The Effect of Granular Activated Carbon and Biochar on the Availability of Cu and Zn to Hordeum sativum Distichum in Contaminated Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objects and Methods
2.1. Study Objects
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cu and Zn Speciation and Bioavailability in Soil
3.2. Cu and Zn Accumulation in Spring Barley
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Pollution |
---|---|
Control | Soil without pollution |
Cu | 660 mg/kg for Cu (5 APC *) |
Cu + 1% sorbent ** | 660 mg/kg for Cu (5 APC) |
Cu + 2.5% sorbent | 660 mg/kg for Cu (5 APC) |
Cu + 5% sorbent | 660 mg/kg for Cu (5 APC) |
Zn | 1100 mg/kg Zn (5 APC) |
Zn + 1% sorbent | 1100 mg/kg Zn (5 APC) |
Zn + 2.5% sorbent | 1100 mg/kg Zn (5 APC) |
Zn + 5% sorbent | 1100 mg/kg Zn (5 APC) |
Cu | 1320 mg/kg Cu (10 APC) |
Soil + 1% sorbent | 1320 mg/kg Cu (10 APC) |
Soil + 2.5% sorbent | 1320 mg/kg Cu (10 APC) |
Soil + 5% sorbent | 1320 mg/kg Cu (10 APC) |
Zn | 2200 mg/kg Zn (10 APC) |
Zn + 1% sorbent | 2200 mg/kg Zn (10 APC) |
Zn + 2.5% sorbent | 2200 mg/kg Zn (10 APC) |
Zn + 5% sorbent | 2200 mg/kg Zn (10 APC) |
Sorbents | Content of Elements and Ash, % | Atomic Ratio of Elements | Water Content, % | pH | Specific Surface Area, m2 g−1 | Volume of Pores, cm3 g−1 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | N | H | O | Ash | H/C | O/C | (N + O)/C | Total | Micro | Meso | Macro | ||||
GAC* | 72.5 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 18.0 | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 3.2 | 9.3 | 766 | 0.82 | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.16 |
Biochar | 73.7 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 6.1 | 15.2 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 3.6 | 9.1 | 624 | 0.85 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.21 |
Treatment | Loosely Bound Compounds | Total Content | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Exchangeable | Complexed | Specifically Sorbed | ||
Cu | ||||
Control | 0.6 ± 0.1 * | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 45.3 |
Cu 5 APC ** | 59.7 ± 5.4 | 70.2 ± 6.3 | 106.8 ± 9.6 | 692.0 |
Cu 5 APC +1% GAC *** | 46.2 ± 4.2 | 48.1 ± 4.3 | 91.7 ± 8.3 | 680.0 |
Cu 5 APC +1% biochar | 36.5 ± 3.3 | 44.2 ± 4.0 | 72.1 ± 6.5 | 691.0 |
Cu 5 APC +2.5% GAC | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 17.2 ± 1.5 | 37.1 ± 3.3 | 684.0 |
Cu 5 APC +2.5% biochar | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 14.5 ± 1.3 | 25.9 ± 2.3 | 696.0 |
Cu 5 APC +5% GAC | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 10.3 ± 0.9 | 19.3 ± 1.7 | 691.0 |
Cu 5 APC +5% biochar | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 0.8 | 17.4 ± 1.6 | 678.0 |
Cu 10 APC | 197.5 ± 17.8 | 237.8 ± 21.4 | 278.8 ± 25.1 | 1371.0 |
Cu 10 APC +1% GAC | 158.1 ± 14.2 | 161.7 ± 14.6 | 250.0 ± 22.5 | 1370.0 |
Cu 10 APC +1% biochar | 129.2 ± 11.6 | 142.7 ± 12.8 | 240.1 ± 21.6 | 1380.0 |
Cu 10 APC +2.5% GAC | 82.0 ± 7.4 | 131.0 ± 11.8 | 245.0 ± 22.0 | 1373.0 |
