Hop Leaves as an Alternative Source of Health-Active Compounds: Effect of Genotype and Drying Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis in Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Mode
2.4. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
2.5. Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Hop Leaves
2.6. Determination of the Antiradical Capacity (AC)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spectral Analysis of Hop Leaves
3.2. Phytochemical Screening of Hop Leaves
3.3. Antiradical Capacity (AC)
3.4. Exploratory Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hop Variety | Code |
---|---|
Chinook | V1 |
Centennial | V2 |
Comet | V3 |
Columbus | V4 |
Cascade | V5 |
DF | TPC | FLC | ACABTS | ACDPPH | Chl a | Chl b | Chl tot | TC | Thl | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variety (V) | 4 | 131.6 ** | 4.6 ** | 15.5 ** | 1566.9 ** | 1806.1 *** | 6477.6 *** | 80349 *** | 4148.5 *** | 5751.4 ** |
Treatment (T) | 1 | 6267.5 *** | 715.7 *** | 1283.7 *** | 162,002 *** | 12,301 ** | 29,401 ** | 1105 ** | 470 ** | 26,191.2 *** |
V × T | 4 | 103.2 ** | 6.3 ** | 15.9 ** | 1313.7 ** | 1871.3 ** | 6566.9 ** | 1120 ** | 456 ** | 1575.7 ** |
Error | 30 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 206.4 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 1.8 | 50.3 |
Sample | Chlorophyll a (μg g−1 dw) | Chlorophyll b (μg g−1 dw) | Total Chlorophyll (μg g−1 dw) | Total Carotenoids (μg g−1 dw) |
---|---|---|---|---|
V1_FD | 320 ± 2c | 367 ± 3e | 687 ± 5e | 191 ± 2e |
V2_FD | 360 ± 2e | 389 ± 1g | 749 ± 3g | 182 ± 2d |
V3_FD | 433 ± 1f | 883 ± 5l | 1316 ± 6i | 166 ± 2c |
V4_FD | 441 ± 3g | 857 ± 5i | 1298 ± 8h | 131 ± 1b |
V5_FD | 266 ± 2b | 285 ± 3a | 551 ± 5b | 222 ± 1f |
V1_OD | 104 ± 1a | 376 ± 2f | 480 ± 3a | 91 ± 3a |
V2_OD | 352 ± 1d | 339 ± 2c | 692 ± 3e | 218 ± 3f |
V3_OD | 319 ± 1c | 316 ± 2b | 635 ± 3c | 231 ± 1g |
V4_OD | 108 ± 1a | 557 ± 2h | 665 ± 3d | 95 ± 2a |
V5_OD | 363 ± 2e | 358 ± 6d | 721 ± 8f | 266 ± 4h |
Variable | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TPC | 30.9 ± 0.7b | 30.2 ± 0.2b | 7.3 ± 0.4a | 4.5 ± 0.4a |
FLC | 9.4 ± 0.4b | 8.4 ± 0.2b | 0.52 ± 0.03a | 0.62 ± 0.01a |
Chl a | 315.3 ± 0.4b | 437.1 ± 0.4c | 105.9 ± 0.5a | 345.1 ± 0.1b |
Chl b | 347 ± 5a | 870 ± 3b | 466 ± 2a | 337 ± 3a |
Chl tot | 662 ± 2a | 1307 ± 4b | 573 ± 3a | 683 ± 2a |
TC | 198 ± 2b | 149 ± 1a | 93 ± 1a | 238 ± 3c |
ACDPPH | 118.1 ± 0.6a | 120.6 ± 0.4a | 250.5 ± 0.5b | 243.6 ± 0.7b |
ACABTS | 1.3 ± 0.1a | 1.2 ± 0.1a | 13.2 ± 0.3b | 12.2 ± 0.2b |
Variables | Components | |
---|---|---|
1 | 2 | |
TPC | 0.913 | |
FLC | 0.946 | |
ACABTS | −0.965 | |
ACDPPH | −0.960 | |
Chl a | 0.680 | 0.449 |
Chl b | 0.441 | −0.582 |
TC | 0.983 | |
Eigenvalues | 4.3 | 1.5 |
% of variance | 60.9 | 22.1 |
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Macchioni, V.; Picchi, V.; Carbone, K. Hop Leaves as an Alternative Source of Health-Active Compounds: Effect of Genotype and Drying Conditions. Plants 2022, 11, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010099
Macchioni V, Picchi V, Carbone K. Hop Leaves as an Alternative Source of Health-Active Compounds: Effect of Genotype and Drying Conditions. Plants. 2022; 11(1):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010099
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacchioni, Valentina, Valentina Picchi, and Katya Carbone. 2022. "Hop Leaves as an Alternative Source of Health-Active Compounds: Effect of Genotype and Drying Conditions" Plants 11, no. 1: 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010099