Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of the Water-Ethanol Extract of Pulicaria undulata Growing in the Oasis of Central Saudi Arabian Desert
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Identification of Constituents from LC-MS Analysis of the Water-Ethanol Extract
2.2. Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Contents
2.3. Trace Elements Analysis
2.4. Antioxidant Potential of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
2.5. Antimicrobial Activity of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
2.6. Anticancer Activity of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals, Reagents and Materials
3.2. Plant Materials and Extraction
3.3. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) Analysis
3.4. Quantitative Measurements of the Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Contents
3.5. Trace Elements Analysis of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
3.6. Antioxidant Activity of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
3.6.1. Total Antioxidant Capacity
3.6.2. DPPH Scavenging Activity
3.6.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
3.6.4. Metal Chelating Activity
3.7. Antimicrobial Assay of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
3.7.1. Preliminary Antimicrobial Screenings
3.7.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC)
3.8. Cytotoxic Assay of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
3.9. Annexin V Assay of the P. undulata Water-Ethanol Extract
3.10. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serial No. | RT (min) | Observed Mass (amu) | Calcd. Mass (amu) | Molecular Formula | Mass Fragments (m/z) | Compound Class | Compound’s Identity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 3.15 | 179.0725 [M−H]− | 179.0344 | C9H8O4 | 164, 149, 121, 93 | Phenolic acid | Caffeic acid * |
2. | 3.25 | 163.03775 [M−H]− | 163.0395 | C9H8O3 | 120,119, 93,85, 43 | Coumarin | Coumaric acid |
3. | 3.40 | 471.1875 [M−H]− | 471.1866 | C22H32O11 | 96, 231, 469 | Phenolic glycoside | Eugenol rutinoside |
4. | 4.50 | 449.1440 [M+H]+ | 449.1447 | C22H24O10 | 318, 421, 128 | Flavanone | Isosakuranin |
5. | 5.16 | 193.0551 [M−H]− | 193.0500 | C10H10O4 | Phenolic acid | Trans-Ferulic acid * | |
6. | 5.30 | 739.20966 [M−H]− | 739.2085 | C33H40O19 | 183, 211, 227, 255, 285 | Flavonol glycoside | Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside |
7. | 5.60 | 609.14274 [M−H]− | 609.1455 | C27H30O16 | 255, 271, 301, 302, 463 | Flavonol glycoside | Rutin * |
8. | 5.73 | 463.0861 [M−H]− | 463.0876 | C21H20O12 | 201. 215, 227, 255, 271, 300 | Flavonol glycoside | Hyperoside |
9. | 5.95 | 593.1527 [M−H]− | 593.1506 | C27H30O15 | 227, 255, 284, 285, 357 | Flavonol glycoside | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside |
10. | 6.50 | 593.14723 [M−H]− | 593.1506 | C27H30O15 | 301, 286, 271, 255, 227 | Flavonol glycoside | 3,7-Dirhamnosylquercetin |
11. | 6.55 | 447.0906 [M−H]− | 447.0927 | C21H20O11 | 185, 227, 255, 285 | Flavone glycoside | Luteolin 7-O-glucoside |
