Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Dark Grey Calcareous Floodplain Soil Is Influenced by Tillage Practices and Residue Retention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Residue Retention
2.2. Crop N Content
2.3. Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC)
2.4. Soil Organic Carbon and Total N Stock in Soil
2.4.1. Soil Organic Carbon
2.4.2. Total N Content in Soil
2.5. Mineralization
2.5.1. Tillage and Residues on C Mineralization
2.5.2. Kinetic Model of C Mineralization
2.5.3. N Mineralization
2.5.4. Kinetic Model of N Mineralization
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of Tillage Practices and Residue Retention on Soil and Plant N Content and Soil C
3.2. Effect of Tillage Practices and Residue Retention on C Mineralization
3.3. Effect of Tillage Practices and Residue Retention on N Mineralization
3.4. Effect of Tillage Practices and Residue Retention on C and N Cycling
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Location and Description of the Experimental Site
4.2. Design and Treatments
4.3. Crop Sequence and Variety
4.4. Crop Management
4.5. Data Collection
4.5.1. Plant N Analysis
4.5.2. Microbial Respiration
4.5.3. Nitrogen Availability Measurements
4.5.4. Modeling of SOC and N Mineralization Data with the Parallel First and Zero-Order Kinetic Model
4.6. Climate and Weather
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cropping Year 2012–2013 | Cropping Year 2013–2014 | Cropping Year 2014–2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tillage System | Rice | Lentil | Jute | System | Rice | Lentil | Jute | System | Rice | Wheat | Jute | System | ||||||||||||
Residue | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% | R20% | R50% |
ZT | 1.73 | 2.88 | 0.22 | 0.59 | 2.55 | 2.25 | 4.5 | 5.72 | 2.49 | 4.27 | 0.22 | 0.54 | 1.17 | 1.25 | 3.88 | 6.06 | 2.3 | 4.3 | 2.03 | 3.95 | 1.45 | 1.57 | 5.78 | 9.82 |
ST | 1.90 | 3.58 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 2.33 | 2.43 | 4.49 | 6.66 | 2.50 | 4.47 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 1.42 | 1.26 | 4.16 | 6.29 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 2.08 | 4.08 | 1.55 | 1.68 | 6.03 | 10.36 |
BP | 1.45 | 3.20 | 0.23 | 0.47 | 1.46 | 1.36 | 3.14 | 5.03 | 3.34 | 4.54 | 0.29 | 0.69 | 1.13 | 0.94 | 4.76 | 6.17 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 2.40 | 4.23 | 1.11 | 1.39 | 6.21 | 10.42 |
CT | 2.38 | 3.93 | 0.27 | 0.60 | 2.33 | 2.38 | 4.98 | 6.91 | 2.40 | 3.95 | 0.20 | 0.52 | 1.33 | 1.44 | 3.93 | 5.91 | 2.3 | 4.1 | 2.10 | 3.73 | 1.27 | 1.25 | 5.67 | 9.08 |
Tillage Practices (TP) | Residue Retention (RR) | Rice | Lentil | Jute | Wheat | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Year | 2nd Year | 3rd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 1st Year | 2nd Year | 3rd Year | 3rd Year | ||
ZT | R20% | 10.0 | 9.2 | 9.20 | 2.60 | 2.80 | 35.7 | 16.4 | 20.3 | 9.10 |
R50% | 18.1 | 18.0 | 15.3 | 6.00 | 5.34 | 32.6 | 18.1 | 22.8 | 17.8 | |
ST | R20% | 10.3 | 9.84 | 9.43 | 3.10 | 3.21 | 32.6 | 19.9 | 21.7 | 9.40 |
R50% | 18.9 | 19.3 | 15.4 | 7.14 | 6.58 | 35.2 | 18.3 | 24.4 | 18.4 | |
BP | R20% | 13.2 | 10.8 | 8.50 | 2.71 | 2.86 | 20.4 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 10.8 |
R50% | 18.5 | 19.7 | 15.1 | 5.64 | 6.04 | 19.7 | 13.6 | 20.2 | 19.0 | |
CT | R20% | 9.60 | 9.20 | 10.0 | 3.21 | 3.44 | 32.6 | 18.6 | 17.8 | 9.50 |
R50% | 15.6 | 16.0 | 13.3 | 7.20 | 7.15 | 34.5 | 26.7 | 18.1 | 16.8 | |
LSD0.05-TP | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
LSD0.05-RR | 5.10 | 4.82 | 4.40 | 2.11 | 1.72 | 2.12 | 3.65 | 3.70 | 4.8 |
Treatment | After 1st Year | After 2nd Year | After 3rd Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–5 cm | 5–10 cm | 10–15 cm | 0–5 cm | 5–10 cm | 10–15 cm | 0–5 cm | 5–10 cm | 10–15 cm | |
