Plant Available Zinc Is Influenced by Landscape Position in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Soil Sample Collection, Preparation and Standard Analysis
2.3. Adsorption and Desorption Isotherms
2.4. Zn Analysis in the Soil Solutions
2.5. Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Models
2.6. Statistics and Modelling
3. Results
3.1. General Soil Physico-Chemical Properties
3.2. Effect of Stock Solution on Equilibrium, Adsorbed and Desorbed Zn
3.3. Comparing the Adsorption-Desorption Results with the Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms
3.4. Empirical Models with Soil Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Amount of Adsorbed and Desorbed Zn with Landscape Positions
4.2. Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms
4.3. Soil Factors Driving These Processes
4.4. Implications for Zn in the Soil and Potential Availability for Crop Uptake
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location_Crop * | Landscape Position | pH | Total N (%) | SOC (%) | Olsen P (mg kg−1) | Total Concentrations (mg kg−1) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Mo | P | S | Zn | ||||||
Aba Gerima_T | Upslope | 6.0 | 0.11 | 1.34 | 4.2 | 4470 | 106 | 122,623 | 1514 | 9469 | 1815 | 0.03 | 289 | 140 | 94 |
Midslope | 5.8 | 0.08 | 0.94 | 3.2 | 3603 | 140 | 125,029 | 1509 | 6358 | 2140 | 0.02 | 156 | 88 | 114 | |
Footslope | 4.9 | 0.13 | 1.41 | 5.4 | 1185 | 78 | 120,950 | 2131 | 3081 | 1675 | 0.08 | 504 | 180 | 96 | |
Aba Gerima_M | Upslope | 5.2 | 0.14 | 1.53 | 4.8 | 1769 | 74 | 116,409 | 2220 | 3276 | 1513 | 0.10 | 605 | 213 | 98 |
Midslope | 5.6 | 0.12 | 1.38 | 3.6 | 3952 | 64 | 115,441 | 1446 | 7905 | 1600 | 0.03 | 402 | 171 | 97 | |
Footslope | 5.5 | 0.11 | 1.31 | 4.9 | 3564 | 69 | 117,034 | 1307 | 7327 | 1808 | 0.03 | 395 | 144 | 103 | |
Debre Mewi_MTW | Upslope | 5.1 | 0.17 | 1.90 | 5.0 | 2178 | 97 | 112,587 | 3012 | 3158 | 2328 | 0.20 | 552 | 239 | 101 |
Midslope | 5.6 | 0.12 | 1.37 | 3.2 | 3607 | 64 | 106,311 | 2708 | 4331 | 1918 | 0.09 | 355 | 148 | 91 | |
Footslope | 6.2 | 0.12 | 1.51 | 3.3 | 6190 | 60 | 106,482 | 3084 | 5334 | 1991 | 0.08 | 233 | 133 | 99 | |
Markuma_MW | Upslope | 4.8 | 0.18 | 2.44 | 3.9 | 805 | 65 | 102,562 | 2770 | 2281 | 1890 | 0.48 | 532 | 254 | 55 |
Midslope | 4.9 | 0.17 | 2.27 | 2.5 | 909 | 66 | 103,972 | 2967 | 2287 | 1800 | 0.33 | 499 | 253 | 54 | |
Footslope | 4.9 | 0.15 | 2.09 | 2.0 | 764 | 70 | 105,920 | 2905 | 2318 | 1761 | 0.27 | 460 | 231 | 59 | |
LSD | 0.37 | 0.04 | 0.47 | 1.6 | 1378 | 36 | 9987 | 597 | 1842 | 418 | 0.11 | 162 | 61 | 14 | |
DF | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 |
Location_Crop * | Landscape Position | AmmOx (mg kg−1) | Exchangeable Cations (cMolc kg−1) | eCEC (cMolc kg−1) | Base Saturation | Soil Texture (%) | Texture Class, USDA | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | Fe | Mn | P | Ca | K | Mg | Na | % | Sand | Silt | Clay | ||||
Aba Gerima_T | Upslope | 6882 | 14,172 | 1218 | 232 | 16.7 | 0.3 | 10.0 | 0.10 | 29.8 | 91 | 34 | 28 | 38 | CL |
Midslope | 4358 | 11,411 | 1514 | 138 | 15.2 | 0.1 | 9.1 | 0.10 | 27.8 | 89 | 36 | 28 | 36 | CL | |
Footslope | 5031 | 12,348 | 1127 | 168 | 6.3 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 0.04 | 12.4 | 76 | 25 | 25 | 50 | C | |
Aba Gerima_M | Upslope | 4636 | 13,103 | 1036 | 180 | 8.6 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.05 | 13.6 | 89 | 25 | 28 | 47 | C |
Midslope | 5473 | 12,957 | 1085 | 170 | 15.4 | 0.3 | 10.2 | 0.06 | 28.3 | 91 | 29 | 28 | 43 | C | |
Footslope | 5139 | 14,245 | 1288 | 176 | 13.8 | 0.1 | 9.0 | 0.07 | 25.9 | 89 | 31 | 32 | 37 | CL | |
Debre Mewi_MTW | Upslope | 3940 | 10,347 | 1894 | 153 | 9.9 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 0.05 | 17.0 | 86 | 23 | 27 | 50 | C |
Midslope | 3706 | 9012 | 1537 | 94 | 16.2 | 0.3 | 6.7 | 0.07 | 25.8 | 90 | 21 | 22 | 57 | C | |
Footslope | 3351 | 9759 | 1657 | 82 | 25.7 | 0.4 | 7.8 | 0.06 | 37.3 | 91 | 13 | 17 | 70 | C | |
Markuma_MW | Upslope | 4767 | 12,527 | 1396 | 162 | 7.7 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 0.03 | 12.7 | 84 | 29 | 32 | 39 | CL |
Midslope | 4057 | 10,492 | 1284 | 136 | 7.9 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 0.02 | 13.0 | 85 | 28 | 30 | 42 | C | |
Footslope | 4422 | 10,602 | 1242 | 142 | 7.2 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 0.02 | 12.5 | 82 | 27 | 29 | 44 | C | |
LSD | 784 | 2781 | 392 | 83 | 5 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 0.02 | 7.5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 8 | ||
DF | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 |
