Comparative Study of Anti-Gouty Arthritis Effects of Sam-Myo-Whan according to Extraction Solvents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Profiling Analysis of SMWW and SMWE
2.2. Serum Uric Acid Levels of Hyperuricemic Rats Treated with SMHW or SMHE
2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of SMWW and SMWE on Paw Swelling in MSU-Induced Gouty Arthritis
2.4. Effect of SMWW and SMWE on Hind Paw Weight-Bearing Distribution
2.5. Effects of SMWW and SMWE on Proinflammatory Cytokines
2.6. Effects of SMWW and SMWE on MPO Activity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of SMW
4.2. Components Analysis of SMW
4.3. Animals
4.4. Hyperuricemia Induction and Sample Treatment.
4.5. Analysis of Uric Acid in Serum
4.6. Induction of Gouty Arthritis with MSU Crystals in Mice
4.7. Assessment of Inflammatory Paw Swelling and Pain
4.8. Measurement of Inflammatory Cytokines and Mediators
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADAMTSs | aggrecanases |
AP | allopurinol |
CMC | carboxymethyl cellulose |
Col | colchicine |
HPLC | high-performance liquid chromatography |
IL-1β | interleukin-1β |
IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
JAK–STAT | Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MMPs | matrix metalloproteinases |
MPO | myeloperoxidase |
MSU | monosodium urate |
NO | nitric oxide |
NOD | nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain |
PO | potassium oxonate |
PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 |
SMW | Sam-Myo-Whan |
SMWE | SMW extracted with ethanol |
SMWW | SMW extracted with water |
TIMPs | tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
XOD | xanthine oxidase |
References
- Nielsen, S.M.; Zobbe, K.; Kristensen, L.E.; Christensen, R. Nutritional recommendations for gout: An update from clinical epidemiology. Autoimmun. Rev. 2018, 17, 1090–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pascart, T.; Grandjean, A.; Capon, B.; Legrand, J.; Namane, N.; Ducoulombier, V.; Motte, M.; Vandecandelaere, M.; Luraschi, H.; Godart, C.; et al. Monosodium urate burden assessed with dual-energy computed tomography predicts the risk of flares in gout: A 12-month observational study: MSU burden and risk of gout flare. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2018, 20, 210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Meng, Z.-Q.; Tang, Z.-H.; Yan, Y.-X.; Guo, C.-R.; Cao, L.; Ding, G.; Huang, W.-Z.; Wang, Z.-Z.; Wang, K.D.; Xiao, W.; et al. Study on the Anti-Gout Activity of Chlorogenic Acid: Improvement on Hyperuricemia and Gouty Inflammation. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2014, 42, 1471–1483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Silvestre, S.; Almeida, P.J.S.; El-Shishtawy, R. Natural Products as a Source for New Leads in Gout Treatment. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2020, 2020, 8274975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bost, J.; Maroon, A.; Maroon, J.C. Natural anti-inflammatory agents for pain relief. Surg. Neurol. Int. 2010, 1, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Committee, S.P. The Pharmacopoeia of People’s Republic of China; China Medical Science Press: Beijing, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, J.-H.; Jung, H.-W.; Park, Y.-K. Inhibitory effects of Sam-Myo-San on the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and TNF−α in RAW 264.7 cells and BV-2 Microglia cells. Korea Assoc. Herbol. 2006, 21, 59–67. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, Y.; Dai, G.J.; Liu, Q.; Liu, Z.L.; Song, Z.Q.; Li, L.; Lin, N. Observation of curative effect on the treatment of acute gouty arthritis with SM in 45 cases. Yunnan Zhong Yi Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2003, 24, 5–6. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, Y.; Dai, G.J.; Liu, Q.; Liu, Z.L.; Song, Z.Q.; Li, L.; Lin, N. The curative effect observation on 68 cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with Si long San Miao Formula. Guangming J. Chin. Med. 2007, 22, 86–87. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Wang, C.-P.; Hu, Q.-H.; Lv, Y.-Z.; Zhang, X.; Ouyang, Z.; Kong, L.-D. The dual actions of Sanmiao wan as a hypouricemic agent: Down-regulation of hepatic XOD and renal mURAT1 in hyperuricemic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 128, 107–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Dai, G.-J.; Liu, Q.; Liu, Z.-L.; Song, Z.-Q.; Li, L.; Chen, W.-H.; Lin, N. Sanmiao formula inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage matrix degradation in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Exp. Ther. Med. 2014, 8, 1065–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, F.; Yin, L.; Ji, L.; Yang, F.; Zhang, G.; Shi, L.; Xu, L. Suppressive effect of Sanmiao formula on experimental gouty arthritis by inhibiting cartilage matrix degradation: An in vivo and in vitro study. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2016, 30, 36–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, T.; Qian, J.; Ding, J.; Wang, G.; Ding, X.; Liu, S.; Chen, W. Metabolomic profiles delineate the effect of Sanmiao wan on hyperuricemia in rats. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2017, 31, e3792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, J.; Li, J.; Li, W.; Sun, B.; Xie, J.; Cheng, W.; Zhang, Q. Achyranthis bidentatae radix enhanced articular distribution and anti-inflammatory effect of berberine in Sanmiao Wan using an acute gouty arthritis rat model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 221, 100–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qian, H.; Jin, Q.; Liu, Y.; Wang, N.; Chu, Y.; Liu, B.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, W.; Song, Y. Study on the Multitarget Mechanism of Sanmiao Pill on Gouty Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2020, 2020, 9873739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hua, J.; Huang, P.; Zhu, C.-M.; Yuan, X.; Chen-Huan, Y. Anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of Modified Simiao Decoction in hyperuricemic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 142, 248–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Wen, C.-Y.-Z.; Zhang, J.-J.; Xing, G.-L.; Tu, S.-H.; Chen, Z. The Effects of Modified Simiao Decoction in the Treatment of Gouty Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 2017, 6037037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qiu, R.; Shen, R.; Lin, D.; Chen, Y.; Ye, H. Treatment of 60 cases of gouty arthritis with modified Simiao Tang. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. = Chung i Tsa Chih Ying Wen pan 2008, 28, 94–97. [Google Scholar]
- Chi, X.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Ma, K. Chinese herbal medicine for gout: A review of the clinical evidence and pharmacological mechanisms. Chin. Med. 2020, 15, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martillo, M.A.; Nazzal, L.; Crittenden, D.B. The Crystallization of Monosodium Urate. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2014, 16, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, H.K.; Mount, D.B.; Reginato, A.M. Pathogenesis of gout. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005, 143, 499–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, G.; Yeon, S.H.; Lee, H.E.; Kang, H.C.; Cho, Y.-Y.; Lee, J.Y. Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome by oral treatment with sulforaphane alleviates acute gouty inflammation. Rheumatology 2018, 57, 727–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, X.; Chen, R.; Shang, Y.; Jiao, B.-H.; Huang, C. Lithospermic acid as a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor has anti-inflammatory and hypouricemic effects in rats. Chem. Interactions 2008, 176, 137–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, D.-H.; Nakagawa, T.; Feng, L.; Watanabe, S.; Han, L.; Mazzali, M.; Truong, L.; Harris, R.; Johnson, R.J. A Role for Uric Acid in the Progression of Renal Disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2002, 13, 2888–2897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lam, F.F.; Ko, I.W.; Ng, E.S.; Tam, L.S.; Leung, P.C.; Li, E.K. Analgesic and anti-arthritic effects of Lingzhi and San Miao San supplementation in a rat model of arthritis induced by Freund’s complete adjuvant. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 120, 44–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schlesinger, N. Diagnosing and Treating Gout: A Review to Aid Primary Care Physicians. Postgrad. Med. 2010, 122, 157–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaidya, B.; Bhochhibhoya, M.; Nakarmi, S. Synovial fluid uric acid level aids diagnosis of gout. Biomed. Rep. 2018, 9, 60–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Doss, H.M.; Dey, C.; Sudandiradoss, C.; Rasool, M. Targeting inflammatory mediators with ferulic acid, a dietary polyphenol, for the suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in rats. Life Sci. 2016, 148, 201–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhanasekar, C.; Kalaiselvan, S.; Rasool, M. Morin, a Bioflavonoid Suppresses Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Inflammatory Immune Response in RAW 264.7 Macrophages through the Inhibition of Inflammatory Mediators, Intracellular ROS Levels and NF-κB Activation. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0145093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yao, R.; Geng, Z.; Mao, X.; Bao, Y.; Guo, S.; Bao, L.; Sun, J.; Gao, Y.; Xu, Y.; Guo, B.; et al. Tu-Teng-Cao Extract Alleviates Monosodium Urate-Induced Acute Gouty Arthritis in Rats by Inhibiting Uric Acid and Inflammation. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2020, 2020, 3095624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pope, R.M.; Tschopp, J. The role of interleukin-1 and the inflammasome in gout: Implications for therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56, 3183–3188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prince, S.E.; Nagar, S.; Rasool, M. A Role of Piperine on Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Inflammation—An Experimental Model of Gouty Arthritis. Inflammation 2011, 34, 184–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landis, R.C.; Haskard, D. Pathogenesis of crystal-induced inflammation. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2001, 3, 36–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Altemimi, A.B.; Lakhssassi, N.; Baharlouei, A.; Watson, D.G.; Lightfoot, D.A. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants 2017, 6, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Silva, R.P.D.; Machado, B.A.S.; Barreto, G.D.A.; Costa, S.S.; Andrade, L.N.; Amaral, R.G.; Carvalho, A.A.; Padilha, F.F.; Barbosa, J.D.V.; Umsza-Guez, M.A. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic properties of various Brazilian propolis extracts. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0172585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shan, G.-S.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, Q.-M.; Xiao, H.-B.; Zhuo, R.-J.; Xu, G.; Jiang, H.; You, X.-M.; Jia, T.-Z. Metabolomic study of raw and processed Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz by LC–MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014, 98, 74–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishii, T.; Okuyama, T.; Noguchi, N.; Nishidono, Y.; Okumura, T.; Kaibori, M.; Tanaka, K.; Terabayashi, S.; Ikeya, Y.; Nishizawa, M. Antiinflammatory constituents of Atractylodes chinensis rhizome improve glomerular lesions in immunoglobulin A nephropathy model mice. J. Nat. Med. 2020, 74, 51–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.-J.; Shin, J.-S.; Lee, W.-S.; Shim, H.-Y.; Park, J.-M.; Jang, D.S.; Lee, K.-T. Chikusetsusaponin IVa Methyl Ester Isolated from the Roots of Achyranthes japonica Suppresses LPS-Induced iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β Expression by NF-κB and AP-1 Inactivation. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2016, 39, 657–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xian, X.; Sun, B.; Ye, X.; Zhang, G.; Hou, P.; Gao, H. Identification and analysis of alkaloids in cortex Phellodendron amurense by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with photodiode array detection. J. Sep. Sci. 2014, 37, 1533–1545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.; Feng, X.; Chai, L.; Cao, S.; Qiu, F. The metabolism of berberine and its contribution to the pharmacological effects. Drug Metab. Rev. 2017, 49, 139–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.F.; Wen, C.Y.; Chen, Z.; Wang, Y.; Huang, Y.; Tu, S.H. Effects of Berberine on NLRP3 and IL-1beta Expressions in Monocytic THP-1 Cells with Monosodium Urate Crystals-Induced Inflammation. Biomed. Res. Int. 2016, 2016, 2503703. [Google Scholar]
- Kwak, T.-K.; Jang, H.-S.; Lee, M.-G.; Jung, Y.-S.; Kim, D.-O.; Kim, Y.-B.; Kim, J.-I.; Kang, H. Effect of Orally Administered Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz Water Extract on Macrophage and T Cell Inflammatory Response in Mice. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 2018, 4041873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yuk, H.J.; Lee, Y.-S.; Ryu, H.W.; Kim, S.-H.; Kim, D.-S. Effects of Toona sinensis Leaf Extract and Its Chemical Constituents on Xanthine Oxidase Activity and Serum Uric Acid Levels in Potassium Oxonate-Induced Hyperuricemic Rats. Molecules 2018, 23, 3254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, Y.-M.; Shon, E.-J.; Kim, O.S.; Kim, D.-S. Effects of Mollugo pentaphylla extract on monosodium urate crystal-induced gouty arthritis in mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 17, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aziz, T.A.; Kareem, A.A.; Othman, H.H.; Ahmed, Z.A. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Different Doses of Aliskiren in Rat Models of Inflammation. Drug Des. Dev. Ther. 2020, 14, 2841–2851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tétreault, P.; Dansereau, M.-A.; Doré-Savard, L.; Beaudet, N.; Sarret, P. Weight bearing evaluation in inflammatory, neuropathic and cancer chronic pain in freely moving rats. Physiol. Behav. 2011, 104, 495–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quadros, A.U.; Pinto, L.G.; Fonseca, M.M.; Kusuda, R.; Cunha, F.Q.; Cunha, T.M. Dynamic weight bearing is an efficient and predictable method for evaluation of arthritic nociception and its pathophysiological mechanisms in mice. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 14648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lee, Y.M.; Son, E.; Kim, D.-S. Comparative Study of Anti-Gouty Arthritis Effects of Sam-Myo-Whan according to Extraction Solvents. Plants 2021, 10, 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020278
Lee YM, Son E, Kim D-S. Comparative Study of Anti-Gouty Arthritis Effects of Sam-Myo-Whan according to Extraction Solvents. Plants. 2021; 10(2):278. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020278
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Yun Mi, Eunjung Son, and Dong-Seon Kim. 2021. "Comparative Study of Anti-Gouty Arthritis Effects of Sam-Myo-Whan according to Extraction Solvents" Plants 10, no. 2: 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020278