Tillage system | |||||||||
ZT | 5.09 | 4.51 | 4.10 | 5.61 | 4.80 | 4.16 | 5.90 | 5.03 | 4.34 |
ST | 5.32 | 4.62 | 4.22 | 5.49 | 4.74 | 4.45 | 5.84 | 4.97 | 4.68 |
BP | 4.86 | 4.51 | 4.10 | 5.26 | 4.68 | 4.28 | 5.55 | 4.74 | 4.34 |
CT | 4.57 | 4.57 | 4.22 | 5.03 | 4.51 | 4.34 | 5.26 | 4.80 | 4.62 |
LSD0.05 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.26 ** | NS | NS |
CV (%) | 11.0 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 11.5 |
Residue retention | |||||||||
R20% | 4.91 | 4.45 | 4.10 | 5.03 | 4.51 | 4.16 | 5.32 | 4.74 | 4.22 |
R50% | 5.03 | 4.62 | 4.28 | 5.61 | 4.91 | 4.39 | 5.90 | 5.03 | 4.80 |
LSD0.05 | NS | NS | NS | 0.29 * | 0.35 * | NS | 0.23 * | 0.17 ** | 0.12 ** |
CV (%) | 4.9 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 7.4 | 9.2 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 2.8 |
The initial status of SOC was 4.74, 4.39, and 3.93 t ha−1 at 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depth, respectively. |
Treatment | After 1st Year | After 2nd Year | After 3rd Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–5 cm | 5–10 cm | 10–15 cm | 0–5 cm | 5–10 cm | 10–15 cm | 0–5 cm | 5–10 cm | 10–15 cm | |
Tillage system | |||||||||
ZT | 0.486 | 0.424 | 0.380 | 0.500 | 0.431 | 0.383 | 0.531 | 0.452 | 0.393 |
ST | 0.478 | 0.419 | 0.393 | 0.496 | 0.427 | 0.409 | 0.509 | 0.445 | 0.429 |
BP | 0.465 | 0.412 | 0.382 | 0.472 | 0.423 | 0.391 | 0.496 | 0.432 | 0.400 |
CT | 0.448 | 0.407 | 0.380 | 0.451 | 0.409 | 0.387 | 0.450 | 0.427 | 0.427 |
LSD0.05 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.054 * | NS | NS |
CV (%) | 4.9 | 7.3 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.8 | 4.2 | 4.1 |
Residue retention | |||||||||
R20% | 0.460 | 0.411 | 0.380 | 0.457 | 0.411 | 0.389 | 0.468 | 0.430 | 0.385 |
R50% | 0.478 | 0.420 | 0.388 | 0.504 | 0.435 | 0.396 | 0.525 | 0.448 | 0.427 |
LSD0.05 | NS | NS | NS | 0.035 ** | 0.020 * | NS | 0.022 ** | 0.009 ** | 0.014 ** |
CV (%) | 5.0 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 9.0 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 4.6 | 4.1 |
The initial status of TN was 0.430, 0.398 and 0.364 t ha−1 at 0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm soil depth, respectively |
Treatments | Co (mg C g−1 C) | Kf | Ks | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tillage practices | ||||
ZT | 364 | 0.0088 b | 7.05 | 0.998 |
ST | 480 | 0.0093 b | 6.10 | 0.998 |
BP | 356 | 0.0097 b | 6.84 | 0.998 |
CT | 350 | 0.0125 a | 7.25 | 0.999 |
LSD0.05 | NS | 0.001 ** | NS | - |
Residue retention levels | ||||
R20% | 358 | 0.0107 a | 6.25 b | 0.998 |
R50% | 417 | 0.0095 b | 7.37 a | 0.998 |
LSD0.05 | NS | 0.001 * | 0.62 ** | - |
CV (%) | 28.0 | 8.8 | 13.9 | - |
Tillage practices × residue retention levels | ||||
ZT × R20% | 283 | 0.0087 bc | 6.67 | 0.998 |
ZT × R50% | 445 | 0.0090 bc | 7.43 | 0.998 |
ST × R20% | 513 | 0.0097 b | 5.18 | 0.998 |
ST × R50% | 447 | 0.0090 bc | 7.01 | 0.998 |
BP × R20% | 300 | 0.0117 a | 6.08 | 0.998 |
BP × R50% | 412 | 0.0077 c | 7.59 | 0.999 |
CT × R20% | 334 | 0.0127 a | 7.05 | 0.999 |
CT × R50% | 365.6 | 0.0123 a | 7.45 | 0.999 |
LSD0.05 | NS | 0.002 * | NS | - |
CV (%) | 18.2 | 11.6 | 9.7 | - |
Treatments | Days after Sowing | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 | 32 | 35 | 44 | 51 | 59 | 68 | 72 | 84 | 95 | 102 | 109 | |
Tillage practices | ||||||||||||
ZT | 9.7 | 11.4 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 13.8 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 10.2 |
ST | 10.0 | 11.7 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 10.3 |
BP | 10.2 | 11.9 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 14.5 | 13.9 | 13.0 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.3 |
