The Genus Plagiothecium Schimp. (Plagiotheciaceae, Bryophyta) in Eurasia: An Annotated Checklist with Distribution and Ecological Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. General Results
2.2. Annotations by Taxon
- Annotations to the following list of Plagiothecium taxa include brief description for each taxon, with comments on nomenclature and taxonomic status (when necessary), ecological preferences, and geographic distribution inside and outside Eurasia (if available).
- Taxon distribution per country in Eurasia is given in detail in Appendix B, with all available literature sources.
- We did not make any broad attempt to provide an exhaustive list of records for all countries in each continent (outside Eurasia), but we gave a general overview of the geographic distribution outside the study area based on the selected references. As far as we know, none of the 41 taxa listed here have been reported from Antarctica [14] or Australia [17].
- Plagiothecium angusticellum G.J. Wolski & P. Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020—a medium-sized plant, with asymmetrical leaves, not shrunken when dry; an acuminate, gently curved, not serrated apex; tight areolation, created with long and narrow leaf cells which do not form regular rows. This combination of features made it possible to distinguish P. angusticellum from similar and closely related species such as P. cavifolium, P. nemorale, and P. longisetum [27]. Ecology. From Poland (from where it was described), this species was recorded mainly in deciduous forests (e.g., eutrophic swamp forests Ribeso nigri-Alnetum Sol.-Górn. (1975) 1987, wet alder riparian forests Fraxino-Alnetum W. Mat. 1952, beech forests Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum W. Mat. et A. Mat. 1973, oaklinden-hornbeam forests Tilio-Carpinetum Tracz. 1962) in epigeic, epiphytic and epilithic habitats. Distribution. Apart from Central Europe, this species is also reported from North America (USA) [191].
- Plagiothecium argentatum (Mitt.) Q. Zuo 2011—described as Hypnum argentatum by Mitten [192], transferred to the genus Struckia by Müller [193], and finally (based on DNA analysis) incorporated into the genus Plagiothecium [36], its integration in this genus was confirmed by other researchers (e.g., [7,23]). A pale green, julaceous plant, with symmetric, concave, plicate, long, non-decurrent leaves, with a serrulate or entire margin, and quadrate alars; it is characterised by quite an unusual (for a member of the genus Plagiothecium) set of features. Most of these features place P. argentatum well in the described genus, but serrulate margins, absence of decurrency and quadrate alars seem to exclude this species from the genus Plagiothecium. This large morphological separateness resulted in the placement of this species (as P. enerve) in a separate section of Struckia [23]. Ecology. The species was recorded in epiphytic and epixylic habitats [7]. Distribution. So far, recorded from East and South Asia.
- Plagiothecium berggrenianum Frisvoll 1981—a medium-sized to large, julaceous, crowded plant; leaves symmetrical, very concave, ovate, long decurrent, and an abruptly narrowed to hooked apex; leaf cells long and narrow, thick-walled; capsules straight and erect. This circumpolar species was described by Frisvoll [171], and is easily distinguishable from other species by leaves with recurved margins and by the shape of its apex, as well as well-developed alar regions. Plagiothecium berggrenianum is similar to P. svalbardense, but the former is longer, with elliptical, plicate leaves, and broadly recurved margins. Wynns [7] states that P. berggrenianum is a possible hybrid. Ecology. This species is recorded in epigeic, epilithic and epixylic habitats [26,171,172]. It is found in swales, tundra, and cliffs; low to moderate elevations [21]. Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, it is also reported from North America (Canada, Greenland, USA) [7,26,172].
- Plagiothecium cavifolium (Brid.) Z. Iwats. 1970—Iwatsuki [29] selected this name for the species previously known as P. roeseanum [1]. A small to medium-sized, pale green to yellowish green, glossy plant in dense mats (Figure 2); ascending to erect, stems julaceous more or less; imbricate, ovate to elliptical, symmetric, concave leaves (Figure 3), often with a curved apex; cells linear-rhomboidal, long and narrow (Figure 4). Ecology. This species is found in shaded locations in low to high elevations [21] and recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,28,29,30,34,62,79,194,195,196,197,198,199]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, this species is also reported from Africa (Tunisia) [47]; North America (Canada, Falkland Islands, Greenland, USA) [7,21,23,25,79].
- Plagiothecium cavifolium var. orthocladium (Schimp.) Z. Iwats. 1970—Iwatsuki [29] selected this name for the variety previously known as P. orthocladium [1], and also reported on a relationship between this taxon and P. nemorale fo. japonicum (currently P. japonicum) as well as P. succulentum. Wynns [7] mentioned difficulty in distinguishing this taxon, adding that he used this name for olivaceous, boreal specimens, with crispate and spreading leaves. Ecology. This taxon is recorded in epilithic habitat. Distribution. Apart from Europe (Nordic countries), this taxon is also reported from North America (Canada, Greenland) [7].
- Plagiothecium cochleatum Dixon 1938—a dark green plant; leaves loosely imbricated, concave, plicate, with rigid areolation, and quite well-developed alar decurrencies. Wynns [7] indicates that P. cochleatum is similar to P. cavifolium and may be confused with this species. Ecology. It is a rare species, present in disjunct Alpine and Himalayan habitats [23]. Distribution. So far, it is reported from Asia (India).
- Plagiothecium conostegium Herzog 1916—Suzuki [119] recorded this taxon from Japan. Considering the features and pictures published by Suzuki [119] in particular: Asymmetric, in dry condition shrunken leaves, long-hexagonal cells, we believe that the taxon described by Suzuki [119] looks more like P. longisetum. This requires checking herbarium materials, but at this stage, we consider the presence of P. conostegium doubtful in Eurasia. Ecology. In Central and South America, it is recorded as a forest species mostly growing on epigeic, epilithic, epiphytic and epixylic habitats [3,7]. Distribution. Apart from Asia (Japan) [119], the species is reported by Wynns [7] as a mountain species from Central America and Northern South America (Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatelama, Mexico, Peru) and also present at high elevations in North America, the Dominican Republic, Northern Andes and Tierra del Fuego [3].
- Plagiothecium curvifolium Schlieph. ex Limpr. 1897—a small to medium-sized plant, green to yellowish green, glossy (Figure 2); leaves broadly lanceolate to lanceolate, not concave, asymmetric, sometimes downward curving; alar decurrencies wide, hyaline (Figure 3), sometimes even inflated; capsules curved and inclined to horizontal. These features distinguish this species from other closely related species (e.g., P. laetum). Ireland [18] and Iwatsuki [29] (and many after them) did not recognise P. curvifolium and P. laetum as separate species, but DNA analysis clearly proves this [7,23]. Ecology. It is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,28,29,30,34,79,194,200]). Distribution. The species is common in lowland areas [25]. Outside Eurasia, it is reported from Africa [29] but its presence in North Africa considered doubtful by Ros et al. [12]. It is also reported from North America (Canada, USA) [7,25,79].
- Plagiothecium curvifolium fo. julaceum Culm. & E. Bauer 1915—it is a forgotten taxon, which after being described in 1915 it was not later mentioned as a separate or at least as a synonym in any of the major bryological studies [28,30,32,201,202,203,204,205]. Based on molecular analyses, Wynns [7] recognises it as separate, although the description of the gametophyte characteristics (ramis subjulaceis, foliis imbricatis saepe subhomomallis) indicates features similar to P. cavifolium. At this stage, this taxon definitely requires further in-depth research and detailed analysis. Ecology and Distribution. Detailed ecological data and distribution for this taxon are not known exactly and require specific investigation. However, according to Wynns [7], the isotype is found on fir roots near the upper tree line (epiphytic); from Switzerland (Burgfeld in Beatenberg, Canton of Bern).
- Plagiothecium decoratum J.T. Wynns 2015—the species established by Wynns [23] and described as a julaceous to subcomplanate, slender plant, with concave, ovate, more or less symmetrical, plicate leaves, with recurved margins and a curled, denticulate, hyaline and recurved leaf apex. Ecology. It is listed in epiphytic habitat [7]. Distribution. The species is described as endemic of Bhutan and Nepal [7], present in evergreen forests around 3000 m. According to Wynns et al. [23], this taxon should be searched for elsewhere, as it could reasonably be expected to occur in Sikkim (Northeastern India)—which borders Bhutan in the east and Nepal in the west—and in Yunnan (China).
- Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp 1851—a fairly large plant, green to yellowish green, often glossy (Figure 2); the stem prostrate to ascending, densely foliate; concave, ovate to lanceolate, asymmetrical, acute to acuminate leaves, with recurved margins (Figure 3), an often denticulate apex, and loose cell areolation (Figure 4); median cells linear-rhomboidal; alar regions well-developed, broadly decurrent, composed of large, inflated, round hyaline cells; sporophytes with inclined capsules. These features allow this species to be distinguished from others. Ecology. It is considered as a circumboreal species, where it is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats; more abundant in alpine areas (e.g., [28,29,30,34,79,194,198,199,206]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, it is cited in the literature from North Africa, but considered doubtful by Ros et al. [12]; also the occurrence of this species in sub-Saharan Africa is considered doubtful by O’Shea [10]. It is also reported from North America (Canada, Greenland, USA) [7,18,25,79,207].
- Plagiothecium denticulatum var. affine Warnst. 1906—a species with small, flat, asymmetric leaves and well-developed alar regions [7]. Warnstorf [208] stated that P. denticulatum var. affine has a delicate form and resembles P. laetum, and that it could be an intermediate form between these species. Intermediate features of this taxon include its delicate structure as well as straight and erect capsules (which is characteristic for all species closely related to P. laetum). Wynns [7] supports this opinion that it may be a hybrid between these two species. Ecology. Warnstorf [208] did not provide details about the ecological preferences of this taxon, however, he indicated that it is a delicate form growing in flat turfs. Distribution. So far, it is reported only from Germany (Bärwalde, between Vietnitz and Nordhausen, Königsberg) [7,208].
- Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium (Turner) Moore 1873—a small, subjulaceous, glossy, soft plant; leaves round, ovate or elliptical, with an obtuse apex, recurved margins and well-developed alar regions. These features distinguish this taxon from other species. Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium was treated by some scientists as a synonym of P. denticulatum (e.g., [18,159]) or considered to be an ecotypic variety, but DNA sequence analyses indicate that P. denticulatum var. obtusifolium and P. denticulatum are not the same taxon [7,23]. Ecology. Wynns [7] reported on that P. denticulatum var. obtusifolium is restricted to mountains and cliffs, where it is recorded in epigeic, epilithic and epiphytic habitats. Distribution. Outside Eurasia, the species reported from North America (Canada, USA) [7,79].
- Plagiothecium enerve (Broth.) Q. Zuo 2011—due to a rather unusual combination of features: small plant with not tumid branches, narrowly lanceolate leaves bordered by hyaline, elongate, thin-walled cells, with an extremely long, often brownish piliferous apex, this plant was first described as Struckia enervis [209]. However, DNA analysis [36] indicates that it belongs to the genus Plagiothecium. Ecology. This species is recorded in epilithic and epiphytic habitats [7]. Distribution. Until now, it is reported from Asia (China and Russia).
- Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Cardot & Thér.) Z. Iwats. 1970—a medium-sized to robust, glossy plant, with flattened branches; leaves ovate to elliptical, asymmetric, slightly contorted when dry, broadly acute, more or less undulate; median leaf cell linear, narrow, thin-walled, areolation looks tight. Due to this feature combination, P. euryphyllum is similar and confused with P. neckeroideum, but this species does not have intense iridescent and concave leaves as P. euryphyllum. Ecology. The species is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats [29,64,79]. Distribution. It is widely spread over Asia (China, Formosa, Japan, Korea and Myanmar) and Eastern Europe (Russia) [7,29,32,72,140].
- Plagiothecium fallax Cardot & Thér. 1902—Cardot & Thériot [210] described this species as a robust, light green, shiny plant; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, asymmetrical, undulate, with a broad base and wider areolation of thin-walled cells. According to these authors, P. fallax is similar to P. denticulatum sensu lato, but it can be distinguished from this species by very small alar decurrencies. Ireland [18] and Iwatsuki [29] treated this species as a synonym or variety of P. cavifolium. Ecology. This species is recorded in epigeic habitat. Distribution. Apart from Eurasia (Russian Federation and Japan), it is also reported from North America (USA) and considered to be a typical North Pacific element [7].
- Plagiothecium japonicum Sakurai 1949—described by Sakurai [211], but Iwatsuki [29] treated this species as a form of P. nemorale (P. nemorale fo. japonicum), later even as a synonym to this species [33]. Plagiothecium japonicum can be easily recognised by large, broadly ovate, often concave leaves with stiff, extended cells and, as indicated by Wynns [7], it should be treated as a separate species, despite the fact that morphologically and genetically it shows intermediate features between P. nemorale and P. cavifolium. Ecology. This species is recorded in epigeic and epilithic habitats. Distribution. Apart from Asia (Japan), it is also reported from North America (USA) and considered a North Pacific element as P. fallax [7].
- Plagiothecium laetum Schimp. 1851—small plant, pale green to yellowish green, glossy, in loose mats; leaves asymmetrical, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, and narrowly-decurrent, gradually acuminate at apex; median leaf cells linear-rhomboidal; capsules more or less erect. Narrow alar decurrencies and sporophytes with erect capsules easily distinguish this species from closely related ones such as P. curvifolium. A recent taxonomic study of P. laetum complex allowed description of a new species, i.e., P. rossicum [26]. Ecology. The species recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic, and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,28,30,66,79,171,172,195,212]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, this species is also reported from North America (Canada, Greenland, USA) [7,18,79].
- Plagiothecium laetum var. tenellum (Schimp.) Warnst. 1906—Warnstorf [208] states that this taxon differs from P. laetum by longer, more lanceolate leaves, as well as narrow and long cells. Jedlička [202,203] characterised P. laetum var. tenellum as having small, narrow leaves, very short costae and narrow cells, often with propagules, and small erect capsules. Ecology and Distribution. Warnstorf [208] did not provide data about the ecological preferences of this taxon, therefore detailed ecological data and distribution for this taxon are not known exactly and require specific investigation. However, he indicated that var. tenellum plants are from all locations listed to P. laetum, which include Germany (Crossen, Lübeck, Hamburg and Altmark). The ecological data reported for these locations were: very rare in pine and deciduous forests at the bottom of trees or on forest floor, sometimes also in moors on the edge of old peat holes; often in crevices of lower and higher mountains.
- Plagiothecium latebricola Wilson ex Schimp. 1851—a small, slender, bright green or yellowish green, glossy plant; leaves erect-spreading, symmetrical, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, sometimes complanate, long acuminate, at times shrunken when dry, a margin narrowly recurved, entire or denticulate near the apex; costae very short; median leaf cells linear-rhomboidal; alar regions narrowly decurrent; fusiforme gemmae often present as well as rhizoids at the apex; capsules erect. Because of its small size, colour, short costae, narrow decurrent alar regions and erect capsules, this species can be confused with P. laetum, but even leaf symmetry in the latter helps to distinguish these two species. Ecology. Plagiothecium latebricola is found in swamps, fens, marshes and recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [21,25,28,30,79,101,199,206,213]). Distribution. This species has a circumboreal distribution [7], typically found in lowland, shaded locations [21,25]. Apart from Eurasia, it is also reported from North America (Canada, USA) [18,79].
- Plagiothecium longisetum Lindb. 1872—species described by Lindberg [214], synonymized with P. nemorale by Iwatsuki [29] and treated as such for about 50 years [33], recently resurrected and considered as a separate species [27]. A robust, green to yellow green, plant without metallic lustre (Figure 2); leaves asymmetric to strongly asymmetric, shrunken when dry, ovate to lanceolate; a straight, not denticulate, acute to acuminate apex; leaf cells in regular rows, long and wide, areolation loose; long and burly costae; and very long seta (to 5.5 cm). This feature combination allows us to easily distinguish this species from P. nemorale and other closely related species. Ecology. It is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats [27]. Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, this species is also reported from North America (Canada, USA) [191].
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum Schimp. 1851—a robust, green to yellowish green, strongly complanate plant; leaves domorphic, triangular, asymmetrical, ovate, undulate, concave, and a serrulate apex; median leaf cells linear-rhomboidal, narrow; alar decurrencies hyaline, thin-walled and well-developed. Apex cells are nematogenous, leaves often with differentiated apical cells, often seen as a longitudinal brown stripe at the leaf apex. Ecology. It is noted in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [29,34,66,79]). Distribution. Wynns [7] reported P. neckeroideum from East and Southeastern Asia and in the Himalayas, from Europe (in the Alps). Deng-ke and Ireland [79] also gives this species from North America.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum fo. exile J.T. Wynns 2015—a taxon described by Wynns [23] as a small plant, with slender stems and branches, reddish stems; concave, not undulate, acuminate leaves; leaf cell areolation composed of short and narrow cells; decurrencies with enlarged, hyaline alar cells. Ecology. Reported from Quercus semecarpifolia forest, on tree trunk (epiphytic) [23]. Distribution. So far, the taxon is known only from Nepal.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. javense M. Fleisch. 1920—Fleischer [215] describes this taxon as a large, light green plant, with pale, symmetric, concave, undulate, long acuminate leaves, a denticulate apex, short costae, thin-walled leaf cells, enlarged in the basal area, with a vertical stripe of nematogenous cells at the apex. Ecology. This taxon was recorded in epigeic and epilithic habitats. Distribution. Apart from Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines), it is also reported from Papua New Guinea [216] and from East Africa (Ethiopia) [10].
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. myurum Molendo 1875—smaller than P. neckeroideum var. javense, other features that make it different from closely related species are that it is a julaceous plant, with strongly concave, not undulate leaves [7,217]. Ecology. It is a montane taxon, recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats [7]. Distribution. Reported from Sino-Himalayan region (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal) [23].
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. niitakayamae (Toyama) Z. Iwats. 1970—a big, light green, julaceous plant, with symmetrical, plicate leaves; this variety differs from the species by more julaceous, symmetric, undulate leaves. Ecology. This taxon was recorded in epigeic, epilithic and epiphytic habitats [7,29,79]. Distribution. Recorded from East Asia (China, Japan, Taiwan) and Southeast Asia (Philippines).
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum fo. parvum J.T. Wynns 2015—a form proposed by Wynns [7], who describes it as a small, pale green, crispate when dry, with flat or undulate, very concave, cordate, short, broad and very asymmetrical leaves, with an acuminate, acute and denticulate apex, often with rhizoids; leaf cells narrow; this form is similar to P. subglaucum, but in P. neckeroideum fo. parvum the leaves are broader. Ecology. This taxon was recorded in epigeic habitats [7]. Distribution. So far, it is known only from Taiwan (East Asia).
