Use Patterns, Knowledge Diversity and Drivers for the Cultivation of the Miracle Plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] in Benin and Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
2.2. Synsepalum dulcificum Nomenclature, Ownership Pattern and Bioecology
2.3. Use Patterns and Knowledge Acquisition in Synsepalum dulcificum
2.4. Perception of Threats, Taboos and Superstitions on Synsepalum dulcificum
2.5. Determinants of Willingness and Readiness to Cultivate Synsepalum dulcificum
3. Discussion
3.1. Synsepalum dulcificum Nomenclature, Ownership Pattern and Bioecology
3.2. Use Patterns and Knowledge Acquisition in Synsepalum dulcificum
3.3. Perception of Threats, Taboos and Superstitions on Synsepalum dulcificum
3.4. Determinants of Willingness and Readiness to Cultivate Synsepalum dulcificum
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Respondents’ Sampling
4.3. Data Collection
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ghana | Benin | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Modalities | Akan (n = 53) | Ewe (n = 53) | Ga-adangbe (n = 51) | Adja (n = 54) | Aizo (n = 56) | Fon (n = 87) | Holli (n = 55) | Sahouè (n = 50) | Wémé (n = 51) | Total (N = 510) |
Gender | Men | 84.91 | 84.91 | 86.27 | 92.59 | 92.86 | 88.51 | 98.18 | 88.00 | 94.12 | 90.00 |
Women | 15.09 | 15.09 | 13.73 | 7.41 | 7.14 | 11.49 | 1.82 | 12.00 | 5.80 | 10.00 | |
Age category | Young: <30 years | 5.66 | 3.78 | 0.00 | 7.41 | 1.79 | 6.90 | 56.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.00 |
Adult: 30–59 years | 54.72 | 52.83 | 56.86 | 61.11 | 48.21 | 60.92 | 38.18 | 50.00 | 58.82 | 54.00 | |
Old:≥60 years | 39.62 | 43.39 | 43.14 | 31.48 | 50.00 | 32.18 | 5.46 | 50.00 | 41.18 | 37.00 | |
Level of schooling | No-schooling | 5.66 | 3.77 | 21.57 | 51.85 | 51.79 | 47.13 | 76.36 | 50.00 | 31.37 | 38.00 |
Literate | 3.77 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 7.41 | 0.00 | 2.30 | 7.27 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 03.00 | |
Primary | 13.21 | 16.98 | 27.45 | 16.67 | 25.00 | 28.73 | 14.55 | 24.00 | 37.25 | 22.00 | |
Secondary | 67.93 | 69.81 | 47.06 | 24.07 | 23.21 | 17.24 | 1.82 | 20.00 | 23.54 | 33.00 | |
>Bac * | 9.43 | 9.44 | 1.96 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.60 | 0.00 | 6.00 | 5.88 | 04.00 | |
Main activity | Farming | 84.91 | 94.34 | 98.04 | 85.19 | 71.43 | 54.02 | 87.27 | 90.00 | 72.55 | 82.00 |
Handcraft | 9.43 | 3.77 | 1.96 | 7.41 | 10.71 | 25.29 | 1.82 | 2.00 | 9.80 | 08.00 | |
Teaching | 1.89 | 1.89 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.57 | 6.90 | 0.00 | 6.00 | 1.97 | 03.00 | |
Trading | 3.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.70 | 3.57 | 9.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.84 | 03.00 | |
Traditional healing | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.70 | 10.72 | 4.59 | 10.91 | 2.00 | 7.84 | 04.00 | |
Religion | Christian | 98.11 | 98.11 | 100.00 | 38.89 | 55.36 | 44.83 | 7.27 | 34.00 | 62.75 | 60.0 |
Indigenous | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 61.11 | 44.64 | 55.17 | 92.73 | 66.00 | 27.45 | 39.00 | |
Muslim | 1.89 | 1.89 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 9.80 | 01.00 | |
Migratory status | Autochthon | 83.02 | 92.45 | 94.12 | 92.59 | 96.43 | 87.36 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 92.16 | 93.00 |
Allochthon | 16.98 | 7.55 | 5.88 | 7.41 | 3.57 | 12.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.84 | 07.00 |
Country | Sociolinguistic Groups | Local Names | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
Ghana | Akan | Etimea, Asaaba, Aswan | Something sweet |
Ewe | Elẽ, Eliku, Elindidi | Something naturally sweet | |
Ga-adangbe | Atanmanmi | Something sweet | |
Benin | Adja | Sinssi | -Something sweet |
Something simultaneously sweet and bitter | |||
Hard and long-living element | |||
Aizo | Sièsiè, Sisrè | Something sweet | |
Fon | Sislè, Sisrè | A naturally sweet fruit | |
Something whose fruits are sweet but the leaves and root are bitter | |||
The co-spouses | |||
No other taste than sweet in contact with the tongue | |||
Holli | Agbanyun | Honey’s calabash | |
Sahouè | Sisrè | Something sweet | |
Wémé | Sièsiè | Something sweet every time |
Category | Sub-Category/Body Systems | Use | Number of Use Report | Plant Parts Involved | IAR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food | Sweetener | Sweetener | 497 | Fruits | 1.00 |
Sales | Commercialization | Commercialization | 112 | Fruits, leaves, roots, seeds and twigs | 0.96 |
Social | Handcraft | Chewing stick | 117 | Twigs | 1.00 |
Tool | Hoe handle | 1 | Twigs | NA | |
Harmony | Conflict resolution, against alcoholism, miraculin activity disruption, accelerating the walk of the new-born, Improving voice | 10 | Fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, and twigs | 0.55 | |
Magico-spiritual | Lucky charm | Lucky charm | 95 | Flowers, fruits, leaves, roots and twigs | 0.95 |
Woe induction | Woe induction | 21 | Seeds, leaves, fruits and twigs | 0.85 | |
Bewitchment | Bewitchment | 15 | Leaves, roots, seeds and twigs | 0.78 | |
Protection | Protection | 13 | Leaves, roots and twigs | 0.83 | |