Cu 10 APC +2.5% biochar | 67.8 ± 6.1 | 101.4 ± 9.1 | 216.1 ± 19.4 | 1369.0 |
Cu 10 APC +5% GAC | 41.0 ± 3.7 | 72.5 ± 6.5 | 173.8 ± 15.6 | 1367.0 |
Cu 10 APC +5% biochar | 35.1 ± 3.2 | 57.8 ± 5.2 | 142.9 ± 12.9 | 1375.0 |
MPC 3.0 **** [62] | APC 132.0 ** [41] | |||
Zn | ||||
Control | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 9.6 ± 0.9 | 84.3 |
Zn 5 APC | 162.1 ± 14.6 | 67.8 ± 6.1 | 243.5 ± 21.9 | 1182.0 |
Zn 5 APC +1% GAC | 134.1 ± 12.1 | 55.0 ± 4.9 | 191.6 ± 17.2 | 1180.0 |
Zn 5 APC +1% biochar | 119.2 ± 10.7 | 39.5 ± 3.6 | 182.5 ± 16.4 | 1183.0 |
Zn 5 APC +2.5% GAC | 63.5 ± 5.7 | 25.8 ± 2.3 | 136.3 ± 12.3 | 1179.0 |
Zn 5 APC +2.5% biochar | 67.9 ± 6.1 | 20.9 ± 1.9 | 123.1 ± 11.1 | 1178.0 |
Zn 5 APC +5% GAC | 9.7 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 35.1 ± 3.2 | 1175.0 |
Zn 5 APC +5% biochar | 8.3 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 31.1 ± 2.8 | 1185.0 |
Zn 10 APC | 475.6 ± 42.8 | 220.1 ± 19.8 | 607.7 ± 54.7 | 2289.0 |
Zn 10 APC +1% GAC | 368.2 ± 33.1 | 181.8 ± 16.4 | 534.7 ± 48.1 | 2288.0 |
Zn 10 APC +1% biochar | 335.4 ± 30.2 | 153.5 ± 13.8 | 494.4 ± 44.5 | 2280.0 |
Zn 10 APC +2.5% GAC | 220.3 ± 19.8 | 100.1 ± 9.0 | 414.3 ± 37.3 | 2281.0 |
Zn 10 APC +2.5% biochar | 208.3 ± 18.7 | 94.9 ± 8.5 | 382.6 ± 34.4 | 2277.0 |
Zn 10 APC +5% GAC | 100.8 ± 9.1 | 64.9 ± 5.8 | 316.7 ± 28.5 | 2284.0 |
Zn 10 APC +5% biochar | 89.5 ± 8.1 | 58.2 ± 5.2 | 307.5 ± 27.7 | 2284.0 |
MPC 23.0 **** [62] | APC 220.0 ** [41] |
Treatment | % from Loosely Bound Compounds | ||
---|---|---|---|
Exchangeable | Complexed | Specifically Sorbed | |
Cu | |||
Control | 14 | 33 | 53 |
Cu 5 APC * | 25 | 30 | 45 |
Cu 5 APC + 1% GAC ** | 25 | 26 | 49 |
Cu 5 APC + 1% biochar | 24 | 29 | 47 |
Cu 5 APC + 2.5% GAC | 10 | 29 | 61 |
Cu 5 APC + 2.5% biochar | 12 | 31 | 57 |
Cu 5 APC + 5% GAC | 9 | 32 | 59 |
Cu 5 APC + 5% biochar | 7 | 32 | 61 |
Cu 10 APC | 28 | 33 | 39 |
Cu 10 APC + 1% GAC | 28 | 28 | 44 |
Cu 10 APC + 1% biochar | 25 | 28 | 47 |
Cu 10 APC + 2.5% GAC | 18 | 29 | 53 |
Cu 10 APC + 2.5% biochar | 18 | 26 | 56 |
Cu 10 APC + 5% GAC | 14 | 25 | 61 |
Cu 10 APC + 5% biochar | 15 | 24 | 61 |
Zn | |||
Control | 18 | 8 | 74 |
Zn 5 APC | 34 | 14 | 52 |
Zn 5 APC + 1% GAC | 35 | 14 | 51 |
Zn 5 APC + 1% biochar | 35 | 12 | 53 |
Zn 5 APC + 2.5% GAC | 28 | 11 | 61 |
Zn 5 APC + 2.5% biochar | 32 | 10 | 58 |
Zn 5 APC + 5% GAC | 19 | 13 | 68 |
Zn 5 APC + 5% biochar | 19 | 10 | 71 |
Zn 10 APC | 36 | 17 | 47 |
Zn 10 APC + 1% GAC | 34 | 17 | 49 |
Zn 10 APC + 1% biochar | 34 | 16 | 50 |
Zn 10 APC + 2.5% GAC | 30 | 14 | 56 |
Zn 10 APC + 2.5% biochar | 30 | 14 | 56 |
Zn 10 APC + 5% GAC | 21 | 13 | 66 |
Zn 10 APC + 5% biochar | 20 | 12 | 68 |
Treatment | Cu Content in | AC * Cu | Zn Content in | AC Zn | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Stem | Grain | Root | Stem | Grain | |||
Control | 12.7 ± 1.1 ** | 10.4 ± 0.9 | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 3.0 | 19.20 ± 1.7 | 17.4 ± 1.6 | 10.4 ± 0.9 | 1.5 |
HM *** 5 APC **** | 243.6 ± 21.9 | 67.1 ± 6.0 | 12.3 ± 1.1 | 1.0 | 348.5 ± 31.4 | 85.8 ± 7.7 | 33.2 ± 3.0 | 0.7 |
