Is the Age of Novel Ecosystem the Factor Driving Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization in Poa compressa and Calamagrostis epigejos?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site Description
2.2. Soil Sampling and Analyses
2.3. Assessment of Mycorrhizal Colonization
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Substrate Properties
3.2. Poa compressa
3.3. Calamagrostis epigejos
3.4. Ordination Results
4. Discussion
4.1. The Habitat Conditions and Age of the Site
4.2. The Influence of Co-Occurring and Dominant Plant Species
4.3. The Significance of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age of Heap | Dominant Plant Species | Tested Individuals | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
P. compressa | C. epigejos | |||
Class I | P. compressa | four paches | 40 | |
Class I | P. compressa | three paches | 30 | |
Class II | C. epigejos | five paches | 50 | |
Class II | D. carota | four paches | 40 | |
Class II | C. epigejos | four paches | 40 | |
Class II | D. carota | three paches | 30 | |
Class III | B. pendula B | two paches | 20 | |
Class III | P.sylvestris B | two paches | 20 | |
Class IV | B. pendula A | three paches | 30 | |
Class IV | B. pendula A | three paches | 30 |
Heap Age Class | Vegetation Type Sampled | The Studied Species Indivi-duals | pH (KCl) | P mg 100 g−1 | K mg 100 g−1 | Mg mg 100 g−1 | orgC % | N-NH4 mg 100 g−1 | Conductivity µS cm−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class I | Poa compressa | C. epigejos | 6.47 ± 0.18 | 3.57 ± 0.77 | 13.97 ± 3.62 | 26.67 ± 3.06 | 10.00 ± 0.46 | 3.28 ± 2.70 | 175.00 ± 32.65 |
Class II | Calamagrostis epigejos | C. epigejos | 5.51 ± 0.68 | 4.02 ± 0.22 | 15.63 ± 1.65 | 32.50 ± 3.73 | 10.10 ± 0.74 | 1.38 ± 0.20 | 136.00 ± 21.72 |
Class II | Daucus carota | C. epigejos | 5.73 ± 0.49 | 6.60 ± 0.61 | 16.13 ± 5.48 | 16.27 ± 7.23 | 15.63 ± 6.82 | 3.10 ± 0.49 | 82.67 ± 5.36 |
Class III | Betula pendula B | C. epigejos | 5.30 ± 0.89 | 6.20 ± 1.65 | 17.83 ± 0.62 | 22.27 ± 3.56 | 9.00 ± 1.72 | 2.50 ± 0.78 | 111.00 ± 21.38 |
Class IV | Betula pendula A | C. epigejos | 4.60 ± 0.18 | 4.77 ± 1.33 | 9.87 ± 2.55 | 10.97 ± 5.40 | 7.57 ± 3.58 | 2.74 ± 1.35 | 74.33 ± 9.84 |
Class III | Pinus sylvestris B | C. epigejos | 6.75 ± 0.07 | 4.70 ± 0.85 | 4.15 ± 0.50 | 15.10 ± 1.98 | 18.70 ± 0.57 | 5.92 ± 0.54 | 123.00 ± 18.38 |
Class I | Poa compressa | P. compressa | 6.27 ± 0.17 | 4.08 ± 0.32 | 15.70 ± 0.34 | 32.00 ± 2.02 | 6.90 ± 0.44 | 1.86 ± 0.20 | 166.50 ± 23.09 |
Class II | Calamagrostis epigejos | P. compressa | 4.59 ± 0.62 | 5.60 ± 0.95 | 16.05 ± 4.60 | 18.88 ± 4.25 | 13.22 ± 5.86 | 3.46 ± 0.97 | 242.30 ± 78.59 |
Class II | Daucus carota | P. compressa | 6.23 ± 0.36 | 4.94 ± 0.72 | 19.50 ± 2.22 | 27.68 ± 2.72 | 7.38 ± 1.21 | 2.93 ± 1.08 | 198.00 ± 97.75 |
Class IV | Betula pendula A | P. compressa | 6.55 ± 1.13 | 4.40 ± 1.76 | 13.47 ± 0.18 | 23.67 ± 4.76 | 10.00 ± 3.63 | 2.60 ± 0.74 | 73.00 ± 3.79 |
Code | Description | Df | AIC | Pseudo-F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | Mg (mg/100 g) | 1 | 240.56 | 4.3205 | 0.015 |
K | K2O (mg/100 g) | 1 | 241.78 | 3.0345 | 0.020 |
Age | Mg (mg/100 g) | 1 | 241.36 | 3.4667 | 0.025 |
DCA1 | DCA axis 1 | 1 | 241.82 | 2.9982 | 0.035 |
CE | Calamagrostis epigejos | 1 | 243.54 | 1.2636 | NS |
PC | Poa compressa | 1 | 243.54 | 1.2636 | NS |
DCA2 | DCA axis 2 | 1 | 243.62 | 1.1863 | NS |
Year | Year of study | 1 | 244.14 | 0.6832 | NS |
P | P2O5 (mg/100 g) | 1 | 244.36 | 0.4712 | NS |
pH | pH | 1 | 244.69 | 0.1569 | NS |
Species | Soil | Spoil | Method | AMF | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calamagrostis epigejos | loess, perlite, Czech Republik | coal mine | Trouvelot | 94% | [55] |
loess, clay, perlite, Czech Republik | coal mine | Trouvelot | 80% | [55] | |
clay, Czech Republik | contains fly ash from a power station burning brown coal | Giovanetti and Mosse | present, no data | [68] | |
loess, Czech Republik | coal mine | Trouvelot | 75–97% | [69] | |
gravel, sand, loess, | fireloam strip mine | McGonigle et al. | present, no data | [66] | |
caolinite-montmorilonite-illite clays | industral areas | Giovanetti and Mosse | present, no data | [52] | |
clay, Czech Republik | coal mine | Giovanetti and Mosse | present | [50] | |
Poa compressa | calcareous slope with thin-layered rendzina soil | exposed to emissions of a nearby phosphate fertilizer factory | McGonigle et al. | present 12–42% | [58] |
peat-vermiculite | - | McGonigle et al. | present | [70] | |
clay | - | - | 40% | [71] | |
mulched | coal mine | McGonigle et al. | 5–95% | [72] | |
clay, rocks | serpentine open-pit mine | McGonigle et al. | present | [73] |
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Woźniak, G.; Chmura, D.; Małkowski, E.; Zieleźnik-Rusinowska, P.; Sitko, K.; Ziemer, B.; Błońska, A. Is the Age of Novel Ecosystem the Factor Driving Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization in Poa compressa and Calamagrostis epigejos? Plants 2021, 10, 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050949
Woźniak G, Chmura D, Małkowski E, Zieleźnik-Rusinowska P, Sitko K, Ziemer B, Błońska A. Is the Age of Novel Ecosystem the Factor Driving Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization in Poa compressa and Calamagrostis epigejos? Plants. 2021; 10(5):949. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050949
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoźniak, Gabriela, Damian Chmura, Eugeniusz Małkowski, Paulina Zieleźnik-Rusinowska, Krzysztof Sitko, Barbara Ziemer, and Agnieszka Błońska. 2021. "Is the Age of Novel Ecosystem the Factor Driving Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization in Poa compressa and Calamagrostis epigejos?" Plants 10, no. 5: 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050949