Love attraction | Attract love | 12 | Fruits, leaves and twigs | 0.81 | |
Wealth attraction | Wealth attraction | 8 | Fruits, leaves, roots and twigs | 0.57 | |
Ritualistic | Ritualistic | 12 | Fruits, leaves and roots | 0.81 | |
Medicinal | Blood | Anaemia | 3 | Leaves | 1.00 |
Circulatory | Haemorrhoid, heart pain and hypertension | 22 | Bark, leaves, roots, and seeds | 0.86 | |
Digestive | Absence of taste perception, angina, caries, jaundice, diarrhoea, hepatitis, purgative, sore throat, stomach-ache, tooth decay, tooth pain, ulcer, and vomiting | 90 | Bark, fruits, leaves, roots, seeds and twigs | 0.94 | |
Endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional | Loss of appetite for food, diabetes, and overweight | 18 | Fruits, leaves, roots and seeds | 0.82 | |
Eye | Eye pain | 2 | Fruits and leaves | 0.00 | |
Female genital system | Cyst, menstrual pain, and menstrual irregularity | 9 | Leaves and roots | 0.875 | |
General health and unspecified | Excessive fatigue, cancer, fainting, fever, malaria, measle | 68 | Bark, fruits, leaves, roots and seeds | 0.94 | |
Male genital system | Male impotency and manhood stimulation | 35 | Bark, fruits, leaves, roots, seeds and twigs | 0.85 | |
Musculoskeletal | Back pain, Chest pain and hip-ache | 6 | Leaves and roots | 0.80 | |
Neurological | Headache and lack of reactivity to stimuli | 6 | Fruits and leaves | 0.80 | |
Pregnancy and childbearing | Delivery, lactation stimulation, weaning and miscarriage | 20 | Bark, fruits, leaves and roots | 0.84 | |
Psychological | Lack of sexual appetite of women and Memory-aid | 20 | Bark, flowers, fruits, leaves and roots | 0.78 | |
Respiratory | Cough, respiratory troubles | 10 | Bark, fruits, leaves and roots | 0.66 | |
Skin | Wound healing and boil | 6 | Bark, leaves and roots | 0.60 | |
Urinary | Presence of blood in urine, Enuresis and Kidney ailment | 26 | Leaves and roots | 0.96 | |
Firewood | Firewood | Firewood | 1 | Branches/twigs | NA* |
Medicinal/Magico-Spiritual Application | Description |
---|---|
Lucky charm for traders and candidates to exams (Benin) | Chewing of the fresh leaves of S. dulcificum together with a fruit of Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. as needed in the morning |
Grinding the miracle plant leaves and use the powder as an ingredient to prepare a soap that will be used every day | |
The preparation obtained by grinding together the dry miracle plant roots, leaves and fruits + dry leaves of Arbrus precatorius L.+ Garcinia kola (Heckel) is shaped in small balls that are kept under the tongue | |
Prepare an infusion of the mixture of the leaves of the miracle plant and seeds of Afromomum melegueta [Roscoe] K. Schum to which some sugar or honey is added. The infusion is drunk when needed | |
Haemorrhoid (Benin + Ghana) | Infusion of the root of the miracle plant + other non-disclosed plants + kaolin to be taken when needed |
The decoction of the miracle plant’s leaves together with the bark associated with other non-disclosed plants is taken 3 times per day for a week. | |
Cough (Benin) | The decoction of the miracle plant bark mixed with the leaves of Casuarina equisitifolia L. is drunk daily until the disease stopped |
Enuresis (Benin) | Add residues of a hen’s nest to the miracle plant leaves and make a decoction of it that will be drunk as long as needed |
Headache (Benin + Ghana) | Dry and grind altogether the leaves of the miracle plant with the seeds of Afromomum melegueta [Roscoe] K. Schum. The powder obtained is then topically applied to the skin scars made on the forehead of the sick person. |
Ulcer (Benin) | Decoction of the leaves of the miracle plant + leaves of Heterotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Jacq-Fél. to be taken when the pain is felt |
Stomach-ache (Benin + Ghana) | Pour ground dry seeds of miracle fruit in warm water and drink it. Drink the alcohol-based decoction of the mixture of the miracle fruit, leaves and roots. |
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Share and Cite
Tchokponhoué, D.A.; N’Danikou, S.; Fassinou Hotegni, N.V.; Nyadanu, D.; Kahane, R.; Odindo, A.O.; Achigan-Dako, E.G.; Sibiya, J. Use Patterns, Knowledge Diversity and Drivers for the Cultivation of the Miracle Plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] in Benin and Ghana. Plants 2021, 10, 2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112253
Tchokponhoué DA, N’Danikou S, Fassinou Hotegni NV, Nyadanu D, Kahane R, Odindo AO, Achigan-Dako EG, Sibiya J. Use Patterns, Knowledge Diversity and Drivers for the Cultivation of the Miracle Plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] in Benin and Ghana. Plants. 2021; 10(11):2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112253
Chicago/Turabian StyleTchokponhoué, Dèdéou Apocalypse, Sognigbé N’Danikou, Nicodème Vodjo Fassinou Hotegni, Daniel Nyadanu, Rémi Kahane, Alfred Oduor Odindo, Enoch Gbènato Achigan-Dako, and Julia Sibiya. 2021. "Use Patterns, Knowledge Diversity and Drivers for the Cultivation of the Miracle Plant [Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach & Thonn.) Daniell] in Benin and Ghana" Plants 10, no. 11: 2253. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112253