- Plagiothecium nemorale (Mitt.) A. Jaeger 1878—this species has been too widely described in the last few decades, a taxonomic review of P. nemorale sensu lato indicates that it is actually three separate species: P. nemorale sensu stricto, P. longisetum and P. angusticellum [27]. A medium to large, green to dark green plant, shrunken when dry (Figure 2) and without metallic luster; leaves ovate, symmetric (Figure 3); acute to acuminate, straight; a denticulate apex; leaf cells short and wide, loose areolation, symmetric, in regular rows (Figure 4). This feature combination makes it very easy to distinguish this species from other closely related species. Ecology. The species is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic, and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,27,28,29,34,66,79,141,194,199,200,218]). Distribution. The species is quite common in Eurasia [27]. It is also reported by Ros et al. [12,47] from North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia) and reported from North America (Canada, USA) [27,191].
- Plagiothecium noricum Molendo ex Limpr. 1897—flaccid, not undulate, very concave leaves, with expended cell aerolation, denticulate; rhizoids at the apex. Ecology. Wynns [7] describes P. noricum as a still little-known Alpine species, where are listed from epigeic habitat. Distribution. Reported from the Southern part of Central Europe (Austria) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar).
- Plagiothecium obtusissimum Broth. 1921—a yellowish green to pale green, glossy plant with metallic luster; leaves ovate, rounded-obtuse at the apex, asymmetrical, slightly concave, the margin often erect at one side; leaves with suddenly differentiated alars, composed by hyaline inflated cells; median cells linear-flexuose, very narrow and long, thin-walled. Iwatsuki [29] considered P. obtusissimum to be closely related to P. euryphyllum, due to similar alar cells, leaf cells and setae. Additionally, it is easily distinguished from this species by the plant size and shape of leaf apex. DNA analysis confirms the observations about the close relationship between these species [36]. Ecology. Plagiothecium obtusissimum is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [29,34]). Distribution. Noguchi [34] considered this species to be endemic to Japan; however, it is later reported from Russia (e.g., [32]).
- Plagiothecium piliferum (Sw.) Schimp. 1851—a small, slender, pale green and glossy plant; leaves ovate, deeply concave, almost symmetrical, abruptly contracted to a piliferous, sometimes flexuose apex, with recurved margins; median leaves linear-rhomboidal, very narrow; alar regions narrowly decurrent. Ecology. Plagiothecium piliferum is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, and epixylic habitats (e.g., [25,28,30,79]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, this species is also reported from North America (Canada, Greenland, USA) in low to moderate elevations [7,21,30,79].
- Plagiothecium platyphyllum Mönk. 1927—a medium-sized to robust, green, glossy plant; leaves ovate-lanceolate, asymmetrical, complanate, facid, undulate; median leafcells linear-romboidal, apical cells often bearing rhizoids; alar cells hyaline to pale green. According to Ireland [18], it is an autopolyploid of P. denticulatum, while a DNA study [219] suggested that P. denticulatum var. obtusifolium is a haploid of P. platyphyllum. Ecology. Plagiothecium platyphyllum is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic, and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,28,30,79,128,194]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, it is also reported from North America (Canada, USA) [7,23].
- Plagiothecium rhizophyllum Sakuri 1932—described by Sakurai [220] as a small species, with not undulate, loose cell areolation and rhizoids at the apex. Iwatsuki [29,221] and researchers after him (e.g., [33]) consider it as a synonym of P. nemorale, but Wynns [7] treats P. rhizophyllum as a separate species. Ecology. It is recorded in epigeic habitat [7]. Distribution. So far, the species reported only from East Asia (China).
- Plagiothecium rossicum Ignatov & Ignatova 2019—described on the basis of DNA analyses of the P. laetum complex by Ignatova et al. [26]. A small plant with distinctly complanate foliage; leaves asymmetrical, ovate-lanceolate, a narrowly acute to short acuminate apex, margins flat, entire or minutely denticulate at the apex; leaf cells long and very narrow; straight and erect capsules. In terms of many features, this species is similar to P. laetum, but a flat margin and strongly asymmetric leaves are very useful in distinguishing P. rossicum from this species. Many features allow this species to be distinguished also from P. svalbardense, including for example: A flat leaf margin, narrow cells, narrowly acute to short acuminate apex which characterise P. rossicum. Ecology. So far, this species has been recorded in epigeic, epilithic, epixylic and epiphytic habitats [26]. Distribution. The species in common in boreal and hemiboreal forests of Russia, one position is also given from Poland [26].
- Plagiothecium ruthei Limpr. 1897—a medium-sized to large plant; leaves strongly complanate on the stem, transversely undulate when moist, sometimes shrunken when dry, flaccid, acuminate, strongly asymmetrical, on side almost straight, leaves with narrowly recurved margins and well-developed alar regions. These features distinguish this species from other closely related species. It is recognised as a separate species throughout Eurasia, despite the fact that DNA data places this plant closer to P. denticulatum, even closer than P. denticulatum var. obtusifolium [7,23]. Ecology. Plagiothecium ruthei is typical of wetlands species, recorded in epigeic, epixylic, and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,30,194]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, this species is also reported from North Africa but considered doubtful by Ros et al. [12]; and from North America (Canada, USA) [7].
- Plagiothecium ruthei var. rupincola Limp. 1897—Limpricht [222] described this taxon as similar to P. ruthei due to the size and cell areolation, but different due to closer foliage; symmetrical leaves, lacking recurved margin. Ecology. Limpricht [222] described it as an epilithic, alpine taxon. Distribution. According to the protologue and Wynns [7], this taxon is reported from Central, Northern and Western Europe (Asutria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Norway and Sweden).
- Plagiothecium subglaucum Thwaites & Mitt. 1873—Mitten [223] described this species as a plant with ovate, flat leaves, with an acute to acuminate apex. Plagiothecium subglaucum is similar to and can be confused with P. neckeroideum. Both species require further in-depth research [7]. Ecology. It is recorded in epigeic and epiphytic habitats. Distribution. So far, known only from Sri Lanka (South Asia) and Myanmar (Southeast Asia).
- Plagiothecium succulentum (Wilson) Lindb. 1865—a robust, yellowish green to golden green, very glossy plant, leaves symmetric, lanceolate, not shrunken when dry, with an entire apex; median leaf cells very long. Plagiothecium succulentum differs from P. nemorale by lanceolate leaves, longer cells and a smooth apex; and from P. longisetum by lanceolate, symmetrical leaves; from other closely related species (e.g., P. angusticellum), it is very easy to distinguish, for example, by leaf symmetries and loose cells areolation [27]. Wynns [7] considered P. succulentum as problematic and described this species as polyphyletic or intermediate between P. nemorale and P. cavifolium. Plagiothecium succulentum in some countries is indicated as doubtful (Table 2, Figure S4). In our opinion, the relationship between these above-mentioned species requires a detailed analysis. Ecology. Plagiothecium succulentum is recorded in epigeic, epilithic, and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,28,30,62,79,194]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, this species is also reported from North Africa (a single record from Tunisia) [47]; and from North America (Canada, USA) [191].
- Plagiothecium succulentum fo. propaguliferum E. Bauer 1902—a very dark, small plant, with shrunken leaves when dry. These are the features that distinguish this form from P. succulentum. Wynns [7] commented that this taxon can be frequently found in herbaria under the name P. succulentum. Ecology. This taxon is recorded in epilithic and epiphytic habitats [7]. Distribution. Currently, P. succulentum fo. propaguliferum is recorded in Western, Northern and Western Europe [7], and from North America (Canada, USA) [7,191].
- Plagiothecium svalbardense Frisvoll 1996—a small, growing erect plant, crispy when dry; leaves small, weakly undulate, concave, symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, short, ovate, gradually tapered to the apex; margins narrowly recurved, entire or minutely denticulate at the apex; a subpiliferous apex; capsules straight and erect. Plagiothecium svalbardense is different from P. laetum by leaf shape and apex shape, the described species is also similar to P. piliferum due to its apex, but the latter has narrower leaf cells and a longer apex. The shape and arrangement of capsules is similar to P. laetum and P. berggrenianum but different from P. curvifolium. Ecology. Wynns [7] described P. svalbardense as an arctic species, where it is recorded in epilithic and epixylic habitats [26]. Distribution. Apart from Eurasia (Russia, Svalbard, Sweden), this species is also reported from North America (Greenland) [7].
- Plagiothecium undulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1851—a large white to pale green, dull plant; leaves large, imbricate, crispate, slightly asymmetric, acute and serrulate at the apex; rhizoids occur at the leaf insertion; leaf cells with papillae on abixal surfaces. These mentioned features led Ireland [224] to create for this species (as well as P. draytonii (Sull.) E.B. Bartram) a separate genus—Buckiella Ireland. Plagiothecium undulatum is similar to P. neckeroideum, but it differs by size and colour of the plant as well as longer and broader median leaf cells. Ecology. Plagiothecium undulatum was recorded in epigeic, epilithic, and epiphytic habitats (e.g., [25,28,30,79,197]). Distribution. Apart from Eurasia, this species is also reported from North America (Canada, USA) [7,18,79].
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Area of the Checklist
- Europe (Northern, Middle, Southwestern, Southeastern, and Eastern Europe);
- Asia-Temperate (Siberia, Russian Far East, Middle Asia, Caucasus (excl. partially recognised countries such as Abkhazia), Western Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, China, Mongolia, and Eastern Asia); and
- Asia-Tropical (Indian Subcontinent, Indo-China, Malaysia, but excl. Papuasia).
3.2. Data Collection and Presentation
3.3. Nomenclature and Taxonomy
3.4. Conspectus of Classification of Plagiothecium
- Plagiotheciaceae M.Fleisch., Nova Guinea 8: 748. 1912;
- Hypnaceae subfam. Plagiothecioideae Brotherus in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
- zenfam. 1(3): 1021, 1078. 1908, “Plagiothecieae”. Type. Plagiothecium Schimper.
