Agronomic Strategies to Improve N Efficiency Indices in Organic Durum Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Growing Season × Variety Effects
2.2. Growing Season × Fertilization Strategy Effects
2.3. Selenium Effects
3. Discussion
3.1. Growing Season × Variety Effects
3.2. Growing Season × Fertilization Strategy Effects
3.3. Selenium Effects
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Field Trials
4.2. Yield, Protein Concentration, N-Related Traits, and N Efficiency Indices
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DF | Pre-Anthesis N Uptake | Post-Anthesis N Uptake | N Translocation | N Grain Content | NUtE | NHI | Grain Yield | Grain Protein Concentration | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growing season (GS) | 1 | 419.7 *** | 232.6 ** | 224.7 *** | 527.4 *** | 0.7 ns | 266.1 *** | 569.7 *** | 20436.5 *** |
Variety (V) | 3 | 237.4 *** | 46.2 ** | 111.8 *** | 119.5 *** | 243.0 *** | 158.0 *** | 349.9 *** | 2295.3 *** |
Fertilization strategies (Fs) | 3 | 53.5 *** | 273.9 *** | 31.2 *** | 4.3 ** | 1.1 ns | 10.6 *** | 7.4 *** | 112.1 *** |
Selenium application (Se) | 1 | 108.7 *** | 765.3 *** | 71.2 *** | 6.6 * | 91.4 *** | 62.1 *** | 161.8 *** | 30.2 *** |
GS × V | 3 | 79.9 *** | 848.1 *** | 100.6 *** | 60.5 *** | 43.9 *** | 24.6 *** | 18.0 *** | 1390.2 *** |
GS × Fs | 3 | 160.4 *** | 393.3 *** | 91.8 *** | 72.7 *** | 58.3 *** | 1.19 ns | 11.8 *** | 32.4 *** |
V × Fs | 9 | 93.0 *** | 357.1 *** | 47.5 *** | 87.9 *** | 21.7 *** | 10.4 *** | 13.8 *** | 103.5 *** |
GS × Se | 1 | 63.6 *** | 20.0 ns | 29.3 *** | 12.4 *** | 12.7 *** | 10.0 ** | 241.8 *** | 17.4 *** |
V × Se | 3 | 18.8 *** | 51.7 ** | 17.5 *** | 28.7 *** | 26.6 *** | 66.0 *** | 8.4 ** | 6.0 *** |
FT × Se | 3 | 24.2 *** | 128.1 *** | 25.5 *** | 19.6 *** | 9.4 *** | 19.7 *** | 15.9 *** | 13.8 *** |
GS × V × Fs | 9 | 104.6 *** | 105.0 *** | 79.0 *** | 51.7 *** | 15.8 *** | 17.2 *** | 4.6 *** | 20.9 *** |
GS × V × Se | 3 | 59.8 *** | 475.4 *** | 54.8 *** | 29.6 *** | 21.6 *** | 54.8 *** | 3.4 * | 6.2 *** |
GS × Fs × Se | 3 | 22.4 *** | 559.9 *** | 36.0 *** | 46.2 *** | 5.4 ** | 65.4 *** | 3.1 * | 1.1 ns |
V × Fs × Se | 9 | 25.7 *** | 142.2 *** | 33.8 *** | 16.6 *** | 11.0 *** | 30.7 *** | 2.9 ** | 13.9 *** |
GS × V × Fs × Se | 9 | 2.5 * | 4.2 *** | 54.7 *** | 231.5 *** | 40.5 *** | 32.6 *** | 20.5 *** | 49.0 *** |
Experimental Factor | GS1 | GS2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTR | CTR + N | CTR + S | CTR + NS | CTR | CTR + N | CTR + S | CTR + NS | |
Pre-anthesis N uptake | 85.7 ± 4.2 ab | 78.8 ± 6.6 cd | 88.8 ± 3.5 a | 76.8 ± 4.0 cd | 76.3 ± 5.5 d | 66.8 ± 2.8 e | 3.6 ±3.4 f | 80.8 ± 2.0 bc |
Post-anthesis N uptake | 15.71 ± 2.15 e | 17.7 ± 2.33 b–e | 22.70 ± 4.05 abc | 21.27 ± 3.39 a–d | 12.75 ± 1.33 e | 24.16 ± 4.97 a | 16.75 ± 1.75 cde | 6.44 ± 0.69 f |
N translocation | 41.0 ± 0.7 a | 38.9 ± 4.0 a | 42.2 ± 4.1 a | 35.2 ± 3.5 bc | 32.2 ± 3.3 c | 24.4 ± 2.8 d | 19.1 ± 2.1 e | 37.3 ± 1.6 ab |
NUtE | 30.5 ± 1.5 bcd | 33.4 ± 1.9 abc | 27.3 ± 0.7 efg | 29.9 ± 0.9 b–f | 29.5 ± 2.6 c-f | 25.7 ± 1.7 fg | 33.5 ± 1.8 ab | 30.5 ± 1.9 b–e |
NHI | 0.561 ± 0.016 bc | 0.591 ± 0.009 a | 0.568 ± 0.019 b | 0.573 ± 0.014 ab | 0.507 ± 0.015 de | 0.526 ± 0.017 cd | 0.512 ± 0.011 de | 0.504 ± 0.018 e |
