Effect of Rice Grain (Oryza sativa L.) Enrichment with Selenium on Foliar Leaf Gas Exchanges and Accumulation of Nutrients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physiological Monitoring during Biofortification
2.2. Accumulation of Selenium in Rice Grain
2.3. Macro and Micronutrient Quantification in Rice Grains
2.3.1. Paddy Rice
2.3.2. Brown Rice
2.3.3. White Rice
2.3.4. Comparison between Elemental Levels in Paddy and White Rice Grains
2.4. Colour Analysis
2.5. Location of Se in Grains
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Fields
4.2. Leaf Gas Exchange Measurements
4.3. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
4.4. Analysis of Micronutrients and Se Content and Location in the Grain Tissues
4.5. Colorimetric Analysis
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments (g Se ha−1) | Se | Zn | Fe | Cu | Ca | Mg | K | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariete | Na2SeO4 | Control | 1.69 ± 0.20 c | 47.0 ± 11.4 a | 34.9 ± 2.4 a | 5.13 ± 0.87 a | 43.9 ± 7.07 a | 443 ± 3.49 a | 6300 ± 1000 b |
25 | 2.66 ± 0.23 c | 36.0 ± 2.76 a | 35.1 ± 3.02 a | 4.85 ± 0.05 a | 42.4 ± 7.89 a | 448 ± 2.58 a | 6300 ± 200 b | ||
50 | 4.06 ± 1.38 b | 26.8 ± 4.14 b | 38.5 ± 5.49 a | 5.35 ± 0.93 a | 21.9 ± 5.89 a | 445 ± 0.40 a | 8900 ± 1600 a | ||
75 | 6.06 ± 0.42 ab | 30.3 ± 4.44 a | 35.0 ± 2.36 a | 5.19 ± 0.51 a | 27.1 ± 6.22 a | 418 ± 6.57 b | 8200 ± 2100 a | ||
100 | 8.10 ± 2.21 a | 30.7 ± 6.34 a | 36.8 ± 5.90 a | 5.94 ± 1.05 a | 30.9 ± 8.13 a | 415 ± 9.10 b | 8700 ± 1400 a | ||
Na2SeO3 | Control | 1.69 ± 0.20 c | 47.0 ± 11.4 a | 34.9 ± 2.40 a | 5.13 ± 0.87 a | 43.9 ± 7.07 a | 443 ± 3.49 a | 6300 ± 1000 b | |
25 | 5.92 ± 2.38 ab | 28.3 ± 2.42 b | 31.0 ± 6.52 a | 5.34 ± 0.63 a | 40.0 ± 5.09 a | 440 ± 2.77 a | 9400 ± 900 a | ||
50 | 7.55 ± 1.79 ab | 33.0 ± 6.77 a | 39.6 ± 3.12 a | 5.30 ± 0.76 a | 44.7 ± 8.83 a | 449 ± 9.00 a | 8700 ± 2300 a | ||
75 | 9.88 ± 2.83 a | 31.6 ± 3.28 a | 35.8 ± 5.71 a | 5.79 ± 0.17 a | 45.3 ± 6.11 a | 441 ± 4.45 a | 9000 ± 1400 a | ||
100 | 13.0 ± 2.52 a | 29.6 ± 3.12 b | 39.2 ± 12.7 a | 5.02 ± 0.84 a | 39.8 ± 8.98 a | 456 ± 5.88 a | 6900 ± 300 b | ||
Ceres | Na2SeO4 | Control | 2.01 ± 0.32 c | 69.7 ± 1.74 a | 42.7 ± 4.59 a | 7.43 ± 0.81 a | 76.1 ± 2.99 a | 424 ± 11.2 ab | 6700 ± 600 ab |
25 | 4.11 ± 0.76 b | 36.5 ± 3.90 b | 37.8 ± 8.46 a | 7.74 ± 0.98 a | 59.1 ± 5.29 b | 408 ± 5.90 b | 8700 ± 700 a | ||
