Phenotypic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for the Selection of Promising Materials for Breeding Programs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphologic Characterization Using Quantitative Descriptors
2.2. Morphologic Characterization Using Qualitative Descriptors
2.3. Morphologic Characterization Taking into Account the Joint Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Descriptors
2.4. Promising Accessions Selection Index in Breeding Programs
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Accessions | PH (cm) (S.D.) | SD (cm) (S.D.) | PL (cm) (S.D.) | PD (cm) (S.D.) | NP (#) (S.D.) | NT (#) (S.D.) | Y (g) (S.D.) | WS (g) (S.D.) | GD (mm) (S.D.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quinoa real | 128.6 (14.35) g, h, j | 3.2 (0.62) b, d | 43.6 (10.73) a, c, e, g | 26.6 (7.06) a, b, c, d, e | 12.3 (2.35) a, b, c, d, e | 13.8 (6.82) a, b, d | 68.55 (37.62) b e | 0.32 (0.02) f | 2.16 (0.09) a e g |
Quinoa aurora | 182.9 (23.60) a, b, d, f, i | 3.5 (0.49) a, b, c, d | 57.7 (12.14) a, b, c, d, e, f, g | 30.2 (2.91) a, b, c, d, e | 12.7 (2.55) b, c, d, e | 17.3 (4.12) a, b, c, d | 27.08 (17.55) a d f g i | 0.23 (0.03) a b d g h j | 2.05 (0.08) b c f g |
Quinoa ceniza | 148.6 (28.80) a, c, g, h, j, k | 3.2 (0.44) b, d | 56.8 (20.42) a, b, c, d, e, f, g | 24.8 (4.97) a, c, e | 11.9 (3.79) a, b, c, e | 21.6 (5.46) a, c | 19.40 (9.48) d f g i | 0.21 (0.03) a c g i j | 1.87 (0.14) b c f h |
Quinoa beteitiva | 248.2 (11.29) e | 4.0 (0.50) a, c, d | 71.6 (13.64) b, d | 35.4 (4.88) d | 17.7 (5.10) b, d | 17.1 (6.57) a, b, c, d | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Quinoa sotaquirá | 202.9 (25.17) b, f, i | 3.9 (0.62) a, b, c, d | 64.9 (13.33) b, d, f | 31.7 (8.49) b, c, d, e | 11.2 (4.63) a, c, e | 20.0 (5.57) a, c, d | 41.17 (20.70) a b c d f g h i | 0.25 (0.03) a b d g h | 2.23 (0.09) a e g |
Quinoa negra | 138.7 (18.99) c, g, h, j, k | 3.1 (0.35) b | 40.2 (8.80) e, g | 27.4 (7.75) a, b, c, d, e | 13.8 (3.27) b, d, e | 21.8 (8.15) a, c | 44.34 (20.63) a | 0.16 (0.01) i | 1.75 (0.05) h |
Tunkahuan ICA | 186.3 (13.25) a, b, d, f, i | 3.6 (0.32) a, b, c, d | 52.3 (6.04) a, b, c, d, e, f, g | 27.1 (5.69) a, b, c, d, e | 12.0 (2.12) a, b, c, e | 20.3 (4.74) a, c, d | 36.73 (18.45) a b c d f g h i | 0.27 (0.06) b d f h | 2.21 (0.07) a e g |
Blanca de Jericó Tuta | 192.2 (22.92) b, d, f, i | 3.7 (0.48) a, b, c, d | 64.2 (14.33) b, d, f | 25.1 (7.67) a, b, c, e | 13.3 (2.65) b, d, e | 22.2 (8.09) a, c | 34.00 (11.09) a c d f g i | 0.22 (0.03) a c d g h j | 2.15 (0.11) a e g |
Amarilla de maranganí | 120.3 (11.12) g, j | 3.6 (0.49) a, b, c, d | 41.1 (7.18) a, e, g | 22.4 (6.56) a, c | 7.2 (2.17) a, c | 12.0 (9.27) b, d | 46.46 (14.49) a b c f h i | 0.40 (0.02) e | 2.57 (0.10) d |
