Willow Aboveground and Belowground Traits Can Predict Phytoremediation Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytoremediation Services
2.2. Functional Traits
2.3. Phytoremediation Services and Functional Traits
3. Discussion
3.1. Phytoremediation Services
3.2. Traits Predict Services
3.3. Limits
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sites Description
4.2. Experimental Design
4.3. Phytoremediation Services
4.4. Willow Trait Measurement
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TE | Soil TE Mean (mg/kg) | SD | Compost TE Mean (mg/kg) | SD | Soil Characteristics | Mean | SD | Compost Characteristics | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 5.12 | (2.09) | - | - | pH | 7.6 | (0.1) | pH | 5.9 | (0.1) |
Ba | 149.19 | (34.21) | - | - | CEC (meq/100 g) | 37.8 | (7.9) | CEC (meq/100 g) | 33.0 | (0.3) |
Cd | 0.78 | (0.38) | - | - | OM (%) | 8.7 | (2.8) | OM (%) | 27.6 | (1.2) |
Cu | 92.76 | (52.69) | 2.13 * | (0.09) | Total N (g/kg) | 4.1 | (1.5) | Total N (g/kg) | 9.1 | (0.8) |
Mn | 573.53 | (187.53) | 18.6 * | (2.3) | Clay (%) | 42.5 | (9.9) | P (kg/ha) | 171 * | (0.1) |
Pb | 80.72 | (46.09) | - | - | Silt (%) | 38.3 | (15.3) | K (kg/ha) | 99 * | (0.1) |
Se | 1.88 | (1.26) | - | - | Sand (%) | 19.2 | (13.3) | C: N ratio | 19.9 | (0.8) |
Zn | 73.69 | (36.11) | 11.0 * | (0.90) |
Functional Traits | Units | Functions and Strategies | |
---|---|---|---|
SLA | Specific leaf area | mm2/mg | Growth rate, photosynthetic capacities [57,60,61], carbon investment, stress tolerance, nutrient acquisition strategy [57,62,63], leaf longevity [63,64], ruderal strategies [65] and soil fertility [66] |
LA | Leaf area | mm2 | Photosynthetic capacities [61], environmental responses and tolerance [57], light interception, leaf and plant size [63] and competitiveness [65] |
LDMC | Leaf dry matter content | mg/g | Slow growth rate [57], litter decomposition, nutrient retention and acquisition strategy [62,67], stress tolerance strategies [65] and tolerance to disturbances [57,68] |
LpH | Leaf pH | Nutrient content (cations) and tissues chemistry [57], leaf digestibility, litter decomposition and pH, leaf C:N ratio and leaf lignin and cellulose content [45,69] | |
LNC | Leaf nitrogen content | mg/g | Growth rate and litter decomposition [62], nutrient acquisition strategies, photosynthetic capacities, herbivory potential [63], soil fertility [66] and tolerance to disturbance [68] |
LCC | Leaf carbon content | mg/g | Soil C [68], leaf structure investment, tolerance to disturbance [70], life form, lignin content and chemical composition [71] and leaf digestibility [45] |
RDMC | Root dry matter content | mg/g | Tolerance to herbivory and stress, root decomposition rate [62], root growth rate and resource acquisition strategies [59] |
RNC | Root nitrogen content | mg/g | Root respiration, root growth rate, root decomposition rate, root metabolic activity [62] |
RCC | Root carbon content | mg/g | Life form, lignin content and chemical composition [71] |
SSD | Specific stem density | mg/mm3 | Hydraulic capacity [57], decomposition, defence capacities, resistance to stresses [62], growth rate, mortality risk [62,63], longevity [64] and carbon storage [62,64] |
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Gervais-Bergeron, B.; Chagnon, P.-L.; Labrecque, M. Willow Aboveground and Belowground Traits Can Predict Phytoremediation Services. Plants 2021, 10, 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091824
Gervais-Bergeron B, Chagnon P-L, Labrecque M. Willow Aboveground and Belowground Traits Can Predict Phytoremediation Services. Plants. 2021; 10(9):1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091824
Chicago/Turabian StyleGervais-Bergeron, Béatrice, Pierre-Luc Chagnon, and Michel Labrecque. 2021. "Willow Aboveground and Belowground Traits Can Predict Phytoremediation Services" Plants 10, no. 9: 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091824