50 | 5.67 ± 1.63 a | 33.6 ± 9.27 b | 40.1 ± 5.59 a | 6.50 ± 2.21 a | 51.1 ± 0.81 b | 453 ± 20.3 a | 6100 ± 700 b | ||
75 | 8.66 ± 3.25 a | 31.4 ± 1.94 b | 43.7 ± 8.92 a | 6.53 ± 1.19 a | 57.3 ± 2.19 b | 418 ± 12.9 b | 5500 ± 500 b | ||
100 | 11.6 ± 3.94 a | 49.3 ± 16.0 ab | 50.0 ± 2.05 a | 7.10 ± 1.07 a | 67.8 ± 2.31 ab | 419 ± 8.92 b | 7100 ± 500 ab | ||
Na2SeO3 | Control | 2.01 ± 0.32 c | 69.7 ± 1.74 a | 42.7 ± 4.59 a | 7.43 ± 0.81 a | 76.1 ± 2.99 a | 424 ± 11.2 b | 6700 ± 600 a | |
25 | 6.30 ± 1.22 b | 39.2 ± 5.22 a | 51.0 ± 9.84 a | 7.26 ± 1.40 a | 40.6 ± 6.58 b | 437 ± 8.57 b | 8200 ± 900 a | ||
50 | 11.8 ± 3.85 a | 36.7 ± 7.97 a | 40.2 ± 4.28 a | 6.11 ± 1.12 a | 56.7 ± 5.78 b | 457 ± 4.38 a | 6300 ± 600 a | ||
75 | 10.3 ± 2.01 a | 33.4 ± 2.82 a | 50.0 ± 8.97 a | 5.75 ± 0.71 a | 57.8 ± 2.37 b | 429 ± 3.88 b | 6000 ± 1100 a | ||
100 | 12.7 ± 2.91 a | 38.0 ± 1.99 a | 45.2 ± 8.25 a | 5.99 ± 0.43 a | 58.4 ± 7.53 b | 444 ± 1.54 b | 6800 ± 1500 a |
Treatments (g Se ha−1) | Se | Zn | Fe | Cu | Ca | Mg | K | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariete | Na2SeO4 | Control | 1.75 ± 0.28 c | 29.5 ± 6.08 a | 24.3 ± 1.79 a | 5.48 ± 0.65 a | 25.9 ± 1.74 a | 448 ± 18.6 a | 5300 ± 100 b |
25 | 2.86 ± 0.37 c | 27.9 ± 3.41 a | 19.4 ± 3.50 a | 5.34 ± 0.40 a | 20.9 ± 3.88 a | 438 ± 6.87 a | 8500 ± 1600 a | ||
50 | 3.74 ± 0.39 ab | 28.5 ± 6.31 a | 18.5 ± 5.47 a | 5.05 ± 1.35 a | 11.3 ± 3.62 b | 453 ± 4.22 a | 7000 ± 2000 a | ||
75 | 5.51 ± 1.50 ab | 24.9 ± 1.18 a | 14.6 ± 2.60 a | 4.41 ± 0.57 a | 18.4 ± 4.13 a | 447 ± 6.74 a | 6000 ± 1400 a | ||
100 | 7.17 ± 1.84 a | 28.9 ± 4.74 a | 15.9 ± 2.44 a | 4.96 ± 0.12 a | 13.1 ± 2.49 b | 425 ± 11.8 a | 6600 ± 800 a | ||
Na2SeO3 | Control | 1.75 ± 0.28 c | 29.5 ± 6.08 a | 24.3 ± 1.79 a | 5.48 ± 0.65 a | 25.9 ± 1.74 b | 448 ± 18.6 a | 5300 ± 100 b | |
25 | 2.15 ± 0.14 c | 27.6 ± 6.06 a | 19.7 ± 1.69 a | 4.20 ± 0.48 a | 26.8 ± 1.34 b | 443 ± 5.46 a | 5700 ± 1500 a | ||
50 | 6.76 ± 1.32 b | 28.3 ± 5.73 a | 17.5 ± 0.96 a | 7.67 ± 5.18 a | 45.1 ± 11.0 a | 454 ± 7.04 a | 4800 ± 700 a | ||
75 | 12.1 ± 4.13 ab | 27.6 ± 4.21 a | 19.8 ± 1.00 a | 4.96 ± 0.71 a | 33.0 ± 2.78 a | 454 ± 2.84 a | 7700 ± 600 a | ||
100 | 16.7 ± 4.30 a | 26.1 ± 6.07 a | 14.1 ± 1.15 a | 4.92 ± 0.62 a | 29.4 ± 5.92 ab | 446 ± 2.14 a | 7300 ± 2800 a | ||