- Plagiothecium Schimper in Bruch, Schimper and Gümbel, Bryol. Eur. 5:179. 1851 ≡
- Stereodon (Bridel) Mitten sect. Plagiothecium (Schimper) Mitten, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4:
- 88. 1859. Type. Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedwig) Schimper in Bruch, Schimper and Gümbel, Bryol. Eur.
- Plagiothecium Schimp. sect. Plagiothecium ≡ Plagiothecium sect. Falciphyllum Jedl., nom. illeg. Spisy Vydá. Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 23. 1948. = Plagiothecium sect. Rostriphyllum Jedl. Spisy Vydá. Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 32. 1948.This section consists of 12 species: P. brasiliense (Hampe) A. Jaeger, P. cochleatum Dixon, P. conostegium Herzog, P. denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp, P. lamprostachys (Hampe) A. Jaeger, P. berggrenianum Frisvoll, P. membranosulum Müll. Hal., P. nitens Dixon, P. ovalifolium Cardot, P. platyphyllum Mönk., P. ruthei Limpr., P. selaginelloides Müll. Hal.
- Plagiothecium sect. Orthophyllum Jedl. Spisy Vydá. Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 35. 1948.This section consists of 7 species: P. angusticellum G.J. Wolski & P. Nowicka-Krawczyk, P. cavifolium (Brid.) Z. Iwats., P. japonicum Sakurai, P. longisetum Lindb., P. nemorale (Mitt.) A. Jaeger, P. rhizophyllum Sakurai, P. succulentum (Wilson) Lindb.
- Plagiothecium sect. Leptophyllum Jedl. Spisy Vydá. Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 23. 1948. = Plagiothecium sect. Philoscia (Berk.) Ochyra. Biodiversity of Poland 3: 177. 2003. ≡ Philoscia Berk. Handbook of British Mosses 49, 146. 1863.This section consists of 12 species: P. andinum (Hampe) A. Jaeger, P. curvifolium Schlieph. ex Limpr., P. funale J.T. Wynns, P. laetum Schimp., P. latebricola Wilson ex Schimp., P. lucidum (Hook. f. and Wilson) Paris, P. mollicaule R.S. Williams, P. pacificum J.T. Wynns, P. rhizolucidum J.T. Wynns, P. rossicum Ignatov & Ignatova, P. svalbardense Frisvoll.
- Plagiothecium sect. Pseudo-Neckera (Kindb.) J.T. Wynns. Cladistics 34: 469–501. 2018. ≡ Plagiothecium subgen. Pseudo-Neckera Kindb. European and North American Bryineae (Mosses) 1: 69. 1897.This section consists of 4 species: P. decoratum J.T. Wynns, P. neckeroideum Schimp., P. noricum Molendo ex Limpr., P. subglaucum Thwaites & Mitt.
- Plagiothecium sect. Lycambium Jedl. 1948. Spisy Vydá. Přír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 10. 1948. ≡ Buckiella Ireland. Novon 11(1): 55. 2001.This section consists of 3 species: P. draytonii (Sull.) E.B. Bartram, P. fallax Cardot & Thér., P. undulatum (Hedw.) Schimp.
- Plagiothecium sect. Saviczia (Abramova & I.I. Abramov) Z. Iwats. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 33: 341. 1970. ≡ Saviczia Abramova & I.I. Abramov. Novosti Sist. Nizsh.Rast. 1966: 298. 1966.This section consists of 2 species: P. euryphyllum (Cardot & Thér.) Z. Iwats., P. obtusissimum Broth.
- Plagiothecium sect. Struckia (Müll. Hal.) J.T. Wynns. Cladistics 34: 469–501. 2018. ≡ Struckia Müll. Hal. Arch. Vereins Freunde Naturgesch. Mecklenburg 47: 129. 1893.This section consists of 2 species: P. argentatum (Mitt.) Q. Zuo, P. enerve (Broth.) Q. Zuo.
- Plagiothecium sect. Rectithecium (Hedenäs & Huttunen) J.T. Wynns. Cladistics 34: 469–501. 2018. ≡ Rectithecium Hedenäs & Huttunen. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 171(2): 344. 2013.This section consists of one species: P. piliferum (Sw.) Schimp.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Buckiella undulata (Hedw.) Ireland = Plagiothecium undulatum |
Cephalocladium enerve (Broth.) Abramova & I. I. Abramov = Plagiothecium enerve |
Fissidens denticulatus Baumg. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Fobronia enervis Broth. = Plagiothecium enerve |
Hypnum argentatum Mitt. = Plagiothecium argentatum |
Hypnum cavifolius Brid. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Hypnum denticulatum auct. non Hedw. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Hypnum denticulatum L. ex Hedw. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. densum (Schimp.) Lesq. & James = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. donnianum (Sm.) Hook. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. laetum (Schimp.) Lindb. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. majus Boulay = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. obtusifolium Turner = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Hypnum denticulatum var. piliferum (Hartm.) Wahlenb. = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. sublaetum Lind. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. succulentum Wilson = Plagiothecium succulentum |
Hypnum denticulatum var. tenellum (Schimp.) Husn. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Hypnum lamprostachys Hamp. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Hypnum letabricola (Schimp.) Hobk. = Plagiothecium latebricola |
Hypnum obtusifolium (Turner) Brid. = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Hypnum orthocarpum Aongstr. = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Hypnum roeseanum Hampe = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Hypnum silvaticum Hedw. ex. Lindb. nom. inval. in synon. err. orthogr. pro. Hypnum |
sylvaticum Brid. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Hypnum succulentum Wilson = Plagiothecium succulentum |
Hypnum sullivantiae Sull. & Lesq. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Hypnum sylvaticum auct. non Brid. = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Hypnum sylvaticum Brid. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Hypnum trichophorum Spruce = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Hypnum trichophorum var. brevipile (Schimp.) Lindb. = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Hypnum undulatum Hedw. = Plagiothecium undulatum |
Isopterygiopsis piliferum (Hartm.) Loeske = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Isopterygium euryphyllum Cardot & Thér. = Plagiothecium eurphyllum |
Isopterygium latebricola (Schimp.) Delogne = Plagiothecium latebricola |
Isopterygium piliferum (Sw.) Loeske = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Leskea laeta (Schimp.) Bergger. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Leskea latebricola (Schimp.) Wilson = Plagiothecium latebricola |
Leskea pilifera Sw. ex. Hartm. = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Plagiothcium nemorale fo. japonicum (Sakurai) Z. Iwats. ≡ Plagiothecium japonicum |
Plagiotheciella latebricola (Schimp.) M. Fleisch. = Plagiothecium latebricola |
Plagiotheciella pilifera (Sw.) M. Fleisch. = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Plagiothecium annotinum Stirt. ex Dixon nom. inval. = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Plagiothecium apiculatum Sakurai = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium auritum (Kern.) Jedl. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium cavifolium fo. otii (Sakurai) Z. Iwats. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium cavifolium var. fallax (Cardot & Thér.) Z. Iwats. = Plagiothecium fallax |
Plagiothecium chuzensii Iisiba ex Sakurai = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium cochlearifolimus Dixon = Plagiothcium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium crudum Sakurai = Plagiothcium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum fo. laticuspis F. Koppe = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum subsp. aptychus Spruce = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum subsp. donnianum (Sm.) Giacom. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum subsp. laetum (Schimp.) Kindb. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum subsp. ruthei (Limpr.) Kindb. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium denticulatum subsp. sulcatum Spruc. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. aptychus Lees in Dix. = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. cryptarum Renauld & Hérib. = Plagiothecium cavifo- lium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. curvifolium (Limpr.) Meylan = Plagiothecium curvi- folium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. donnianum (Sm.) Lindb. ex Weim. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. donnii Lindb. = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. eciliatum Pfeff. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. gravetii (Piré) Husn. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. imbricatum (Boulay) Meyl. = Plagiothecium denticu- latum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. laetum (Schimp.) Lindb. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. laxum Schimp. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. majus (Boulay) Delogne = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. microcarpum Renauld & Cardot = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. myurum Schimp. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. nervosum (Renauld) Mém. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. orthocladium (Schimp.) Hérib. = Plagiothecium cavifolium var. orthocladium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. orthocladum Warnst. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. phyllorhizans Schiffn. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. podperae Jedl. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. propaguliferum (R. Ruthe ex Limpr.) Warnst. = Plagi- othecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. recurvum Warnst. = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. roeseanum (Schimp.) Hérib. = Plagio- thecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. ruthei (Limpr.) Riehm. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. secundum Lindb. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. sublaetum (Lindb.) Breidl. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. succulentum (Wilson) Dixon = Plagiothecium succu- lentum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. sullivantiae (Sull.) Dix. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. tenellum Schimp. = Plagiothecium laetum var. tenellum |
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. undulatum R. Ruthe ≡ Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium dimorphophyllum Sakurai = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium doii Sakurai = Plagiothecium euryphllum |
Plagiothecium donnianum (Sm.) Mitt. = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Plagiothecium erectum Broth. = Plagiothecium latebricola |
Plagiothecium euryphyllum var. brevirameum (Cardot.) Z. Iwats. = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium fujiyamae Sakurai = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium gravetii Piré = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium hakusanense Sakurai = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium hattorii Sakurai = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium ikedamii Sakurai = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium insigne Cardot = Plagiothecium fallax |
Plagiothecium kanedae Sakurai = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium laetum fo. julaceum Jedl. = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium laetum fo. tenellum (Schimp.) Mönk. = Plagiothecium laetum var. tenellum |
Plagiothecium laetum subsp. curvifolium (Schlieph. ex Limpr.) Szafran = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium laetum subsp. succulentum fo. longifolium (Mönk.) Jedl. = Plagi- othecium succulentum |
