1.7 | 26.25 |
Within populations | 139 | 589.2 | 4.24 | 0.0001 | 4.24 | 65.54 |
Total | 147 | 901.99 | 6.14 | 6.47 | 100 |
Species | Markers | Genetic Diversity | Genetic Structure | Reference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NA | PLP | PA | Ho | He | F | FIT | FIS | FST | Nm | |||
Dioon angustifolium | Allozyme | -- | 52.4 | -- | 0.215 | 0.218 | -- | 0.165 | −0.007 | 0.167 | 1.55 | [36] |
D. angustifolium | SSR | 2.86 | -- | -- | 0.519 | 0.478 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | [44] |
C. caputoi | Allozyme | 45.5 | 76.9 | -- | 0.522 | 0.358 | -- | −0.354 | −0.452 | 0.060 | -- | [41] |
D. caputoi | Allozyme | 1.91 | 78.95 | -- | 0.490 | 0.450 | -- | −0.242 | −0.379 | 0.099 | -- | [39] |
D. edule | Allozyme | -- | 54.78 | -- | 0.273 | 0.239 | -- | −0.172 | −0.270 | 0.075 | 2.980 | [26] |
D. edule | Allozyme | 2.09 | 95.41 | -- | 0.323 | 0.386 | 0.274 | 0.336 | 0.173 | 0.194 | -- | [40] |
D. edule | SSR | -- | -- | -- | 0.304 | 0.264 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | [37] |
D. edule | SSR | 5.86 | -- | -- | 0.664 | 0.714 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | [44] |
D. holmgrenii | Allozyme | 1.71 | 63.16 | -- | 0.204 | 0.170 | -- | −0.116 | −0.201 | 0.069 | -- | [38] |
D. homgrenii | SSR | 3.57 | -- | -- | 0.677 | 0.605 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | [44] |
D. merolae | Allozyme | 29.5 | 92.3 | -- | 0.713 | 0.446 | -- | −0.482 | −0.592 | 0.070 | -- | [41] |
D. spinulosum | SSR | 3.57 | -- | -- | 0.452 | 0.514 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | [44] |
D. sonorense | Allozyme | 2.00 | 81.58 | -- | 0.330 | 0.314 | -- | 0.130 | −0.025 | 0.151 | -- | [38] |
D. sonorense | ISRR | -- | 41.46 | -- | 0.078 | 0.082 | 0.027 | -- | -- | 0.045 | -- | [52] |
D. tomasellii | Allozyme | 1.96 | 83.15 | -- | 0.309 | 0.295 | -- | 0.116 | −0.035 | 0.145 | -- | [38] |
Zamia amblyphyllidia | SSR | 5.37 | -- | 4.00 | 0.466 | 0.482 | 0.039 | -- | -- | 0.160 | 0.720 | [56] |
Z. erosa | SSR | 5.55 | 100.00 | 24.00 | 0.545 | 0.549 | 0.008 | -- | -- | -- | 0.095 | [55] |
Z. incognita | SSR | -- | -- | -- | 0.402 | 0.401 | -- | -- | -- | 0.155 | -- | [60] |
Z. inermis | SSR | 5.95 | 70.84 | -- | 0.212 | 0.402 | 0.473 | -- | -- | 0.734 | 0.091 | [58] |
Z. integrifolia | SSR | 5.20 | -- | 0.572 | 0.603 | 0.041 | -- | -- | -- | -- | [53] | |
Z. lacayana | SSR | 4.70 | -- | 12.33 | 0.484 | 0.490 | 0.061 | -- | -- | 0.066 | 3.596 | [57] |
Z. melanorrhachis | SSR | -- | -- | -- | 0.264 | 0.284 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | [60] |
Z. pumila Complex | SSR | 8.27 | 97.33 | -- | 0.489 | 0.520 | 0.071 | -- | -- | 0.137 | 1.780 | [59] |
Z. pumila L. Complex | SSR | 4.00 | 75.60 | 6.90 | 0.398 | 0.385 | 0.040 | -- | -- | 0.175 | -- | [61] |
Z. pumila Complex | SSR | 5.11 | 100.00 | 11.80 | 0.625 | 0.436 | 0.307 | -- | -- | -- | -- | [54] |
Z. pumila | SSR | 5.55 | 100.00 | 20.33 | 0.549 | 0.565 | 0.019 | -- | -- | -- | 2.400 | [55] |
Z. pumila | SSR | 6.00 | -- | 0.00 | 0.454 | 0.477 | 0.015 | -- | -- | -- | -- | [56] |
Z. portorensis | SSR | 6.30 | 100.00 | 18.33 | 0.517 | 0.521 | −0.004 | -- | -- | -- | 2.633 | [55] |
Z. portoricensis | SSR | 5.67 | -- | 1.67 | 0.450 | 0.446 | 0.007 | -- | -- | 0.038 | 2.650 | [56] |