Ceres | Na2SeO4 | Control | 2.11 ± 0.25 c | 44.6 ± 7.53 a | 22.4 ± 1.56 a | 5.42 ± 0.62 a | 49.0 ± 7.51 a | 447 ± 8.03 a | 7800 ± 0300 a |
25 | 3.79 ± 0.29 b | 28.2 ± 5.90 b | 16.4 ± 3.06 a | 4.96 ± 0.29 a | 40.4 ± 4.37 a | 442 ± 6.28 a | 6300 ± 1200 a | ||
50 | 3.78 ± 0.83 b | 28.7 ± 4.45 b | 18.7 ± 1.96 a | 585 ± 1.52 a | 38.7 ± 2.80 a | 452 ± 5.53 a | 7400 ± 1000 a | ||
75 | 6.69 ± 2.31 ab | 30.8 ± 2.47 b | 21.6 ± 1.21 a | 5.13 ± 0.66 a | 34.6 ± 3.04 a | 446 ± 11.5 a | 7700 ± 2000 a | ||
100 | 9.44 ± 2.67 a | 39.0 ± 6.26 a | 21.5 ± 1.32 a | 5.78 ± 0.75 a | 35.6 ± 6.76 a | 454 ± 3.17 a | 9000 ± 0700 a | ||
Na2SeO3 | Control | 2.11 ± 0.25 c | 44.6 ± 7.53 a | 22.4 ± 1.56 a | 5.42 ± 0.62 a | 49.0 ± 7.51 a | 447 ± 8.03 a | 7800 ± 300 ab | |
25 | 4.00 ± 1.50 b | 34.5 ± 6.99 a | 19.5 ± 1.45 a | 5.77 ± 0.31 a | 35.1 ± 0.13 a | 459 ± 6.06 a | 6600 ± 1100 b | ||
50 | 9.01 ± 1.52 ab | 37.6 ± 5.05 a | 20.4 ± 0.46 a | 5.98 ± 0.82 a | 29.9 ± 3.23 a | 452 ± 8.31 a | 9800 ± 500 a | ||
75 | 14.2 ± 5.65 a | 32.2 ± 2.79 a | 17.7 ± 2.41 a | 5.70 ± 0.55 a | 32.0 ± 3.34 a | 454 ± 4.45 a | 8300 ± 1600 ab | ||
100 | 17.7 ± 0.71 a | 28.5 ± 0.92 b | 19.2 ± 2.15 a | 5.24 ± 0.34 a | 35.0 ± 4.02 a | 457 ± 5.34 a | 7300 ± 200 ab |
Treatments (g Se ha−1) | Se | Zn | Fe | Cu | Ca | Mg | K | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ariete | Na2SeO4 | Control | 2.06 ± 0.33 c (+ 21.9%) | 32.5 ± 8.77 a (30.8%) | 9.01 ± 2.47 a (74.2%) | 3.84 ± 0.49 a (25.1%) | 14.1 ± 1.34 a (67.9%) | 329 ± 27.4 a (25.7%) | 1700 ± 100 a (73.0%) |
25 | 3.08 ± 0.73 bc (+ 15.8%) | 24.4 ± 4.01 a (32.2%) | 7.85 ± 2.06 a (77.6%) | 4.19 ± 0.22 a (13.6%) | 23.0 ± 2.64 a (45.8%) | 309 ± 8.43 a (31.0%) | 1900 ± 300 a (70.3%) | ||
50 | 4.90 ± 2.14 ab (20.7%) | 21.6 ± 3.40 a (19.4%) | 8.66 ± 2.07 a (77.5%) | 4.05 ± 0.54 a (24.3%) | 21.3 ± 5.04 a (32.8%) | 238 ± 27.1 a (46.5%) | 1600 ± 300 a (81.9%) | ||
75 | 5.59 ± 0.75 ab (7.76%) | 18.3 ± 1.23 a (39.6%) | 8.63 ± 1.74 a (75.3%) | 4.02 ± 0.08 a (22.5%) | 15.4 ± 1.47 a (43.2%) | 295 ± 26.9 a (29.4%) | 2200 ± 200 a (73.7%) | ||
100 | 8.22 ± 3.07 a (+ 1.5%) | 22.3 ± 5.16 a (27.4%) | 8.58 ± 2.33 a (76.7%) | 4.29 ± 0.16 a (27.8%) | 10.7 ± 0.46 a (65.4%) | 286 ± 32.6 b (31.1%) | 2000 ± 500 a (76.6%) | ||
Na2SeO3 | Control | 2.06 ± 0.33 c (+ 21.9%) | 32.5 ± 8.77 a (30.8%) | 9.01 ± 2.47 a (74.2%) | 3.84 ± 0.49 a (25.1%) | 14.1 ± 1.34 a (67.9%) | 329 ± 27.4 a (25.7%) | 1700 ± 100 a (73.0%) | |