Plagiothecium laetum var. curvifolium (Limpr.) Mastracci & M. Sauer = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium laetum var. densum (Schimp.) Warnst. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium laetum var. secundum (Lindb.) Frisvoll et al. = Plagiothecium curvifo- lium |
Plagiothecium laetum var. sublaetum (Breidl.) Warnst. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium laetum var. tenellum (Schimp.) Warnst. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium latifolium Cardot = Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. myurum |
Plagiothecium laxum Sakurai = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium longicaule Sakurai = Plagiothecium neckeroideum |
Plagiothecium longisetum var. brevinerve Iisiba = Plagiothecium longisetum |
Plagiothecium lucens Sauter ex Rabenhorst = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium luridum (Molendo) Molendo & Lorentz = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium maedae Sakurai = Plagiothecium neckeroideum |
Plagiothecium magufuki Sakurai = Plagiothecium japonicum |
Plagiothecium matsumarae S. Okamura = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium mauiense Broth. = Plagiothecium longisetum |
Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. angustatum Cardot = Plagiothecium neckeroideum |
Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. argenteus Dixon = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. sikkimense Renauld & Cardot = Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. myurum |
Plagiothecium neglectum Mönkm. = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium neglectum subsp. platyphyllum (Mönk.) Szafran = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium neglectum subsp. platyphyllum fo. fontana (Mönk.) Jedl. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium niitakayamae Toyama = Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. niitakayamae |
Plagiothecium nipponense Sakurai = Plagiothecium neckeroideum |
Plagiothecium nitellum Wilson ex Braithw. = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium obtusifolium (Turner) J. J. Amann = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Plagiothecium orthocladium Schimp. = Plagiothecium cavifolium var. orthocladium |
Plagiothecium orthothecioides (Meyl.) Jedl. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium otii Sakurai = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium pallidum S. Okamura = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium podperae Jedl. (Jedl.) = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium pseudolaetum var. japonicum Cardot = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium pseudosylvaticum Warnst. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium ptychocarpum Thér. & Dixon = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium rigens Broth. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum (Hampe) = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum fo. angustirete (Warnst.) Jedl. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum fo. flagellaceum (Warnst.) Mönk. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum fo. gracile (Breidl.) Jedl. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum fo. heterophyllum (Warnst.) Jedl. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum fo. propaguliferum R. Rute = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum var. gracile Breidl. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum var. gracilescens E. Bauer = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum var. julaceum Cardot = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum var. flagellaceum Warnst. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum var. orthocladium (Schimp.) Limpr. = Plagiothecium cavifo- lium var. orthocladium |
Plagiothecium roeseanum var. propaguliferum R. Ruthe = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium roesei Milde = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium rosei Schimp. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium rufovirescens Stirt. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium ruthei var. gracile Meyl. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium ruthei var. pseudosylvaticum (Warnst.) Warnst. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium ruthei var. rupestris R. Ruthe = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium ruthei var. subundulatum R. Ruthe ex Warnst. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium sakuraii Reimers = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sandbergii Renauld & Cardot = Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium |
Plagiothecium saxicola Sakurai = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium silvaticum Bruch & Schimp. in Lindb. = Plagiothecium sylvaticum |
Plagiothecium silvaticum var. latifolium Cardot = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium silvaticum var. nemorale (Mitt.) Par. = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium silvaticum var. rhynchostegioides Cardot = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium solutans Mol. ex Warnst. = Plagiothecium curvifolium |
Plagiothecium splendens Schimp. ex Cardot = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium splendens var. brevirameum Cardot = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium splendens var. minus Cardot = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium splendens var. paraphylliferum Sakurai = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium splendens var. punctatum Sakurai = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Plagiothecium stoloniferum Velen. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium subdenticulatum Correns = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium sublaetum (Lindb.) Lindb. = Plagiothecium laetum |
Plagiothecium succulentum fo. lignicolum Jedl. = Plagiothecium succulentum fo. propaguliferum |
Plagiothecium succulentum var. fontanum (Schiffn.) Riehm. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium succulentum var. longifolium Mönk = Plagiothecium succulentum fo. propaguliferum |
Plagiothecium sullivantiae (Schimp. ex Sull.) A.Jaeger = Plagio thecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum (Brid.) Schimp. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum auct. non. (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum auct. non. Hypnum sylvaticum Brid. = Plagiothecium nemo- rale |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum subsp. roesei Lindb. (Kindb.) = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum subsp. succulentum (Wils.) J.J. Amann & Meyl. = Plagiothecium succulentum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. auritum Kern = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. cavifolium Jur. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. cryptarum (Renauld & Hérib.) P.Syd. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. flavescens Warnst. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. fluitans Podp. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. fontanum Schiffn. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. latifolium Cardot = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. laxum Molendo = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. monoricum Breidl. in Limpr. = Plagiothecium ruthei var. rupincola |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. myurum Molendo = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. neglectum (Mönk.) F. Koppe = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. nemorale (Mitt.) Paris ≡ Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. nervosum Renauld = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. orthocladium (Schimp.) Schimp. = Plagiothecium cavi- folium var. orthocladium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. phyllorhizans Spruce = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. platyphyllum (Mönk) F. Koppe = Plagiothecium |
platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. pseudoneckeroideum Schiffn. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. pseudo-roeseanum Cardot = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. rhynchostegioides Cardot = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. rivulare Debat = Plagiothecium nemorale |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. robustum Roell. = Plagiothecium ruthei |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. roeseanum (Schimp.) A. W. H. Walther & Molendo = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. squarrosum Kind. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. succulentum (Wilson) Spruce = Plagiothecium succu- lentum |
Plagiothecium sylvaticum var. sullivantiae (Sull.) Ren. & Card. = Plagiothecium cavi- folium |
Plagiothecium takahashii Sakurai = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium trichodeum Stirt. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Plagiothecum ruthei var. subjulaceum Warnst. = Plagiothecium cavifolium |
Plagiothecium ruthei var. orthothecioides Meyl. = Plagiothecium platyphyllum |
Rectithecium piliferum (Sw.) Hadenäs & Huttunen = Plagiothecium piliferum |
Saviczia obtusissima (Broth.) Abramova & I. I. Abramov = Plagiothecium obtusissi- mum |
Plagiothecium watanabei Dixon = Plagiothecium euryphyllum |
Stereodon denticulatus (Hedw.) Mitt. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Stereodon nemoralis Mitt. ≡ Plagiothecium nemorale |
Stereodon sylvaticus (Brid.) Brid. = Plagiothecium denticulatum |
Struckia argentata (Mitt.) Müll. Hal. = Plagiothecium argentatum |
Struckia argentata var. enervis (Broth.) B. C. Tan, W. R. Buck & Ignatov = Plagiothe- cium enerve |
Struckia enervis (Broth.) Ignatov, T. J. Kop. & D. G. Long = Plagiothecium enerve |
Appendix B
- Plagiothecium Schimp. sect. Plagiothecium Type: Hypnum denticulatum Hedw. Species Muscorum Frondosorum 237. 1801.
- 1.
- Plagiothecium conostegium Herzog 1916. Bibiotheca Botanica 87: 154. f. 73: a–d.JAP [119].
- 2.
- Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. in BSG 1851. Bryologia Europea 5: 190, 501 (Table VIII).ALB [9,48]; AND [9,47,48,51,52]; ARM [32,53]; AUT [7,9,48,54]; AZE [32]; AZO [47]; BGM [7,9,48,62]; BAN [59,60]; BUL [9,48,49,68]; BIH [9,47,48,49]; BLR [9,32,48,61,228]; CHI [9,48]; SWI [9,48,176,177]; CHN [77,78,79,80]; COR [9,47,48,62]; CZE [7,9,48,84]; GER [7,9,48,95,96,98]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [7,9,28,48,91,92]; FRA [9,47,48,94]; FRO [7,9,48,89,90]; GRB [7,9,25,48,109]; GEO [32]; GRC [9,47,48,49]; CRO [9,47,48,49]; HUN [9,48,99]; IND [103]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [45,110]; IRQ [106,107]; ICE [9,48,102]; ITA [9,48,114,115]; JAP [33,34,78,118]; KAZ; KGZ [32]; KOS [9]; SKO [78,86]; LAV [9,32,48,124]; LIE [9,48,126]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; MDR [9,47,131]; MKD [9,47,48,49,145]; MNE [9,47,48,49]; MON [139]; NET [9,48,143,144]; NOR [7,9,48]; NEP [142]; PAK [149,150,151]; POL [7,9,48,154]; NKO [78,86]; POR [9,47,48,51,155]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [32,48,159]; SAR [9,48]; SIC [9,47,48]; SVA [9,48,173]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49]; SWE [7,9,48,174,175]; TZK [32]; TUR [9,45,47,48,49,180,181]; UKR [9,32,48,183,185].
- 3.
- Plagiothecium denticulatum var. affine Warnst. 1906. Kryptogamenflora der Mark Brandenburg, Laubmoose 822, 838: f. 1.GER [7].
- 4.
- Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium (Turner) Moore 1873. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 1: 424.BUL [9,47,48]; SWI [7]; CHN [7,79,80]; CZE [7,9,48,84]; GER [7]; SPA [47,48,167]; FIN [7,9,48]; FRA [7,9,47,48,94]; GRB [9,25,48,109]; HUN [7]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [43,45,110]; ICE [7]; ITA [9,47,48,115,116,117]; JAP [33,118]; KOS [9,120]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; NEP [7]; POL [9,48,154]; RUS [7,32,48,162]; SVN [9,48]; SWE [7,9,48,174,175]; TUR [9,45,47,48,181]; UKR [9,32,48].
- 5.
- Plagiothecium platyphyllum Mönk. 1927. Die Laubmoose Europas 866. f. 207b.AND [9,52]; AUT [7,9,48,54]; BUL [9,47,48,49,68]; SWI [9,48,176,177]; CHN [77,79,80]; COR [9,47,48,62]; CZE [7,9,48,84]; GER [7,9,48,95,97,98]; DEN [30]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; FIN [7,9,28,48,91,92,93]; FRA [9,47,48,78,94]; GRB [7,9,25,48]; GEO [32]; GRC [9,48]; CRO [9,83]; HUN [7,9,48,99]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [43,45,110]; ITA [9,47,48,114,117]; JAP [78]; KOS [9,120]; SKO [78]; LTU [9,128]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; MKD [9,47,48,49]; MNE [9,47,48,49]; NOR [7,9,48]; POL [9,48,154]; NKO [78]; POR [9,156]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [32,48,159]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49]; SWE [7,9,48,174,175]; TUR [9,43,45,47,48,49,180,181]; UKR [9,32,48,184].
- 6.
- Plagiothecium ruthei Limpr. 1877. Die Laubmoose Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz 3: 271.AUT [9,48,54]; BUL [47,68]; BLR [9,48]; SWI [7,9,48,176,177]; CHN [77]; CZE [9,48,84]; GER [7,9,48,95,96,98]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,167]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [7,9,48,91,92]; FRA [9,47,48,94]; GRB [9,25,48,109]; HUN [9,48,99]; IRE [25,109]; ITA [47,48,114]; JAP [33,118]; LAV [9,32,48,124]; LIE [9,48,126]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,117,129,130]; NET [7,9,48,143,144]; POL [7,9,48,154]; ROM [9,48]; RUS [32,48,159]; SVK [9,48,164]; SWE [9,48,174,175]; UKR [9,32,48,185].
- 7.
- Plagiothecium ruthei var. rupincola Limpr. 1897 Die Laubmoose Deutschland Oesterreich und der Schweiz 3: 273.AUT; CZE; GER; FRA; NOR; SWE [7].
- Plagiothecium sect. Orthophyllum Jedl. Spisy Prír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 35. 1948.
- 8.
- Plagiothecium angusticellum G. J. Wolski & P. Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020. PLOS ONE 15(3): e0230237.CZE; EST; HUN; LAV; LTU; POL [27].
- 9.
- Plagiothecium cavifolium (Brid.) Z. Iwats. 1970. Jounral of the Hattori Botanical Labolatory 33: 360.ALB [9,48]; AND [9,52]; AUT [9,48,54]; AZE [32]; BGM [9,48,62]; BUL [9,47,48,49,68]; BIH [9,47,48,49]; BHU [63,64]; BLR [9,32,48,61,228]; SWI [7,9,48,176,177]; CHN [7,64,77,78,79,80]; COR [9,47,48,62]; CZE [7,9,48,84]; GER [7,9,48,95,96,98]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [9,28,48,91,92]; FRA [7,9,47,48,94]; FRO [9,48,89,90]; GRB [9,25,48,109]; GEO [32]; GRC [9,47,48,49]; CRO [9,47,48,49]; HUN [7,9,48,99]; IND [64,103]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [111]; ICE [7,9,48,102]; ITA [9,47,48,114,115,116,117]; JAP [7,33,34,64,78,118]; KAZ [32]; SKO [64,78]; LAO [78]; LAV [7,9,32,48,124]; LIE [9,48]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; MOL [9,32,48]; MKD [9,47,48,49,145]; MNE [9,47,48,49]; MON [139]; NET [9,48,143,144]; NOR [9,48]; NEP [64,142]; PAK [148,149,151]; POL [7,9,48,154]; NKO [64,78]; POR [9,47,48,51,155]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [7,48,64,159]; SIC [9,47,48]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49]; SWE [9,48,174,175]; TUR [9,45,47,48,49,181]; TAI [178]; UKR [9,32,48,183,185].
- 10.
- Plagiothecium cavifolium var. orthocladium (Schimp.) Z. Iwats. 1970 Jounral of the Hattori Botanical Labolatory 33: 371.FIN; FRO; SWE [7].
- 11.
- Plagiothecium cochleatum Dixon 1938. Notes on the moss collections of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 19: 299. f. 12.
- 12.
- Plagiothecium japonicum Salurai 1949. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 62: 112. f. 1.JAP [7].
- 13.
- Plagiothecium longisetum Lindb. 1872. Contributio ad Floram Cryptogamam Asiae Boreali-Orientalis 232.AUT; AZO; BGM; SWI; CHN; GER; DEN; SPA; EST; FIN; FRA; GRB; GEO; IND; IRN; JAP; MDR; NEP; NOR; POL; RUS; SWE; TUR [27].
- 14.
- Plagiothecium nemorale (Mitt.) A. Jaeger 1878. Bericht über die Thätigkeit der St. Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1876-77: 451 (Gen. Sp, Musc. 2: 1269).ALB [9,47,48,49]; AND [9,47,48,51,52]; ARM [32,53]; AUT [9,27,48,54]; AZE (Ignatov et al. 2006) [32]; AZO [9,47,48,55,56,57]; BGM [9,27,48,62]; BUL [9,47,48,49,68]; BIH [9,47,48,49]; BHU [7,63]; BLR [9,32,48,61,228]; CNY [9,47,48]; CHI [9,48]; SWI [9,48,176,177]; CHN [7,27,66,77,78,79,80]; COR [9,47,48,62]; CZE [7,9,27,48,84]; GER [7,9,27,48,95,96,98]; DEN [7,9,27,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; EST [9,27,32,48,88]; FIN [9,28,48,91,92,93]; FRA [7,9,27,47,48,94]; FRO [90]; GRB [7,9,25,27,48,109]; GEO [27,32]; GRC [9,47,48,49]; CRO [47,48,82]; HUN [7,9,27,48,99]; IND [7,27,103]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [7,27,43,45,111]; ITA [7,9,27,47,48,114,115,116,117]; JAP [7,27,33,34,66,78,118]; KOS [9,120]; SKO [7,66,78,86]; LAV [9,27,32,48,124]; LIE [9,48,126]; LTU [9,27,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; MDR [9,47,48,51,131]; MKD [9,47,48,49,145]; MYA [72]; MNE [9,47,48,49]; NET [9,48,143,144]; NOR [9,27,48]; NEP [7,141,142]; PAK [150,151]; PHI [152,153]; POL [9,27,48,154]; NKO [7,66,78,85,86]; POR [9,27,47,48,51,155]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [7,32,48,66,78,159]; SAR [9,47,48]; SIC [9,47,48]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,27,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49,165]; SWE [7,9,27,48,174,175]; TUR [7,9,27,43,45,47,48,49,180,181]; TAI [66,78,178]; UKR [9,32,48,183,185]; VIE [189].
- 15.
- Plagiothecium rhizophyllum Sakurai 1932. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 46: 501.CHN [7].
- 16.
- Plagiothecium succulentum (Wilson) Lindb. 1865. Botaniska Notiser 1865: 143.ALB [9,48]; AND [52]; AUT [9,48,54]; AZO [9,47,48,55,56,57]; BGM [9,48,62]; BUL; BIH [9,47,48,49]; BLR [9,48]; CNY [9,47,48,74]; CHI [9,48]; SWI [9,48,176,177]; CHN [77,79,80]; COR [9,47,48,62]; CZE [7,9,48,84]; GER [7,9,48,95,96,98]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [9,28,48,91]; FRA [9,47,48,78,94]; FRO [7,9,48,89,90]; GRB [9,25,48,109]; GEO (Ignatov et al. 2006) [32]; GRC [9,47,48,49]; HUN [9,48,99]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [45,110]; ICE [9,48,102]; ITA [9,47,48,114,116,117]; SKO [78]; KOS [9,120]; LAV [9,32,48,124]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; MDR [9,47,48,51,131,132]; MKD [9,146]; MNE; NOR [9,48]; NET [9]; POL [9,48,154]; NKO [78]; POR [9,47,48,51,155]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [32,48,162]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49]; SWE [7,9,48,174,175]; TUR [9,45,47,48,49,181]; UKR [9,32,48,184,185].
- 17.
- Plagiothecium succulentum fo. propaguliferum E. Bauer 1902. Deutsche Botanische Monatsschrift 20: 2.AUT; CZE; GER; DEN; LAV [7].
- Plagiothecium sect. Leptophyllum Jedl. Spisy Prír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 23. 1948.
- 18.
- Plagiothecium berggrenianum Frisvoll 1981. Lindbergia 7: 96. f. 2: a–i.
- 19.