Landscape Position | Co (mg L−1) | Aba Gerima_Tef | Aba Gerima_Maize | Debre Mewi_Maize, Tef, Wheat | Markuma_Maize, Wheat | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RL_Ad | RL_De | RL_Ad | RL_De | RL_Ad | RL_De | RL_Ad | RL_De | ||
Upslope | 2 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.89 |
5 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.67 | 0.77 | |
10 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.51 | 0.62 | |
15 | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.52 | |
30 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.35 | |
Midslope | 2 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.89 |
5 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.77 | |
10 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.62 | |
15 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.38 | 0.52 | |
30 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.35 | |
Footslope | 2 | 0.73 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.83 | 0.90 |
5 | 0.52 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.77 | |
10 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.49 | 0.63 | |
15 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.39 | 0.53 | |
30 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.24 | 0.36 | |
LSD | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | |
DF | 72 | 72 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 72 | 72 |
Location_Crop * | Landscape Position | Langmuir Isotherm Coefficients | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsorption | Desorption | ||||||
b | K | r2 | b | K | r2 | ||
Aba Gerima_T | Upslope | −646 | −0.04 | 0.16 | 152 | 0.09 | 0.75 |
Midslope | −890 | −0.02 | 0.17 | 365 | 0.07 | 0.72 | |
Footslope | −452 | −0.03 | 0.41 | 753 | 0.02 | 0.55 | |
Aba Gerima_M | Upslope | 3020 | −0.02 | 0.18 | 305 | 0.06 | 0.93 |
Midslope | −420 | −0.05 | 0.35 | 377 | 0.05 | 0.80 | |
Footslope | −671 | −0.03 | 0.36 | 334 | 0.06 | 0.85 | |
Debre Mewi_MTW | Upslope | −27554 | −0.01 | 0.12 | 329 | 0.06 | 0.86 |
Midslope | −1061 | −0.05 | 0.20 | 45 | 0.04 | 0.72 | |
Footslope | −654 | −0.18 | 0.53 | 165 | 0.21 | 0.70 | |
Markuma_MW | Upslope | −877 | −0.02 | 0.30 | 313 | 0.05 | 0.80 |
Midslope | −324 | −0.04 | 0.44 | 333 | 0.05 | 0.81 | |
Footslope | −211 | −0.02 | 0.21 | 289 | 0.06 | 0.83 | |
LSD | 4716 | 0.02 | 90 | 0.02 | |||
DF | 285 | 285 | 285 | 285 |
Location_Crop * | Landscape Position | Freundlich Isotherm Coefficients | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsorption | Desorption | ||||||
1/n | Kf | r2 | 1/n | Kf | r2 | ||
Aba Gerima_T | Upslope | 1.24 | 1.39 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.99 | 0.96 |
Midslope | 0.91 | 1.43 | 0.88 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 0.95 | |
Footslope | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.91 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 0.99 | |
Aba Gerima_M | Upslope | 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 0.75 | 1.27 | 0.99 |
Midslope | 0.76 | 1.24 | 0.96 | 1.21 | 1.29 | 0.98 | |
Footslope | 0.80 | 1.23 | 0.97 | 1.28 | 1.31 | 0.98 | |
Debre Mewi_MTW | Upslope | 0.93 | 1.23 | 0.99 | 1.34 | 1.29 | 0.99 |
Midslope | 0.80 | 1.27 | 0.95 | 1.20 | 1.24 | 0.98 | |
Footslope | 0.64 | 1.68 | 0.94 | 1.40 | 1.36 | 0.92 | |
Markuma_MW | Upslope | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 1.44 | 1.30 | 0.98 |
Midslope | 0.75 | 0.86 | 0.96 | 1.38 | 1.28 | 0.98 | |
Footslope | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 1.46 | 1.32 | 0.98 | |
LSD | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
DF | 285 | 285 | 285 | 285 |
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Desta, M.K.; Broadley, M.R.; McGrath, S.P.; Hernandez-Allica, J.; Hassall, K.L.; Gameda, S.; Amede, T.; Haefele, S.M. Plant Available Zinc Is Influenced by Landscape Position in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Plants 2021, 10, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020254
Desta MK, Broadley MR, McGrath SP, Hernandez-Allica J, Hassall KL, Gameda S, Amede T, Haefele SM. Plant Available Zinc Is Influenced by Landscape Position in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Plants. 2021; 10(2):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020254
Chicago/Turabian StyleDesta, Mesfin K., Martin R. Broadley, Steve P. McGrath, Javier Hernandez-Allica, Kirsty L. Hassall, Samuel Gameda, Tilahun Amede, and Stephan M. Haefele. 2021. "Plant Available Zinc Is Influenced by Landscape Position in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia" Plants 10, no. 2: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020254