25 | 4.07 ± 0.50 ab (31.2%) | 22.4 ± 3.79 a (13.8%) | 11.0 ± 1.63 a (64.5%) | 4.00 ± 0.03 a (25.1%) | 10.5 ± 2.80 a (73.8%) | 254 ± 18.2 b (42.3%) | 1900 ± 600 a (80.2%) | ||
50 | 5.36 ± 2.37 ab (29.0%) | 18.9 ± 1.13 a (42.7%) | 8.71 ± 1.66 a (78.0%) | 4.24 ± 0.29 a (20.0%) | 15.4 ± 2.33 a (70.9%) | 283 ± 13.1 ab (37.0%) | 1900 ± 100 a (78.5%) | ||
75 | 10.4 ± 3.29 a (+ 5.3%) | 20.4 ± 2.28 a (35.4%) | 11.6 ± 4.60 a (67.6%) | 4.60 ± 0.46 a (20.6%) | 9.60 ± 1.78 a (78.8%) | 266 ± 18.6 ab (39.7%) | 1900 ± 200 a (78.6%) | ||
100 | 8.79 ± 1.33 a (32.4%) | 19.4 ± 1.21 a (34.4%) | 8.17 ± 1.02 a (79.1%) | 3.98 ± 0.65 a (20.7%) | 10.3 ± 0.89 a (74.1%) | 258 ± 24.6 b (43.4%) | 1700 ± 400 a (74.8%) | ||
Ceres | Na2SeO4 | Control | 2.34 ± 0.17 c (+ 16.4%) | 45.8 ± 1.63 a (34.3%) | 8.02 ± 1.79 a (81.2%) | 4.51 ± 0.46 a (39.3%) | 18.9 ± 2.85 a (75.2%) | 293 ± 8.86 a (30.9%) | 2100 ± 100 a (69.0%) |
25 | 2.62 ± 0.38 c (36.2%) | 29.2 ± 3.51 a (20.0%) | 7.52 ± 1.14 a (80.1%) | 4.48 ± 0.30 a (42.1%) | 13.1 ± 1.31 a (77.8%) | 304 ± 9.59 a (25.5%) | 2100 ± 100 a (75.9%) | ||
50 | 3.72 ± 0.41 a (34.4%) | 25.5 ± 1.76 a (24.1%) | 7.93 ± 1.63 a (80.2%) | 4.48 ± 0.12 a (31.1%) | 17.1 ± 2.71 a (66.5%) | 308 ± 8.49 a (32.0%) | 1800 ± 400 a (70.2%) | ||
75 | 3.76 ± 1.14 a (56.6%) | 23.1 ± 3.46 a (26.4%) | 10.7 ± 2.07 a (75.5%) | 4.01 ± 0.84 a (38.6%) | 15.9 ± 1.68 a (72.2%) | 301 ± 11.7 a (28.0%) | 2000 ± 600 a (63.8%) | ||
100 | 4.30 ± 1.00 a (62.9%) | 29.5 ± 2.71 a (40.2%) | 8.45 ± 1.36 a (83.1%) | 4.19 ± 0.40 a (41.0%) | 15.2 ± 3.02 a (77.6%) | 264 ± 10.1 b (37.0%) | 1900 ± 200 a (72.7%) | ||
Na2SeO3 | Control | 2.34 ± 0.17 c (+ 16.4%) | 45.8 ± 1.63 a (34.3%) | 8.02 ± 1.79 a (81.2%) | 4.51 ± 0.46 a (39.3%) | 18.9 ± 2.85 a (75.2%) | 293 ± 8.86 a (30.9%) | 2100 ± 1 ab (69.0%) | |
25 | 3.88 ± 1.13 b (38.4%) | 21.9 ± 2.22 a (44.1%) | 8.31 ± 2.07 a (83.7%) | 4.03 ± 0.10 a (45.8%) | 18.7 ± 2.45 a (53.9%) | 242 ± 11.3 b (44.6%) | 1600 ± 200 b (81.1%) | ||
50 | 6.09 ± 1.55 ab (48.4%) | 21.9 ± 1.36 a (40.3%) | 6.45 ± 0.84 a (84.0%) | 4.13 ± 0.36 a (32.4%) | 15.4 ± 2.43 a (72.8%) | 267 ± 8.94 a (41.6%) | 1800 ± 400 b (71.5%) | ||
75 | 9.47 ± 2.68 a (8.05%) | 24.2 ± 3.12 a (27.5%) | 5.93 ± 1.12 a (88.1%) | 4.75 ± 0.76 a (17.4%) | 23.9 ± 2.66 a (58.6%) | 276 ± 10.3 a (35.7%) | 2800 ± 300 a (54.0%) | ||