- Plagiothecium curvifolium Schlieph. ex Limpr. 1897. Die Laubmoose Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz 3: 269.ALB; AUT [9,48]; BGM [9,48,62]; BUL [9,47,48]; BIH [9,47,48,49]; CHI [9,48]; SWI [9,48,177]; CHN [77,79,80]; COR [9,47,48,62]; CZE [7,9,48,84]; GER [7,9,26,48,95,98]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [9,28,48,91,92]; FRA [9,47,48,94]; GRB [9,25,48,109]; GRC [9,47,48,49]; CRO [9,83]; HUN [9,48,100]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; ITA [9,47,48,116,117]; JAP [34]; KOS [9,120]; LAV [7,9,32,48,124]; LIE [9,48,126]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; MKD [9,47,48]; MNE [9,47,48,49]; NET [9,143]; NOR [9,48]; POL [7,9,26,48,154]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [26,32,48,161,162]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [7,9,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49]; SWE [9,48,174,175]; TUR [9,45,47,48,49,181]; UKR [9,26,32,48,185].
- 20.
- Plagiothecium curvifolium fo. julaceum Clum. & E. Bauer 1915. Musci Europaei Exsiccati 27: 1307.SWI [7].
- 21.
- Plagiothecium laetum Schimp. in BSG 1851. Bryologia Europaea 5: 185, 495 (Table II).ALB [9,50]; AND [9,47,48,51,52]; AUT [9,26,48]; AZE [32]; BGM [7,9,48,62]; BUL [9,47,48,49,68]; BIH [9,26,47,48,49]; BLR [9,32,48,61,228]; SWI [9,48,176,177]; CHN [77,79,80]; CZE [7,9,26,48,84]; GER [7,9,26,48,95,96,98]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [7,9,26,28,48,91,92]; FRA [9,47,48,94]; GRB [9,25,48,109]; GEO [32]; GRC [9,47,48,49]; HUN [9,26,48,99]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [43,45,110]; ITA [9,47,48,114,115,116,117]; JAP [33,78,118]; KAZ; KGZ [32]; KOS [9,120]; SKO [78]; LAV [9,32,48,124]; LIE [9,48,126]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; MDR [47,51,132]; MNE [9,47,48,49]; MON [139]; NET [9,48,143,144]; NOR [9,26,48]; POL [7,9,26,48,154]; NKO [78]; [47,48,51]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [7,26,32,48,159]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49,165]; SWE [7,9,26,48,174,175]; TUR [7,45,47,181]; TAI [66]; UKR [9,32,48,183,185].
- 22.
- Plagiothecium laetum var. tenellum (Schimp.) Warnst. 1906. Kryptogamenflora der Mark Brandenburg, Laubmoose 835.BGM [7].
- 23.
- Plagiothecium latebricola Wilson ex Schimp. in BSG 1851. Bryologia Europaea 5: 184, 494 (Table I).AUT [9,48,54]; BGM [7,9,48,62]; BLR [9,32,48,61,228]; SWI [48]; CHN [76,77,79,80]; CZE [9,48,84]; GER [9,48,95,96,98,222]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [7,9,28,48,91,92,93]; FRA [9,47,48]; GRB [7,9,25,48,109]; GEO [32]; HUN [9,101]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; ITA [9,47,48,114,117]; JAP [33,34,118]; KGZ [32]; LAV [9,32,48,124]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; SRL [170]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; NET [7,9,143,144]; NOR [9,48]; PAK [150,151]; POL [9,48,154]; POR [9,47,48,155]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [32,48,159]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,48,164]; SWE [9,48,174,175]; TUR [43,45,47,180,181]; UKR [9,32,48,185].
- 24.
- Plagiothecium rossicum Ignatov & Ignatova 2019. Arctoa 28: 28-45.
- 25.
- Plagiothecium svalbardense Frisvoll 1996. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 198: 103.
- Plagiothecium sect. Pseudo-Neckera (Kindb.) J.T. Wynns 2015
- 26.
- Plagiothecium decoratum J. T. Wynns 2015. Molecular phylogeny and systematic revision of the pleurocarpous moss genus Plagiothecium. PhD Thesis, University of Copenhagen: 126.BHU; NEP [7].
- 27.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum Schimp. in BSG 1851. Bryologia Europea 5: 194, 505 (Table XII).AUT [7,9,48,54]; BOR [65,66]; BHU [63]; SWI [7,9,48,176,177]; CHN [7,66,77,78,79,80]; CZE [9,48,84]; GER [7,9,48,95,97,98]; IDN [105]; IND [78,103]; JAP [7,33,34,66,78,118]; SKO [78]; MLY [133]; NEP [7,142]; PHI [7,66,152,153]; NKO [78]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [32,66,78,159]; SIN [133]; SUM [66,105]; SVN [9,47,48,49,166]; THA [66,72,179]; TAI [66,178]; UKR [9,32,48,184].
- 28.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum fo. exile J. T. Wynns 2015. Molecular phylogeny and systematic revision of the pleurocarpous moss genus Plagiothecium. PhD Thesis, University of Copenhagen: 210.NEP [7].
- 29.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. javense M. Fleisch. 1920. Die Musci der Flora von Buitenzorg 4: 1168. f. 194.
- 30.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. myurum Molendo 1875. Jahres-Bericht de Naturhistirischen Vereins in Passau 10: 234.BHU; CHN, IND; NEP [7].
- 31.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum var. niitakayamae (Toyama) Z. Iwats. 1970. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 33: 354.
- 32.
- Plagiothecium neckeroideum fo. parvum J. T. Wynns 2015. Molecular phylogeny and systematic revision of the pleurocarpous moss genus Plagiothecium. PhD Thesis, University of Copenhagen: 213.TAI [7].
- 33.
- Plagiothecium noricum Molendo ex Limpr. 1897. Die Laubmoose Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz 3: 257.
- 34.
- Plagiothecium subglaucum Thwaites & Mitt. 1873. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 13: 321.
- Plagiothecium sect. Lycambium Jedl. 1948. Spisy Prír. Fak. Masarykovy Univ. 308: 10. 1948.
- 35.
- Plagiothecium fallax Cardot & Thér. 1902. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 4: 336. pl. 22: f. 4.JAP; RUS [7].
- 36.
- Plagiothecium undulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. in BSG 1851. Bryologia Europea 5: 195, 506 (Table XIII).AUT [9,48,54]; AZE [32]; BGM [9,48,62]; BUL [9,47,48,49,68]; BIH [47,48,49]; BLR [9,32,48,228]; CHI [9,48]; SWI [9,48,176,177]; CHN [77,79]; CZE [9,48,84]; GER [7,9,48,95,96,98]; DEN [7,9,30,48,87]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; EST [9,32,48,88]; FIN [9,28,48,91,92]; FRA [7,9,47,48,94]; FRO [7,9,48,89,90]; GRB [7,9,25,48,109]; CRO [9,47,48,49]; HUN [9,48,99,100]; IRE [9,25,48,109]; IRN [43,45,110]; ITA [9,47,48,114,115,116,117]; LAV [9,32,48,124]; LIE [9,48,126]; LTU [9,32,48,127]; LUX [9,48,129,130]; NET [9,48,143,144]; NOR [9,48]; POL [7,9,48,154]; POR [9,47,48,51]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [32,48,159]; SIC [9,47,48]; SRB [9,47,48,49]; SVK [9,48,164]; SVN [9,47,48,49]; SWE [7,9,48,174,175]; TUR [43,45,47,180,181]; UKR [9,32,48,184].
- Plagiothecium sect. Saviczia (Abramova & I. I. Abramov) Z. Iwats. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 33: 341. 1970.
- 37.
- Plagiothecium euryphyllum (Cardot & Thér.) Z. Iwats. 1970. Jounral of the Hattori Botanical Labolatory 33: 348.
- 38.
- Plagiothecium obtusissimum Broth. 1921. Oefversigt at Förhandlingar, Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten 62A(9): 45.
- Plagiothecium sect. Struckia (Müll. Hal.) J.T. Wynns 2015
- 39.
- Plagiothecium argentatum (Mitt.) Q. Zuo 2011. Journal of Bryology 33(3): 227.
- 40.
- Plagiothecium enerve (Broth.) Q. Zuo 2011. Journal of Bryology 33(3): 227.
- Plagiothecium sect. Rectithecium (Hedenäs & Huttunen) J. T. Wynns 2015
- 41.
- Plagiothecium piliferum (Sw.) Schimp. in BSG 1851. Bryologia Europea 5: 186, 496 (Table III).AND [9,52]; SWI [9,48,176,177]; CHN [77,78,79,80]; COR [9,47,48,62]; DEN [30]; SPA [9,47,48,51,167]; FIN [7,9,28,48,91,92]; FRA [9,47,48,78,94]; GRB [7,9,25,48,109]; IRE [25,109]; ITA [9,47,48,114,115,117]; JAP [33,78]; SKO [78]; LAV [9,125]; NOR [7,9,48]; NKO [78]; POR [9,47,48,51,155]; ROM [9,48,49,158]; RUS [7,32,48,78,159]; SAR [9,47,48]; SVN [9,47,48,49,165]; SWE [7,9,48,174,175]; TUR [47,182]; UKR [9,32,48,184,185].