Quinoa colorada | 175.4 (18.60) a, c, d, f, i | 3.7 (0.42) a, b, c, d | 59.6 (6.65) a, b, c, d, f, g | 33.8 (4.99) b, d, e | 13.1 (2.57) b, d, e | 19.3 (4.58) a, c, d | 26.89 (19.12) a d f g i | 0.23 (0.03) a b d g h j | 2.17 (0.14) a e g |
Blanca dulce de Soracá | 169.2 (25.57) a, c, d, f, h, i, k | 3.5 (0.62) a, b, c, d | 51.4 (10.79) a, b, c, e, f, g | 30.0 (7.81) a, b, c, d, e | 12.9 (2.80) b, c, d, e | 20.4 (5.08) a, c, d | 47.53 (24.32) a b c f h i | 0.24 (0.03) a b d g h | 2.14 (0.16) a g |
Piartal Chocotá | 183.0 (20.11) a, b, d, f, i | 3.5 (0.36) a, b, c, d | 64.7 (7.58) b, d, f | 29.1 (5.53) a, b, c, d, e | 11.1 (3.86) a, c, e | 16.9 (7.75) a, b, c, d | 34.42 (16.09) a c d f g h i | 0.25 (0.02) a b d g h | 2.16 (0.07) a e g |
Quinoa dulce de Tuta | 183.8 (20.25) a, b, d, f, i | 3.8 (0.62) a, b, c, d | 65.2 (12.85) b, d, f | 28.8 (5.09) a, b, c, d, e | 13.3 (3.91) b, d, e | 22.4 (7.54) a, c | 55.49 (24.48) a b c e h | 0.26 (0.03) b d g h | 2.28 (0.20) a e |
Quinoa semiamarga | 189.2 (14.53) a, b, d, f, i | 4.0 (0.49) a, c, d | 61.1 (9.36) a, b, c, d, f | 33.0 (5.41) b, d, e | 14.0 (3.84) b, d, e | 24.2 (3.53) c | 66.63 (27.87) b e h | 0.27 (0.02) b f h | 2.24 (0.05) a e g |
Quinoa peruana | 111.9 (16.17) j | 3.3 (0.38) a, b, d | 39.0 (6.86) e | 20.0 (4.66) a | 6.8 (2.39) a | 9.8 (7.90) b | 62.02 (16.69) b c e h | 0.39 (0.01) e | 2.63 (0.09) d |
Quinoa siachoque | 207.9 (25.78) b, e, i | 3.9 (0.54) a, b, c, d | 70.8 (7.36) b, d | 34.7 (7.94) b, d, e | 14.6 (4.25) b, d, e | 20.7 (6.40) a, c, d | 29.08 (18.02) a d f g i | 0.23 (0.02) a b d g h j | 2.18 (0.09) a e g |
Blanca de Jericó Tuta2 | 220.4 (32.14) b, e | 3.8 (0.42) a, b, c, d | 72.4 (14.98) d | 33.6 (2.74) b, d, e | 12.1 (3.82) a, b, c, d, e | 20.7 (3.46) a, c, d | 18.17 (9.63) d f g i | 0.20 (0.03) a c i j | 2.08 (0.08) a f g |
Piartal Tibasosa | 169.8 (32.82) a, c, d, f, i, k | 3.5 (0.45) a, b, c, d | 53.3 (10.58) a, b, c, d, e, f, g | 29.0 (6.80) a, b, c, d, e | 14.4 (3.28) b, d, e | 18.2 (3.67) a, b, c, d | 48.75 (17.54) a b c f h | 0.27 (0.02) b d f h | 2.21 (0.06) a e g |
Blanca de Jericó Tunja | 196.6 (36.14) b, d, f, i | 3.6 (0.36) a, b, c, d | 71.1 (15.38) b, d | 26.3 (5.52) a, b, c, d, e | 11.1 (2.93) a, c, e | 15.3 (5.00) a, b, c, d | 23.07 (14.00) d f g i | 0.22 (0.03) a c d g j | 2.12 (0.08) a g |
Blanca de Jericó Toca | 179.9 (24.10) a, b, d, f, i | 3.6 (0.30) a, b, c, d | 65.3 (7.16) b, d, f | 30.4 (7.95) b, c, d, e | 12.6 (2.46) a, b, c, d, e | 16.9 (7.94) a, b, c, d | 33.48 (12.47) a c d f g i | 0.25 (0.02) a b d g h | 2.13 (0.11) a g |
Cremosa malvinas | 169.8 (18.64) a, c, d, f, i, k | 3.9 (0.50) a, b, c, d | 60.3 (12.31) a, b, c, d, f, g | 31.0 (4.44) b, c, d, e | 15.2 (5.19) b, d, e | 18.2 (5.87) a, b, c, d | 44.64 (23.46) a b c f g h i | 0.27 (0.02) b d f h | 2.17 (0.06) a e g |
Tunkahuan Tibasosa | 187.0 (18.30) a, b, d, f, i | 4.1 (0.37) a, c | 57.8 (10.03) a, b, c, d, e, f, g | 32.4 (4.88) b, c, d, e | 14.0 (1.66) b, d, e | 19.1 (8.43) a, c, d | 41.59 (23.84) a b c d f g h i | 0.28 (0.02) b f | 2.17 (0.06) a e g |
