Induction of Conjugation and Zygospore Cell Wall Characteristics in the Alpine Spirogyra mirabilis (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta): Advantage under Climate Change Scenarios?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphological Observations on Field Sampled Spirogyra sp. and Establishment of Cultures
2.2. Conjugation in Spirogyra mirabilis Can Be Induced under Laboratory Conditions, but May Be Dependent on Internal Factors
2.3. Phylogenetic Position of the Investigated Spirogyra
2.4. Spirogyra Zygospore Ultrastructure
2.5. Spirogyra Cell Walls Are Rich in Pectins, Hemicelluloses, and Glycoproteins
2.6. Immunostainings Reveal Arabinogalactan Proteins as Part of the Resistant Zygospore Wall
2.7. Confocal Raman Microscopy Detects Aromatic Compounds Similar to Lycopodium Spore Cell Walls
3. Discussion
3.1. Successful Induction of Conjugation in Spirogyra Isolates
3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis Contradicts Initial Morphological Species Assignment
3.3. The Cell Wall Contains Various Polysaccharides, Glycoproteins, and Aromatic Compounds
3.4. Prominent Role of AGPs and Extensins in Spirogyra
3.5. Complex Arrangement of the Zygospore Cell Wall Suggests Maximal Protection
4. Conclusions
5. Material and Methods
5.1. Sampling Site/Plant Material and Isolation
5.2. Induction of Conjugation
5.3. Light-, Fluorescence, and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
5.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
5.5. High Pressure Freeze Fixation
5.6. Transmission Electron Microscopy
5.7. Cell Wall Extraction and Glycan Micro Array Analysis
5.8. Immunostaining of Selected Cell Wall Components
5.9. Confocal Raman Spectroscopy
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGP | arabinogalactan protein |
APW | artificial pond water |
BBM | Bold’s basal medium |
BI | Bayesian inference |
HG | Homogalacturonan |
ML | maximum likelihood |
PAR | photosynthetically active radiation |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
RGI | rhamnogalacturonan I |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
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Permann, C.; Herburger, K.; Felhofer, M.; Gierlinger, N.; Lewis, L.A.; Holzinger, A. Induction of Conjugation and Zygospore Cell Wall Characteristics in the Alpine Spirogyra mirabilis (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta): Advantage under Climate Change Scenarios? Plants 2021, 10, 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081740
Permann C, Herburger K, Felhofer M, Gierlinger N, Lewis LA, Holzinger A. Induction of Conjugation and Zygospore Cell Wall Characteristics in the Alpine Spirogyra mirabilis (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta): Advantage under Climate Change Scenarios? Plants. 2021; 10(8):1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081740
Chicago/Turabian StylePermann, Charlotte, Klaus Herburger, Martin Felhofer, Notburga Gierlinger, Louise A. Lewis, and Andreas Holzinger. 2021. "Induction of Conjugation and Zygospore Cell Wall Characteristics in the Alpine Spirogyra mirabilis (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta): Advantage under Climate Change Scenarios?" Plants 10, no. 8: 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081740