Effect of the Rare Earth Element Lanthanum (La) on the Growth and Development of Citrus Rootstock Seedlings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes in the Growth Parameters of the Three Citrus Rootstocks under La Treatment
2.2. Investigation of Phenotypic Symptoms and Toxicity Indexes in the High-La Treatment
2.3. Changes in Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents of the Three Citrus Rootstocks’ Leaves under La Treatment
2.4. Changes in MDA Content and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of the Three Citrus Rootstocks’ Leaves under La Treatment
2.5. La Absorption and Transport in Citrus Rootstocks
2.6. Effect of La on the Calcium Content in the Citrus Leaves
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of La Stress on the Growth of Three Citrus Rootstocks
3.2. Effects of La on Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Three Citrus Rootstocks
3.3. Effect of La on the Ca Content of the Three Citrus Rootstocks
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Treatments
4.2. Determination of the Growth Parameters
4.3. Investigation of Phenotypic Symptoms and Toxicity Indexes
4.4. Determination of Photosynthetic Pigment Content in Leaves of Citrus Rootstock
4.5. Determination of Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Citrus Rootstock Leaves
4.6. Determination of La and Ca contents
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- La has a hormesis effect on the growth of citrus rootstocks. When the La concentration is less than or equal to 0.5 mmol·L−1, the growth of citrus rootstock seedlings is stimulated. However, when the La content is higher than 1 mmol·L−1, citrus rootstock growth is inhibited.
- (2)
- TO is the rootstock most sensitive to La, followed by SP. ZYXC is the most resistant rootstock.
- (3)
- The accumulation of La in the roots is higher than that in the shoots of the rootstocks, and the content increases with an increasing La concentration.
- (4)
- The La treatments affect the absorption of calcium by citrus rootstocks.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Variety | Time to the Occurrence of Injury Symptoms (Days) | Toxicity Index (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | |||
1 La | TO | 32 | — | — | — | 2.08 |
ZYXC | — | — | — | — | 0 | |
SP | 34 | — | — | — | 2.5 | |
1.5 La | TO | 30 | 40 | — | — | 2.92 |
ZYXC | 31 | 43 | — | — | 2.92 | |
SP | 29 | 43 | — | — | 3.75 | |
2 La | TO | 20 | 22 | 25 | 30 | 22.5 |
ZYXC | 24 | 27 | 34 | 43 | 17.08 | |
SP | 22 | 25 | 27 | 41 | 20 | |
4 La | TO | 14 | 16 | 22 | 28 | 50 |
ZYXC | 16 | 21 | 27 | 37 | 38.33 | |
SP | 14 | 18 | 24 | 32 | 42.92 |
Rootstocks | Treatments | Chlorophyll a (mg·g−1, FW) | Chlorophyll b (mg·g−1, FW) | Chlorophyll a + b (mg·g−1, FW) | Carotenoids (mg·g−1, FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZYXC | CK | 2.19 ± 0.03 b | 0.86 ± 0.04 b | 3.04 ± 0.06 b | 0.77 ± 0.02 c |
0.25 La | 2.39 ± 0.04 a | 1.02 ± 0.05 a | 3.41 ± 0.09 a | 0.86 ± 0.02 a | |
0.5 La | 2.44 ± 0.08 a | 0.97 ± 0.04 a | 3.41 ± 0.12 a | 0.72 ± 0.01 ab | |
1 La | 2.44 ± 0.05 a | 0.98 ± 0.04 a | 3.42 ± 0.09 a | 0.83 ± 0.02 ab | |
1.5 La | 2.48 ± 0.03 a | 1.04 ± 0.02 a | 3.52 ± 0.04 a | 0.87 ± 0.01 a | |
2 La | 2.2 ± 0.17 b | 0.86 ± 0.08 b | 3.05 ± 0.25 b | 0.79 ± 0.05 bc | |
4 La | 1.39 ± 0.13 c | 0.55 ± 0.05 c | 1.94 ± 0.18 c | 0.57 ± 0.05 d | |
TO | CK | 3.15 ± 0.05 a | 1.37 ± 0.04 ab | 4.52 ± 0.09 a | 1.01 ± 0.03 a |
0.25 La | 2.61 ± 0 b | 1.2 ± 0.12 ab | 3.88 ± 0.03 cd | 0.85 ± 0.06 bc | |
0.5 La | 2.86 ± 0.45 ab | 1.21 ± 0.16 b | 4.38 ± 0.3 ab | 0.89 ± 0.13 ab | |
1 La | 2.71 ± 0.15 b | 1.25 ± 0.13 ab | 3.8 ± 0.06 cd | 0.87 ± 0.05 bc | |
1.5 La | 2.94 ± 0.15 ab | 1.44 ± 0.14 a | 4.38 ± 0.28 ab | 0.93 ± 0.05 ab | |
2 La | 2.77 ± 0.21 b | 1.34 ± 0.11 ab | 4.11 ± 0.32 bc | 0.92 ± 0.06 ab | |