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No. | Country/Region | Abbreviation | Main Source(s) of Information |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Afghanistan | AFG | [43,44,45,46] |
2. | Albania | ALB | [9,47,48,49,50] |
3. | Andorra | AND | [9,47,48,51,52] |
4. | Armenia | ARM | [32,53] |
5. | Austria | AUT | [7,9,26,27,48,54] |
6. | Azerbaijan | AZE | [32] |
7. | Azores (Portugal) | AZO | [9,27,47,48,55,56,57] |
8. | Bahrain | BAH | [43,45] |
9. | Balearic Islands (Spain) | BAL | [47,48,58] |
10. | Bangladesh | BAN | [59,60] |
11. | Belarus | BLR | [9,32,48,61] |
12. | Belgium | BGM | [7,9,27,48,62] |
13. | Bhutan | BHU | [7,63,64] |
14 | Borneo (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei) | BOR | [65,66] |
15. | Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH | [9,26,47,48,49] |
16. | Brunei Darussalam | BRN | [67] |
17. | Bulgaria | BUL | [9,47,48,49,68] |
18. | Cambodia | CBD | [69,70,71,72,73] |
19. | Canary Islands (Spain) | CNY | [9,47,48,74,75] |
20. | Channel Islands (United Kingdom) | CHI | [9,48] |
21. | China | CHN | [7,27,36,64,66,76,77,78,79,80] |
22. | Corsica (France) | COR | [9,47,48,62] |
23. | Crete (Greece) | CRE | [47,48,81] |
24. | Croatia | CRO | [9,47,48,49,82,83] |
25. | Cyprus | CYP | [43,47,48] |
26. | Czech Republic | CZE | [7,9,26,27,48,84] |
27. | Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) | NKO | [7,64,66,78,85,86] |
28. | Denmark | DEN | [7,9,27,30,48,87] |
29. | Estonia | EST | [9,27,32,48,88] |
30. | Faroe Islands (Denmark) | FRO | [7,9,48,89,90] |
31. | Finland | FIN | [7,9,26,27,28,48,91,92,93] |
32. | France | FRA | [7,9,27,47,48,78,94] |
33. | Germany | GER | [7,9,26,27,48,95,96,97,98] |
34. | Greece | GRC | [9,47,48,49] |
35. | Hungary | HUN | [7,9,26,27,48,99,100,101] |
36. | Iceland | ICE | [7,9,48,102] |
37. | India | IND | [7,27,64,78,103,104] |
38. | Indonesia | IDN | [7,105] |
39. | Iraq | IRQ | [43,45,106,107,108] |
40. | Ireland | IRE | [9,25,48,109] |
41. | Islamic Republic of Iran | IRN | [7,27,43,45,110,111] |
42. | Israel | ISR | [43,45,47,112,113] |
43. | Italy | ITA | [7,9,27,47,48,114,115,116,117] |
44. | Japan | JAP | [7,27,29,33,34,64,66,78,118,119] |
45. | Jordan | JOR | [43,45,47] |
46. | Kazakhstan | KAZ | [32,48] |
47. | Kosovo | KOS | [9,48,120] |
48. | Kuwait | KUW | [43,45,121,122] |
49. | Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | [32] |
50. | Lao People’s Democratic Republic | LAO | [72,78,123] |
51. | Latvia | LAV | [7,9,27,32,48,124,125] |
52. | Lebanon | LBN | [43,45,47] |
53. | Liechtenstein | LIE | [9,48,126] |
54. | Lithuania | LTU | [9,27,32,48,127,128] |
55. | Luxembourg | LUX | [9,48,129,130] |
56. | Madeira (Portugal) | MDR | [9,27,47,48,51,131,132] |
57. | Malaysia | MLY | [133] |
58. | Maldives | MDV | [134,135] |
59. | Malta | MAL | [47,48,136,137] |
60. | Monaco | MCO | [48] |
61. | Mongolia | MON | [138,139] |
62. | Montenegro | MNE | [9,47,48,49] |
63. | Myanmar (Burma) | MYA | [72,140] |
64. | Nepal | NEP | [7,27,64,141,142] |
65. | Netherlands | NET | [7,9,48,143,144] |
66. | Norway | NOR | [7,9,26,27,48] |
67. | North Macedonia (formerly Macedonia) | MKD | [9,47,48,49,145,146] |
68. | Oman | OMA | [43,45,122] |
69. | Pakistan | PAK | [147,148,149,150,151] |
70. | Palestine | PAL | No information available |
71. | Philippines | PHI | [7,66,152,153] |
72. | Poland | POL | [7,9,26,27,48,154] |
73. | Portugal | POR | [9,27,47,48,51,155,156] |
74. | Qatar | QAT | [43,45,157] |
75. | Republic of Korea (South Korea) | SKO | [7,64,66,78,86] |
76. | Republic of Moldova | MOL | [9,32,48] |
77. | Romania | ROM | [9,48,49,158] |
78. | Russia Federation | RUS | [7,9,26,27,32,48,64,78,159,160,161,162] |
79. | San Marino (Italy) | SMR | [9,48] |
80. | Sardinia (Italy) | SAR | [9,47,48] |
81. | Saudi Arabia | SAU | [43,45,122] |
82. | Serbia | SRB | [9,47,48,49] |
83. | Sicily (Italy) | SIC | [9,47,48] |
84. | Singapore | SIN | [133] |
85. | Slovakia | SVK | [7,9,27,48,163,164] |
86. | Slovenia | SVN | [9,47,48,49,165,166] |
87. | South Georgia | GEO | [27,32] |
88. | Spain | SPA | [9,27,47,48,51,167] |
89. | Sri Lanka | SRL | [7,168,169,170] |
90. | Sumatra (Indonesia) | SUM | [66,105] |
91. | Svalbard (Norway) | SVA | [7,9,26,48,171,172,173] |
92. | Sweden | SWE | [7,9,26,27,48,174,175] |
93. | Switzerland | SWI | [7,9,27,48,176,177] |
94. | Syrian Arab Republic | SYR | [43,45,47] |
95. | Taiwan | TAI | [7,66,77,78,178] |
96. | Tajikistan | TZK | [32] |
97. | Thailand | THA | [66,72,179] |
98. | Timor-Leste | TLS | No information available |
99. | Turkey | TUR | [7,9,27,43,45,47,48,49,180,181,182] |
100 | Turkmenistan | TKM | [32] |
101 | Ukraine | UKR | [9,26,32,48,183,184,185] |
102 | United Arab Emirates | UAE | [43,45,122] |
103. | United Kingdom | GRB | [7,9,25,27,48,109] |
104. | Uzbekistan | UZB | [32] |
105. | Vatican City | VAT | [48,186,187] |
106. | Vietnam | VIE | [72,123,188,189] |
107. | Yemen | YEM | [43,45,122,190] |
Countries/Islands | Plagiothecium Taxa Recorded in Eurasia | Σ1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | ||
Afghanistan | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Albania | • | • | • | • | • | • | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Andorra | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Armenia | • | • | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Azerbaijan | • | • | • | • | • | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Azores | • | • | ? | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bahrain | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balearic Islands | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bangladesh | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Belarus | • | • | • | • | • | • | ? | • | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Belgium | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bhutan | • | • | • | • | • | • | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brunei Darussalam | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulgaria | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cambodia | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canary Islands | • | • | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Channel Islands | • | • | • | • | • | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
China | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Corsica | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crete | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Croatia | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cyprus | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech Republic | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Denmark | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Estonia | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faroe Islands | • | • | • | • | • | • | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finland | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
France | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Germany | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greece | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungary | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iceland | • | • | • | • | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
India | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesia | • | • | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iraq | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ireland | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Islamic Republic of Iran | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Israel | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italy | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japan | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Jordan | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kazakhstan | • | • | • | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kosovo | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kuwait | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kyrgyzstan | • | • | • | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lao People’s Democratic Republic | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Latvia | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lebanon | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liechtenstein | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lithuania | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Luxembourg | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Madeira | • | • | • | • | • | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Malaysia | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maldives | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Malta | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monaco | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mongolia | • | • | • | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Montenegro | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Myanmar | • | • | • | • | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nepal | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Netherlands | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
North Macedonia | • | • | • | • | • | • | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Norway | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oman | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pakistan | • | • | • | • | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Palestine | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Philippines | • | • | • | • | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poland | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Portugal | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Qatar | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Republic of Korea | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Republic of Moldova | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Romania | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Russian Federation | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||
San Marino | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sardinia | • | • | • | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Saudi Arabia | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Serbia | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sicily | • | • | • | • | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singapore | ? | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slovakia | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slovenia | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
South Georgia | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spain | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sri Lanka | • | • | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sumatra | • | • | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Svalbard | • | • | • | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sweden | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Switzerland | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Syrian Arab Republic | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taiwan | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tajikistan | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thailand | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Timor-Leste | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turkey | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turkmenistan | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ukraine | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
United Arab Emirates | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
United Kingdom | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uzbekistan | - | – | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vatican City State | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vietnam | • | • | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yemen | – | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Σ2 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 59 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 41 | 1 | 2 | 65 | 1 | 26 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 51 | 1 | 34 | 22 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 64 | 2 | 2 | 24 | 39 | 1 | 2 | 29 | 6 | 2 | 50 | 5 | 4 | 41 |
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Wolski, G.J.; Nour-El-Deen, S.; Cienkowska, A.; Bożyk, D.; El-Saadawi, W. The Genus Plagiothecium Schimp. (Plagiotheciaceae, Bryophyta) in Eurasia: An Annotated Checklist with Distribution and Ecological Data. Plants 2021, 10, 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050868
Wolski GJ, Nour-El-Deen S, Cienkowska A, Bożyk D, El-Saadawi W. The Genus Plagiothecium Schimp. (Plagiotheciaceae, Bryophyta) in Eurasia: An Annotated Checklist with Distribution and Ecological Data. Plants. 2021; 10(5):868. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050868
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolski, Grzegorz J., Samar Nour-El-Deen, Alicja Cienkowska, Daniel Bożyk, and Wagieh El-Saadawi. 2021. "The Genus Plagiothecium Schimp. (Plagiotheciaceae, Bryophyta) in Eurasia: An Annotated Checklist with Distribution and Ecological Data" Plants 10, no. 5: 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050868