100 | 11.0 ± 1.51 a (13.4%) | 26.2 ± 5.85 a (31.0%) | 6.15 ± 2.43 a (86.4%) | 4.62 ± 0.37 a (22.9%) | 11.8 ± 0.14 a (79.8%) | 224 ± 12.2 c (49.5%) | 1700 ± 100 b (75.0%) |
Treatments (g Se ha−1) | Paddy Rice | Brown Rice | White Rice | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L | a* | b* | L | a* | b* | L | a* | b* | ||
Na2SeO4 | ||||||||||
Ariete | Control | 59.8 ± 2.23 a | 5.57 ± 1.44 a | 27.7 ± 3.35 a | 63.5 ± 2.35 a | 3.48 ± 0.44 a | 23.1 ± 0.18 a | 73.6 ± 1.11 a | −0.80 ± 0.24 a | 9.52 ± 0.54 a |
25 | 58.6 ± 0.81 a | 5.97 ± 1.20 a | 27.9 ± 3.19 a | 63.4 ± 1.52 a | 2.81 ± 0.22 a | 22.1 ± 0.95 a | 74.2 ± 0.32 a | −0.86 ± 0.13 a | 9.25 ± 0.70 a | |
50 | 59.3 ± 2.14 a | 5.51 ± 1.52 a | 26.6 ± 3.31 a | 62.6 ± 3.05 a | 3.50 ± 0.96 a | 23.6 ± 1.51 a | 73.5 ± 1.40 a | −0.78 ± 0.12 a | 9.73 ± 1.07 a | |
75 | 58.9 ± 1.81 a | 5.78 ± 1.56 a | 27.6 ± 3.97 a | 62.5 ± 2.75 a | 3.20 ± 0.43 a | 22.8 ± 0.60 a | 74.0 ± 1.52 a | −0.80 ± 0.18 a | 9.51 ± 0.38 a | |
100 | 59.6 ± 3.33 a | 6.07 ± 0.98 a | 28.1 ± 2.48 a | 63.0 ± 2.00 a | 3.16 ± 0.48 a | 23.3 ± 0.58 a | 72.1 ± 1.66 a | −0.66 ± 0.10 a | 10.1 ± 1.01 a | |
Na2SeO3 | ||||||||||
Control | 59.0 ± 2.17 a | 5.78 ± 1.35 a | 27.3 ± 2.87 a | 63.6 ± 2.17 a | 3.45 ± 0.35 a | 23.5 ± 0.91 a | 74.3 ± 1.12 a | −0.88 ± 0.15 a | 8.78 ± 0.60 a | |
25 | 59.9 ± 2.15 a | 5.31 ± 1.71 a | 27.4 ± 3.64 a | 62.3 ± 1.08 a | 3.63 ± 1.12 a | 23.1 ± 0.87 a | 73.9 ± 2.35 a | −0.60 ± 0.20 a | 9.24 ± 0.65 a | |
50 | 58.0 ± 2.98 a | 5.73 ± 1.89 a | 27.0 ± 3.10 a | 63.4 ± 2.22 a | 3.10 ± 0.43 a | 23.8 ± 1.04 a | 74.5 ± 0.24 a | −0.82 ± 0.11 a | 9.08 ± 0.48 a | |
75 | 59.1 ± 2.10 a | 5.76 ± 1.53 a | 27.5 ± 2.86 a | 64.2 ± 2.79 a | 3.13 ± 0.78 a | 23.5 ± 0.75 a | 74.4 ± 1.23 a | −0.88 ± 0.11 a | 9.12 ± 0.34 a | |
100 | 58.4 ± 2.38 a | 5.73 ± 1.90 a | 27.2 ± 3.90 a | 64.0 ± 1.80 a | 3.27 ± 0.56 a | 23.8 ± 0.43 a | 73.8 ± 1.92 a | −0.88 ± 0.04 a | 9.22 ± 0.40 a | |
Na2SeO4 | ||||||||||
Ceres | Control | 58.6 ± 1.39 a | 6.56 ± 0.32 a | 32.8 ± 0.88 ab | 62.0 ± 2.03 a | 3.57 ± 0.83 a | 22.8 ± 0.59 a | 72.1 ± 1.51 a | −1.02 ± 0.06 a | 8.42 ± 0.47 a |
25 | 57.5 ± 0.88 a | 6.98 ± 0.76 a | 33.2 ± 1.10 a | 63.1 ± 1.82 a | 2.85 ± 1.03 a | 22.1 ± 0.65 a | 74.0 ± 1.19 a | −1.12 ± 0.11 a | 7.59 ± 0.86 a | |