Tunkahuan siachoque | 185.1 (46.69) a, b, d, f, i | 3.6 (0.89) a, b, c, d | 60.9 (20.03) a, b, c, d, f | 28.3 (8.06) a, b, c, d, e | 11.3 (5.70) a, c, e | 14.0 (8.54) a, b, d | 15.44 (14.15) d g i | 0.22 (0.03) a c d g j | 2.06 (0.11) b f g |
Mezcla Siachoque 1 | 194.9 (21.17) b, d, f, i | 3.8 (0.46) a, b, c, d | 62.9 (8.88) b, c, d, f | 31.4 (4.59) b, c, d, e | 11.3 (3.28) a, c, e | 22.9 (9.01) a, c | 29.60 (22.49) a d f g i | 0.22 (0.03) a c d g h j | 2.06 (0.07) b c f g |
Mezcla Siachoque 2 | 200.1 (32.27) b, d, f, i | 4.3 (0.43) c | 64.9 (13.12) b, d, f | 27.6 (7.45) a, b, c, d, e | 17.9 (6.97) d | 19.1 (6.33) a, c, d | 12.63 (13.85) d g | 0.16 (0.05) c i | 1.87 (0.20) b c h |
Mezcla Siachoque 3 | 198.4 (19.14) b, d, f, i | 4.1 (0.40) a, c | 67.7 (9.75) b, d, f | 33.2 (7.14) b, d, e | 10.9 (4.20) a, c, e | 17.6 (5.73) a, b, c, d | 28.85 (17.68) a d f g i | 0.22 (0.04) a c d g j | 1.85 (0.12) c h |
Quinoa primavera | 133.3 (17.87) g, h, j, k | 3.5 (0.67) a, b, c, d | 42.3 (5.15) a, e, g | 24.4 (6.39) a, c, e | 12.3 (3.00) a, b, c, d, e | 16.2 (6.36) a, b, c, d | 87.53 (40.89) e | 0.32 (0.04) f | 2.24 (0.15) a e g |
Quinoa Galindo | 159.1 (21.00) a, c, d, g, h, k | 3.7 (0.38) a, b, c, d | 47.8 (6.55) a, c, e, f, g | 35.2 (5.29) b, d | 15.0 (2.00) b, d, e | 11.8 (4.74) b, d | 35.63 (16.16) a c d f g h i | 0.28 (0.02) b f | 2.36 (0.09) e |
Col-quinua | 165.8 (34.01) a, c, d, f, h, k | 3.7 (0.52) a, b, c, d | 47.6 (17.83) a, c, e, f, g | 28.9 (8.99) a, b, c, d, e | 14.7 (1.94) b, d, e | 15.8 (5.33) a, b, c, d | 21.46 (12.66) d f g i | 0.17 (0.06) c i j | 1.87 (0.23) b c h |
Susunaga | 172.2 (24.10) a, c, d, f, i, k | 4.3 (0.66) c | 59.8 (15.44) a, b, c, d, f, g | 33.9 (7.77) b, d, e | 11.4 (3.43) a, c, e | 15.1 (4.26) a, b, c, d | 12.28 (9.21) d | 0.21 (0.04) a c g i j | 2.08 (0.15) a g |
Mean | 176.7 | 3.7 | 57.9 | 29.5 | 12.7 | 18.0 | 38.20 | 0.25 | 2.14 |
Accessions | Location | Coordinates | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Quinoa real | Ventaquemada | 5°22′00.4″ N 73°31′16.9″ W |
2 | Quinoa aurora | Soracá | 5°30′06.9″ N 73°20′00.5″ W |
3 | Quinoa ceniza | La colorada Tunja | 5°34′44.7″ N 73°20′36.0″ W |
4 | Quinoa beteitiva | Beteitiva | 5°54′39.1″ N 72°48′31.2″ W |
5 | Quinoa sotaquirá | Sotaquirá. Vereda Bociga | 5°45′57.6″ N 73°14′52.2″ W |
6 | Quinoa negra | La colorada Tunja | 5°34′44.7″ N 73°20′36.0″ W |
7 | Tunkahuan ICA | ICA Surbatá | 5°47′45.5″ N 73°04′20.2″ W |
8 | Blanca de Jericó Tuta | Tuta | 5°41′26.6″ N 73°13′39.1″ W |
9 | Amarilla de maranganí | Pasca | 4°18′32.8″ N 74°17′59.6″ W |
10 | Quinoa colorada | La colorada Tunja | 5°34′44.7″ N 73°20′36.0″ W |
11 | Blanca dulce de Soracá | Soracá | 5°30′06.9″ N 73°20′00.5″ W |
12 | Piartal Chocotá | Chocontá | 5°08′44.3″ N 73°41′07.0″ W |
13 | Quinoa dulce de Tuta | Tuta | 5°41′26.6″ N 73°13′39.1″ W |