12. | 6.82 | 285.0402 [M−H]− | 285.0399 | C15H10O6 | 185, 227, 255 | Flavone | Luteolin |
13. | 7.25 | 301.1050 [M+H]+ | 301.1076 | C17H16O5 | 119, 135, 179 | Flavanone | Farrerol |
14. | 7.91 | 205.04807 [M−H]− | 205.0500 | C11H10O4 | 107, 135, 163, 191 | Coumarin | Scoparone |
15. | 8.59 | 301.0335 [M−H]− | 301.0339 | C15H10O7 | 271, 255, 243 | Flavonol | Quercetin * |
16. | 8.88 | 433.1134 [M+H]+ | 433.1134 | C21H20O10 | 271, 250, 231, 221 | Isoflavone glucoside | Genistin |
17. | 10.35 | 317.0657 [M+H]+ | 317.0661 | C16H12O7 | 137, 228, 274, 301 | Flavonol | 3-O-Methylquercetin |
18. | 14.25 | 285.1098 [M+H]+ | 285.1126 | C17H16O4 | 69, 122, 195 | Phenolic acid | Caffeic acid phenethyl ester * |
19. | 20.50 | 293.1737 [M−H]− | 293.1752 | C17H26O4 | 44, 149, 185, 253 | Phenolic | 6-Gingerol |
20. | 24.55 | 227.2008 [M−H]− | 227.2011 | C14H28O2 | 116, 136 | Fatty Acid | Myristic acid |
21. | 25.71 | 253.2149 [M−H]− | 253.2167 | C16H30O2 | 219, 185, 157, 116, 99, 45 | Fatty acid | Palmitoleic acid |
22. | 26.16 | 279.23045 [M−H]− | 279.2324 | C18H32O2 | 116, 61, 59, 34 | Fatty acid | Linoleic acid |
23. | 27.91 | 255.23089 [M−H]− | 255.2324 | C16H32O2 | 131, 117, 116, 99 | Fatty acid | 3-Hydroxy dodecanedioic acid |
24. | 28.23 | 281.2464 [M−H]− | 281.2480 | C18H34O2 | 116, 99, 61 | Fatty acid | Oleic acid |
25. | 29.96 | 283.2620 [M−H]− | 283.2637 | C18H36O2 | 265, 61, 44 | Fatty acid | Stearic acid |
26. | 30.01 | 353.34417 [M−H]− | 353.3419 | C23H46O2 | 255, 116, 89, 74, | Fatty acid | Methyl docosanoate |
27. | 30.30 | 423.42272 [M−H]− | 423.4202 | C28H56O2 | 250, 236, 84, 61 | Fatty acid | Octacosanoic acid |
TPC | TFC | TAA | DPPH-SA | FRAP | MCA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
33.31 ± 0.46 | 10.83 ± 0.77 | 17.40 ± 1.60 | 19.13 ± 0.01 | 47.11 ± 4.09 | 8.79 ± 1.16 |
Trace Elements Concentration in µg/kg * of the Dried Plant Powder | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iron (Fe) | Copper (Cu) | Magnesium (Mg) | Cobalt (Co) | Manganese (Mn) | Zinc (Zn) |
1008 ± 3.60 | 20.13 ± 1.69 | 1150.67 ± 7.57 | 74.00 ± 3.43 | 99.66 ± 4.40 | 68.20 ±0.01 |
Trace Elements Concentration in µg/kg of the Soil from Different Locations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Iron | Copper | Cobalt | Manganese | Zinc |
Threshold value * | 4600 | 2–50 | 1.3 | 50 | 200 |
KSA (Qassim, arid, high salt) | 9427 | 15.9 | 3.80 | 195 | 164 |
Ghana (tropical green lands) | 6.2 | 1.8 | 39 | ||
Pakistan (Swat area, temperate) | 0.44 | 7.56 | 0.59 | ||
Spain (Alicante region, semi-arid) | 15,274 | 21.6 | 320 | 57.8 | |
France (forest sites, temperate) | 23.77 | 1.56 | 45.01 | ||
Egypt (Sinai desert lands) | 960 | 3.03 | 84 | 17 |
Microorganisms | Diameters of Zones of Inhibition (mm) * | |
---|---|---|
P. undulata Plant Extract (2 mg/disc) | Levofloxacin (5 µg/disc) | |
S. aureus ATCC 29213 | 16.6 ± 0.2 | 31.7 ± 0.2 |
MRSA-A ** | 11.5 ± 0.2 | 23.4 ± 0.3 |
MRSA-B ** | 12.9 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.2 |