50 | 58.3 ± 0.68 a | 6.82 ± 0.14 a | 33.4 ± 0.42 a | 61.7 ± 2.32 a | 2.91 ± 0.47 a | 23.0 ± 0.50 a | 72.4 ± 0.99 a | −0.94 ± 0.20 a | 7.61 ± 1.15 a | |
75 | 58.7 ± 0.62 a | 6.60 ± 0.27 a | 32.0 ± 0.52 ab | 62.9 ± 1.76 a | 3.03 ± 0.12 a | 22.6 ± 0.49 a | 74.3 ± 0.60 a | −1.01 ± 0.15 a | 7.92 ± 1.02 a | |
100 | 56.5 ± 1.20 a | 6.36 ± 0.28 a | 31.2 ± 0.43b | 62.4 ± 2.88 a | 3.26 ± 0.57 a | 22.7 ± 0.44 a | 73.0 ± 1.66 a | −1.03 ± 0.08 a | 8.18 ± 0.50 a | |
Na2SeO3 | ||||||||||
Control | 57.5 ± 1.28 a | 6.09 ± 0.62 a | 30.4 ± 1.00 a | 61.8 ± 0.86 a | 3.50 ± 0.44 a | 23.1 ± 1.53 a | 72.0 ± 1.42 a | −1.03 ± 0.08 a | 8.17 ± 1.09 a | |
25 | 57.5 ± 1.12 a | 6.36 ± 0.27 a | 31.8 ± 0.83 a | 63.8 ± 2.85 a | 2.93 ± 0.28 a | 22.7 ± 0.77 a | 72.5 ± 1.67 a | −0.81 ± 0.38 a | 8.13 ± 1.58 a | |
50 | 57.8 ± 0.40 a | 6.29 ± 0.34 a | 31.7 ± 0.46 a | 62.9 ± 0.97 a | 3.20 ± 1.01 a | 23.6 ± 1.35 a | 74.7 ± 0.75 a | −0.98 ± 0.11 a | 8.26 ± 1.30 a | |
75 | 57.3 ± 1.47 a | 6.98 ± 0.14 a | 31.5 ± 0.70 a | 63.0 ± 1.81 a | 3.18 ± 0.85 a | 22.8 ± 2.06 a | 73.0 ± 1.40 a | −1.07 ± 0.08 a | 7.96 ± 0.83 a | |
100 | 56.9 ± 0.78 a | 6.51 ± 0.35 a | 31.4 ± 1.07 a | 63.1 ± 0.38 a | 2.90 ± 0.83 a | 22.4 ± 0.50 a | 74.2 ± 0.47 a | −1.01 ± 0.14 a | 8.31 ± 0.60 a |
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Marques, A.C.; Lidon, F.C.; Coelho, A.R.F.; Pessoa, C.C.; Luís, I.C.; Campos, P.S.; Simões, M.; Almeida, A.S.; Pessoa, M.F.; Galhano, C.; et al. Effect of Rice Grain (Oryza sativa L.) Enrichment with Selenium on Foliar Leaf Gas Exchanges and Accumulation of Nutrients. Plants 2021, 10, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020288
Marques AC, Lidon FC, Coelho ARF, Pessoa CC, Luís IC, Campos PS, Simões M, Almeida AS, Pessoa MF, Galhano C, et al. Effect of Rice Grain (Oryza sativa L.) Enrichment with Selenium on Foliar Leaf Gas Exchanges and Accumulation of Nutrients. Plants. 2021; 10(2):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020288
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarques, Ana Coelho, Fernando C. Lidon, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Inês Carmo Luís, Paula Scotti Campos, Manuela Simões, Ana Sofia Almeida, Maria F. Pessoa, Carlos Galhano, and et al. 2021. "Effect of Rice Grain (Oryza sativa L.) Enrichment with Selenium on Foliar Leaf Gas Exchanges and Accumulation of Nutrients" Plants 10, no. 2: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020288