14 | Quinoa semiamarga | Duitama | 5°49′36.3″ N 73°02′03.9″ W |
15 | Quinoa peruna | Cómbita | 5°38′01.9″ N 73°19′28.4″ W |
16 | Quinoa siachoque | Siachoque | 5°30′45.3″ N 73°14′44.3″ W |
17 | Blanca de Jericó Tuta2 | Tuta | 5°41′26.6″ N 73°13′39.1″ W |
18 | Piartal Tibasosa | Tibasosa | 5°44′40″ N 73°14′16″ W |
19 | Blanca de Jericó Tunja | Tunja | 5°31′4″ N 73°23′48″ W |
20 | Blanca de Jericó Toca | Toca-Vda Tuaneca | 5°34′03.6″ N 73°11′24.2″ W |
21 | Cremosa malvinas | Siachoque | 5°31′00.8″ N 73°14′59.7″ W |
22 | Tunkahuan Tibasosa | Tibasosa | 5°44′40″ N 73°14′16″ W |
23 | Tunkahuan siachoque | Siachoque-Finca San Antonio | 5°31′55.6″ N 73°16′10.6″ W |
24 | Mezcla Siachoque 1 | Siachoque | 5°31′00.8″ N 73°14′59.7″ W |
25 | Mezcla Siachoque 2 | Siachoque | 5°31′00.8″ N 73°14′59.7″ W |
26 | Mezcla Siachoque 3 | Siachoque | 5°31′00.8″ N 73°14′59.7″ W |
27 | Quinoa primavera | Siachoque-Sabana de Bogotá | 4°24′56.3″ N 74°06′06.0″ W |
28 | Quinoa galindo | Cómbita | 5°38′01.9″ N 73°19′28.4″ W |
29 | Col-quinua | Cómbita | 5°38′01.9″ N 73°19′28.4″ W |
30 | Susunaga | Cómbita | 5°38′01.9″ N 73°19′28.4″ W |
Qualitative | Acronyms | Quantitative | Acronyms | Unit of Measurement |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium oxalates color | (CO) | Plant height | (PH) | cm |
Strie color | (SC) | Stem diameter | (SD) | cm |
Axil color | (AC) | N ° teeth per leaf | (NT) | # |
Color of the granules at flowering | (CGF) | Panicle length | (PL) | cm |
Panicle color at flowering | (PCF) | Panicle diameter | (PD) | cm |
Flower color | (FC) | N ° plant panicles | (NP) | # |
Panicle shape | (PS) | Yield per plant | (Y) | g |
Panicle density | (PDE) | Weight of 1000 seeds | (WS) | g |
Grain shape | (GS) | Grain diameter | (GD) | mm |
Episperm color | (EC) | |||
Grain edge | (GE) | |||
Perigonium color | (PC) |
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Manjarres-Hernández, E.H.; Arias-Moreno, D.M.; Morillo-Coronado, A.C.; Ojeda-Pérez, Z.Z.; Cárdenas-Chaparro, A. Phenotypic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for the Selection of Promising Materials for Breeding Programs. Plants 2021, 10, 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071339
Manjarres-Hernández EH, Arias-Moreno DM, Morillo-Coronado AC, Ojeda-Pérez ZZ, Cárdenas-Chaparro A. Phenotypic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for the Selection of Promising Materials for Breeding Programs. Plants. 2021; 10(7):1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071339
Chicago/Turabian StyleManjarres-Hernández, Elsa Helena, Diana Marcela Arias-Moreno, Ana Cruz Morillo-Coronado, Zaida Zarely Ojeda-Pérez, and Agobardo Cárdenas-Chaparro. 2021. "Phenotypic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for the Selection of Promising Materials for Breeding Programs" Plants 10, no. 7: 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071339