HM 5 APC + 1% GAC ***** | 177.8 ± 16.0 | 52.3 ± 4.7 | 10.0 ± 0.9 | 1.0 | 265.8 ± 23.9 | 64.5 ± 5.8 | 31.1 ± 2.8 | 0.7 |
HM 5 APC + 1% biochar | 167.2 ± 15.0 | 56.2 ± 5.1 | 9.5 ± 0.9 | 1.1 | 263.6 ± 23.7 | 61.3 ± 5.5 | 30.8 ± 2.8 | 0.8 |
HM 5 APC + 2.5% GAC | 108.8 ± 9.8 | 27.7 ± 2.5 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 1.8 | 176.2 ± 15.9 | 42.8 ± 3.9 | 25.3 ± 2.3 | 0.8 |
HM 5 APC + 2.5% biochar | 100.3 ± 9.0 | 25.3 ± 2.3 | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 | 158.4 ± 14.3 | 35.2 ± 3.2 | 23.6 ± 2.1 | 0.7 |
HM 5 APC + 5% GAC | 60.5 ± 5.4 | 14.5 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 1.9 | 75.3 ± 6.8 | 29.6 ± 2.7 | 16.5 ± 1.5 | 1.5 |
HM 5 APC + 5% biochar | 59.9 ± 5.4 | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 | 63.4 ± 5.7 | 28.8 ± 2.6 | 16.9 ± 1.5 | 1.4 |
HM 10 APC | 578.2 ± 52.0 | 116.3 ± 10.5 | 27.2 ± 2.4 | 0.8 | 956.8 ± 86.1 | 286.5 ± 25.8 | 98.5 ± 8.9 | 0.7 |
HM 10 APC + 1% GAC | 365.3 ± 32.9 | 68.0 ± 6.1 | 24.8 ± 2.2 | 0.6 | 627.0 ± 56.4 | 241.5 ± 21.7 | 86.9 ± 7.8 | 0.6 |
HM 10 APC + 1% biochar | 349.9 ± 31.5 | 65.5 ± 5.9 | 23.9 ± 2.2 | 0.7 | 608.3 ± 54.7 | 239.8 ± 21.6 | 81.4 ± 7.3 | 0.6 |
HM 10 APC + 2.5% GAC | 177.4 ± 16.0 | 35.5 ± 3.2 | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 0.4 | 325.0 ± 29.3 | 146.8 ± 13.2 | 55.3 ± 5.0 | 0.4 |
HM 10 APC + 2.5% biochar | 166.9 ± 15.0 | 31.6 ± 2.8 | 11.4 ± 1.0 | 0.4 | 307.0 ± 27.6 | 102.5 ± 9.2 | 49.2 ± 4.4 | 0.4 |
HM 10 APC + 5% GAC | 73.0 ± 6.6 | 22.4 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 0.3 | 204.0 ± 18.4 | 47.4 ± 4.3 | 23.1 ± 2.1 | 0.4 |
HM 10 APC + 5% biochar | 68.6 ± 6.2 | 20.7 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 0.3 | 193.0 ± 17.4 | 43.6 ± 3.9 | 22.5 ± 2.0 | 0.4 |
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Burachevskaya, M.; Mandzhieva, S.; Bauer, T.; Minkina, T.; Rajput, V.; Chaplygin, V.; Fedorenko, A.; Chernikova, N.; Zamulina, I.; Kolesnikov, S.; et al. The Effect of Granular Activated Carbon and Biochar on the Availability of Cu and Zn to Hordeum sativum Distichum in Contaminated Soil. Plants 2021, 10, 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050841
Burachevskaya M, Mandzhieva S, Bauer T, Minkina T, Rajput V, Chaplygin V, Fedorenko A, Chernikova N, Zamulina I, Kolesnikov S, et al. The Effect of Granular Activated Carbon and Biochar on the Availability of Cu and Zn to Hordeum sativum Distichum in Contaminated Soil. Plants. 2021; 10(5):841. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050841
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurachevskaya, Marina, Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Bauer, Tatiana Minkina, Vishnu Rajput, Victor Chaplygin, Aleksey Fedorenko, Natalia Chernikova, Inna Zamulina, Sergey Kolesnikov, and et al. 2021. "The Effect of Granular Activated Carbon and Biochar on the Availability of Cu and Zn to Hordeum sativum Distichum in Contaminated Soil" Plants 10, no. 5: 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050841