S. saprophyticus ATCC 43867 | 21.6 ± 0.1 | 28.1 ± 0.2 |
S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | 11.6 ± 0.2 | 18.3 ± 0.3 |
B. cereus ATCC 10876 | 14.9 ± 0.1 | 28.4 ± 0.2 |
Microorganisms | P. undulata Plant Extract | Levofloxacin (5 µg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|
MIC (µg/mL) | MBC (µg/mL) | ||
S. aureus ATCC 29213 | 1563 | 3125 | Inhibition |
MRSA-A | 1563 | 3125 | Inhibition |
MRSA-B | 98 | 195 | No inhibition |
S. saptophyticus ATCC 43867 | 49 | 49 | Inhibition |
S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | 196 | 195 | Inhibition |
B. cereus ATCC 10876 | 49 | 49 | Inhibition |
IC50 (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fibroblast | MCF-7 | K562 | PANC-1 | |
P. undulata water-ethanol Extract | 4048 | 519.2 | 1212 | 1535 |
Doxorubicin | 2.975 | 0.194 | 0.395 | 0.158 |
Concentration (µg/mL) | Fibroblast | MCF-7 | PANC-1 | K562 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1000 | 72.36 ± 2.05 | 39.09 ± 2.44 **** | 55.14 ± 1.75 ** | 44.31 ± 0.65 **** |
500 | 90.6 ± 5.53 | 47.19 ± 1.93 **** | 62.69 ± 5.28 **** | 53.98 ± 1.31 **** |
250 | 84.91 ± 2.14 | 61.66 ± 2.85 **** | 65.36 ± 2.78 ** | 73.8 ± 2.11 * |
125 | 95.88 ± 3.61 | 88.27 ± 4.79 ns | 71.12 ± 7.27 **** | 78.4 ± 2.69 ** |
62.5 | 99.52 ± 1.69 | 91.63 ± 4.93 ns | 85.32 ± 3.87 * | 68.59 ± 4.89 **** |
31.25 | 96.09 ± 2.58 | 94.58 ± 2.78 ns | 91.98 ± 4.88 ns | 72.36 ± 2.62 **** |
15.625 | 93.62 ± 4.03 | 104.87 ± 2.74 ns | 95.75 ± 1.8 ns | 67.35 ± 2.11 **** |
(A) Untreated | (B) DMSO | (C) IC50 | (D) Twice of the IC50 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Viable | 96.1% | 79.6% | 40.3% | 15.0% |
Early apoptosis | 0.30% | 2.60% | 2.00% | 0.00% |
Late apoptosis | 0.60% | 5.00% | 18.6% | 8.90% |
Necrosis | 3.10% | 12.8% | 39.1% | 76.1% |
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Mohammed, H.A.; Al-Omar, M.S.; Khan, R.A.; Mohammed, S.A.A.; Qureshi, K.A.; Abbas, M.M.; Al Rugaie, O.; Abd-Elmoniem, E.; Ahmad, A.M.; Kandil, Y.I. Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of the Water-Ethanol Extract of Pulicaria undulata Growing in the Oasis of Central Saudi Arabian Desert. Plants 2021, 10, 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091811
Mohammed HA, Al-Omar MS, Khan RA, Mohammed SAA, Qureshi KA, Abbas MM, Al Rugaie O, Abd-Elmoniem E, Ahmad AM, Kandil YI. Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of the Water-Ethanol Extract of Pulicaria undulata Growing in the Oasis of Central Saudi Arabian Desert. Plants. 2021; 10(9):1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091811
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed, Hamdoon A., Mohsen S. Al-Omar, Riaz A. Khan, Salman A. A. Mohammed, Kamal A. Qureshi, Manal M. Abbas, Osamah Al Rugaie, Essam Abd-Elmoniem, Adel M. Ahmad, and Yasser I. Kandil. 2021. "Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of the Water-Ethanol Extract of Pulicaria undulata Growing in the Oasis of Central Saudi Arabian Desert" Plants 10, no. 9: 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091811