Populations | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation Range | Area (ha) | Deforested Area (%) | Soil Type [68,69] | Climate [70] | MAT (°C) [71] | MAR (mm) [72] | Vegetation Type [73] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Río Leche | 16°35.252′ to 16°35.635′ | −97°51.052′ to −97°51.583 | 940 to 1050 | 30.47 | 8.53 | Dystric luvisol | Aw2 | 22 to 24 | 2000 to 2500 | Pine-oak forest |
La Lima | 16°35.710′ to 16°37.076′ | −97°40.072′ to −97°49.263 | 810 to 960 | 234.50 | 55.96 | Chromic luvisol | Aw2 | 22 to 24 | 2000 to 2500 | Pine-oak forest and tropical deciduous forest |
Ocotlán | 16°21.172′ to 16°25.415′ | −97°37.967′ to −97°42.458 | 750 to 1310 | 1885.00 | 13.93 | Chromic acrisol, eutric cambisol | Aw2 | 22 to 24 | 2000 to 2500 | Oak forest and pine forest |
Rancho Viejo | 16°20.309′ to 16°15.355′ | −97°19.962′ to −97°20.572 | 940 to 1400 | 35.20 | 38.64 | Chromic luvisol | (A)C(w2), Aw2 | 20 to 22 | 2000 to 2500 | Oak forest and pine-oak forest |
Rancho El Limón | 16°1.715′ to 16°1.873′ | −97°3.936′ to −97°4.105′ | 590 to 650 | 5.00 | 56.60 | Eutric regosol | Awo | 24 to 26 | 2000 to 2500 | Oak forest and tropical semi-deciduous forest |
Cerro Antiguo | 16°0.996′ to 16°1.628′ | −96°56.506′ to −96°57.044′ | 790 to 980 | 48.20 | 19.33 | Eutric regosol | Aw1 | 22 to 26 | 2000 to 2500 | Oak forest |
Cieneguilla | 15°59.713′ to 16°2.468′ | −96°52.206′ to −96°55.314′ | 650 to 1030 | 849.51 | 28.66 | Eutric regosol | Aw1 | 24 to 26 | 1500 to 2500 | Oak forest and pine-oak forest |
Cerro Caballo | 15°58.055′ to 16°58.801′ | −96°53.940′ to −96°58.402′ | 560 to 1020 | 139.95 | 1.99 | Eutric regosol | Aw1, Awo | 24 to 26 | 1500 to 2000 | Oak forest and pine-oak forest |
San Bartolomé | 15°53.637′ to 16°56.240′ | −96°45.996′ to −96°49.235′ | 510 to 1010 | 969.50 | 8.73 | Eutric regosol | Awo | 22 to 26 | 1200 to 1500 | Oak forest, tropical deciduous forest and pine-oak forest |
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Velasco-García, M.V.; Ramírez-Herrera, C.; López-Upton, J.; Valdez-Hernández, J.I.; López-Sánchez, H.; López-Mata, L. Diversity and Genetic Structure of Dioon holmgrenii (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) in the Mexican Pacific Coast Biogeographic Province: Implications for Conservation. Plants 2021, 10, 2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112250
Velasco-García MV, Ramírez-Herrera C, López-Upton J, Valdez-Hernández JI, López-Sánchez H, López-Mata L. Diversity and Genetic Structure of Dioon holmgrenii (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) in the Mexican Pacific Coast Biogeographic Province: Implications for Conservation. Plants. 2021; 10(11):2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112250
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelasco-García, Mario Valerio, Carlos Ramírez-Herrera, Javier López-Upton, Juan Ignacio Valdez-Hernández, Higinio López-Sánchez, and Lauro López-Mata. 2021. "Diversity and Genetic Structure of Dioon holmgrenii (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) in the Mexican Pacific Coast Biogeographic Province: Implications for Conservation" Plants 10, no. 11: 2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112250