N grain content | 56.7 ± 2.5 b | 56.6 ± 3.6 b | 64.9 ± 4.7 a | 56.3 ± 2.2 b | 44.9 ± 2.8 d | 48.6 ± 3.7 c | 35.9 ± 2.1 e | 43.8 ± 1.9 d |
Grain yield | 3.04 ± 0.14 a | 2.96 ± 0.10 a | 3.01 ± 0.12 a | 2.92 ± 0.11 a | 2.38 ± 0.10 c | 2.20 ± 0.10 d | 2.29 ± 0.13 cd | 2.56 ± 0.12 b |
Grain protein concentration | 13.00 ± 0.10 a | 13.06 ± 0.11 a | 12.68 ± 0.07 b | 13.00 ± 0.09 a | 10.81 ± 0.19 c | 10.72 ± 0.16 d | 10.62 ± 0.11 e | 10.70 ± 0.15 d |
Experimental Factor | Se0 | Se60 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cappelli | Old Saragolla | Marco Aurelio | Nadif | Cappelli | Old Saragolla | Marco Aurelio | Nadif | |
Pre-anthesis N uptake | 89.6 ± 5.85 a | 68.1 ± 3.57 d | 79.8 ± 3.38 b | 79.8 ± 4.56 b | 88.3 ± 6.19 a | 62.7 ± 3.29 e | 74.1 ± 3.36 c | 65.3 ± 3.86 de |
Post-anthesis N uptake | 12.0 ± 1.54 e | 12.8 ± 1.85 de | 14.4 ± 2.00 cde | 17.3 ± 2.16 bcd | 20.2 ± 5.19 ab | 18.6 ± 2.05 ab | 23.1 ± 3.61 a | 19.0 ± 3.87 abc |
N translocation | 37.0 ± 3.46 ab | 28.4 ± 2.7 c | 39.1 ± 2.7 a | 40.0 ± 4.3 a | 38.7 ± 4.7 ab | 22.3 ± 2.0 d | 29.9 ± 2.3 c | 35.1 ± 3.6 b |
NUtE | 21.2 ± 0.94 e | 30.9 ± 1.73 c | 34.3 ± 1.29 b | 26.6 ± 1.00 d | 23.1 ± 1.47 e | 30.7 ± 0.96 c | 38.2 ± 1.58 a | 35.4 ± 1.53 b |
NHI | 0.477 ± 0.01 e | 0.507 ± 0.01 d | 0.566 ± 0.01 b | 0.579 ± 0.02 b | 0.540 ± 0.02 c | 0.505 ± 0.01 d | 0.537 ± 0.02 c | 0.632 ± 0.01 a |
N grain content | 48.9 ± 3.66 d | 41.3 ± 2.19 e | 53.5 ± 2.75 bc | 57.3 ± 4.03 ab | 58.9 ± 3.88 a | 40.9 ± 1.66 e | 53.0 ± 3.87 cd | 53.8 ± 3.65 bc |
Grain yield | 2.04 ± 0.056 e | 2.37 ± 0.05 d | 3.13 ± 0.07 b | 2.53 ± 0.08 d | 2.38 ± 0.14 d | 2.47 ± 0.10 d | 3.54 ± 0.11 a | 2.89 ± 0.13 c |
Grain protein concentration | 12.47 ± 0.16 a | 12.05 ± 0.25 b | 11.52 ± 0.36 c | 11.38 ± 0.20 d | 12.47 ± 0.17 a | 12.01 ± 0.25 b | 11.39 ± 0.33 d | 11.30 ± 0.18 e |
Organic Fertilizer | Sowing | Flag Leaf Sheath Opening | Beginning of Heading |
---|---|---|---|
Dry Blood Meal (N14.5%; C44%; C/N3.03) | Bio Sulphur (S = 50%) | Liquid Blood Meal (N = 4%) | |
CTR | 50 kg ha−1 | - | - |
CTR + N | 50 kg ha−1 | - | 20 kg ha−1 |
CTR + S | 50 kg ha−1 | 45 kg ha−1 | - |
CTR + NS | 50 kg ha−1 | 45 kg ha−1 | 20 kg ha−1 |
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Carucci, F.; Gatta, G.; Gagliardi, A.; De Vita, P.; Bregaglio, S.; Giuliani, M.M. Agronomic Strategies to Improve N Efficiency Indices in Organic Durum Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Area. Plants 2021, 10, 2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112444
Carucci F, Gatta G, Gagliardi A, De Vita P, Bregaglio S, Giuliani MM. Agronomic Strategies to Improve N Efficiency Indices in Organic Durum Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Area. Plants. 2021; 10(11):2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112444
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarucci, Federica, Giuseppe Gatta, Anna Gagliardi, Pasquale De Vita, Simone Bregaglio, and Marcella Michela Giuliani. 2021. "Agronomic Strategies to Improve N Efficiency Indices in Organic Durum Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Area" Plants 10, no. 11: 2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112444