CT | 9.6 | 11.2 | 12.0 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 12.9 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 10.4 | 10.1 |
LSD0.05 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
CV (%) | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 8.7 | 6.3 | 3.9 | 5.5 |
Residue retention levels | ||||||||||||
R20% | 9.5 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 12.2 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 10.1 |
R50% | 10.2 | 11.9 | 12.9 | 13.4 | 14.3 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.3 |
LSD0.05 | 0.23 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.62 * | 0.70 * | 0.70 * | 0.61 * | 0.72 * | 0.59 ** | 0.39 * | NS | NS |
CV (%) | 2.5 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 2.7 |
Treatments | Days after Sowing | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 | 32 | 35 | 44 | 51 | 59 | 68 | 72 | 84 | 95 | 102 | 109 | |
Tillage practices | ||||||||||||
ZT | 11.0 | 12.9 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 17.3 | 16.6 | 16.4 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 15.7 | 14.8 | 13.8 |
ST | 11.5 | 12.4 | 14.7 | 16.0 | 17.6 | 17.0 | 16.9 | 16.1 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 15.3 | 14.1 |
BP | 11.3 | 12.8 | 15.1 | 16.5 | 17.9 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 16.6 | 16.4 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 14.1 |
CT | 12.2 | 13.3 | 15.4 | 16.8 | 18.1 | 17.3 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 15.5 | 14.4 |
LSD0.05 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
CV (%) | 7.2 | 11.4 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 9.2 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 9.7 | 14.0 | 17.8 | 11.8 |
Residue retention levels | ||||||||||||
R20% | 11.9 | 13.6 | 15.7 | 16.9 | 18.2 | 17.7 | 17.4 | 16.9 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 15.6 | 13.9 |
R50% | 11.1 | 12.1 | 14.3 | 15.7 | 17.3 | 16.6 | 16.5 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 15.7 | 14.9 | 14.4 |
LSD0.05 | 0.65 * | 0.77 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.56 ** | 0.58 * | 0.61 * | NS | NS | NS |
CV (%) | 5.2 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 7.7 |
Treatments | No (mg N g−1 N) | Nf (%) | Ns (%) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tillage practices | ||||
ZT | 149 | 0.091 | 7.28 | 0.996 |
ST | 158 | 0.098 | 7.12 | 0.996 |
BP | 148 | 0.108 | 7.21 | 0.996 |
CT | 146 | 0.116 | 7.04 | 0.996 |
LSD0.05 | NS | NS | NS | - |
CV (%) | 16.2 | 20.4 | 8.8 | - |
Residue retention levels | ||||
R20% | 142 | 0.114 | 6.95 | 0.996 |
R50% | 158 | 0.093 | 7.38 | 0.996 |
LSD0.05 | NS | 0.025 * | 0.41 * | - |
CV (%) | 16.4 | 15.9 | 6.1 | - |
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Salahin, N.; Alam, M.K.; Ahmed, S.; Jahiruddin, M.; Gaber, A.; Alsanie, W.F.; Hossain, A.; Bell, R.W. Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Dark Grey Calcareous Floodplain Soil Is Influenced by Tillage Practices and Residue Retention. Plants 2021, 10, 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081650
Salahin N, Alam MK, Ahmed S, Jahiruddin M, Gaber A, Alsanie WF, Hossain A, Bell RW. Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Dark Grey Calcareous Floodplain Soil Is Influenced by Tillage Practices and Residue Retention. Plants. 2021; 10(8):1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081650
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalahin, Nazmus, Md. Khairul Alam, Sharif Ahmed, Mohammad Jahiruddin, Ahmed Gaber, Walaa F. Alsanie, Akbar Hossain, and Richard W. Bell. 2021. "Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Dark Grey Calcareous Floodplain Soil Is Influenced by Tillage Practices and Residue Retention" Plants 10, no. 8: 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081650