4 La | 2.59 ± 0.1 b | 0.92 ± 0.04 c | 3.51 ± 0.14 d | 0.77 ± 0.03 c | |
SP | CK | 3.02 ± 0.01 a | 1.53 ± 0.14 a | 4.55 ± 0.15 a | 1.07 ± 0.03 a |
0.25 La | 2.88 ± 0.17 ab | 1.33 ± 0.02 ab | 4.21 ± 0.18 ab | 1.01 ± 0.05 ab | |
0.5 La | 2.6 ± 0.06 bc | 1.19 ± 0.05 b | 3.79 ± 0.11 bc | 0.92 ± 0.02 bc | |
1 La | 2.41 ± 0.57 cd | 0.98 ± 0.28 c | 3.39 ± 0.85 cd | 0.76 ± 0.02 cd | |
1.5 La | 2.34 ± 0.1 cd | 0.95 ± 0.08 c | 3.29 ± 0.18 cd | 0.84 ± 0.04 cd | |
2 La | 2.19 ± 0.04 d | 0.86 ± 0.03 c | 3.05 ± 0.08 d | 0.77 ± 0.02 d | |
4 La | 1.07 ± 0.01 e | 0.46 ± 0.01 d | 1.53 ± 0.02 e | 0.45 ± 0.01 e |
Rootstocks | Treatments | MDA (nmol·g−1 FW) | SOD (U·g−1·min−1 FW) | CAT (U·g−1·min−1 FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZYXC | CK | 22.74 ± 0.99 c | 198.54 ± 84.76 a | 106.6 ± 1.06 c |
0.25 La | 24.78 ± 3.44 bc | 202.03 ± 31.01 a | 301.11 ± 112.1 b | |
0.5 La | 25.55 ± 1.46 bc | 211.99 ± 64.4 a | 478.44 ± 31.59 a | |
1 La | 22.99 ± 1.62 c | 202.11 ± 19.45 a | 251.45 ± 22.02 b | |
1.5 La | 26.4 ± 1.96 bc | 200.21 ± 14.76 a | 250.25 ± 54.53 b | |
2 La | 31.49 ± 4.96 ab | 188.44 ± 8.16 a | 207.98 ± 20.33 bc | |
4 La | 35.8 ± 6.99 a | 132.97 ± 8.89 a | 172.39 ± 100.78 bc | |
TO | CK | 89.88 ± 7.42 bc | 409.47 ± 47.84 a | 130.19 ± 28.63 c |
0.25 La | 66.93 ± 19.46 d | 143.43 ± 27.72 c | 297.05 ± 57 ab | |
0.5 La | 72.87 ± 0.41 cd | 265.58 ± 16.03 b | 352.88 ± 45.56 a | |
1 La | 61.01 ± 1.31 d | 262.45 ± 0.75 b | 233.93 ± 9.65 b | |
1.5 La | 65.85 ± 4.98 d | 169.16 ± 34.87 c | 291.39 ± 9.28 ab | |
2 La | 94.63 ± 1.04 b | 196.18 ± 53.71 bc | 143.02 ± 4.35 c | |
4 La | 193.41 ± 7.62 a | 146.25 ± 20.64 c | 128.56 ± 22.89 c | |
SP | CK | 22.13 ± 2.74 b | 280.21 ± 21.81 a | 37.99 ± 12.39 d |
0.25 La | 19.29 ± 0.91 bc | 214.33 ± 2.26 ab | 140.29 ± 16.03 b | |
0.5 La | 20.92 ± 1.86 b | 165.87 ± 11.06 bc | 198.99 ± 5.96 a | |
1 La | 14.14 ± 2.43 d | 135.97 ± 30.45 c | 149.07 ± 43.41 b | |
1.5 La | 15.29 ± 2.13 cd | 144.59 ± 24.36 bc | 95 ± 6.14 c | |
2 La | 22.45 ± 3.08 b | 141.79 ± 76.14 bc | 68.92 ± 12.15 cd | |
4 La | 37.01 ± 2.52 a | 128.39 ± 2.21 c | 44.96 ± 12.29 d |
Rootstock | 0.25 La | 0.5 La | 1 La | 1.5 La | 2 La | 4 La | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TO | 5.29 | 12.73 | 5.80 | 3.16 | 4.74 | 14.76 | 7.75 |
ZYXC | 25.65 | 17.82 | 7.55 | 6.09 | 9.17 | 14.80 | 13.51 |
SP | 22.24 | 14.78 | 5.13 | 5.17 | 5.22 | 12.94 | 10.91 |
Treatment | ZYXC | TO | SP |
---|---|---|---|
CK | 31.42 ± 0.55 a | 13.53 ± 0.15 c | 31.35 ± 1.73 a |
0.25 La | 24.54 ± 2.71 bc | 19.25 ± 0.77 a | 26.54 ± 3.31 b |
0.5 La | 26.28 ± 0.28 bc | 16.29 ± 0.69 b | 18.17 ± 0.67 d |
1 La | 27.12 ± 2.2 b | 16.33 ± 0.57 b | 23.08 ± 1.89 c |
1.5 La | 20.86 ± 2.19 d | 13.61 ± 0.14 c | 16.79 ± 2.2 d |
2 La | 18.76 ± 0.79 de | 12.1 ± 0.4 d | 18.83 ± 1.64 d |
4 La | 17.3 ± 0.31 e | 13.99 ± 0.38 c | 18.81 ± 1 d |
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Yin, H.; Wang, J.; Zeng, Y.; Shen, X.; He, Y.; Ling, L.; Cao, L.; Fu, X.; Peng, L.; Chun, C. Effect of the Rare Earth Element Lanthanum (La) on the Growth and Development of Citrus Rootstock Seedlings. Plants 2021, 10, 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071388
Yin H, Wang J, Zeng Y, Shen X, He Y, Ling L, Cao L, Fu X, Peng L, Chun C. Effect of the Rare Earth Element Lanthanum (La) on the Growth and Development of Citrus Rootstock Seedlings. Plants. 2021; 10(7):1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071388
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Hang, Junxiu Wang, Yao Zeng, Xinjian Shen, Yizhong He, Lili Ling, Li Cao, Xingzheng Fu, Liangzhi Peng, and Changpin Chun. 2021. "Effect of the Rare Earth Element Lanthanum (La) on the Growth and Development of Citrus Rootstock Seedlings" Plants 10, no. 7: 1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071388