Photoprotective Agents Obtained from Aromatic Plants Grown in Colombia: Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Assessment of Cytotoxic Potential in Cancer Cell Lines of Cymbopogon flexuosus L. and Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Quantification of Total Phenolic Content in EOs
2.2. Assessment of UV Protective Properties
2.3. Determination of the Cytotoxic Potential of HepG2 and Calu-1 Cells in the MTT Viability Assay
2.4. ROS Detection Assay of EOs in HepG2 and Calu-1 Cells
2.5. Assessment of Protective Effect against H2O2-Induced ROS
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material Collection, Extraction, and Characterization of EOs
4.2. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
4.3. In Vitro Assessment of the UV Protective Properties of EOs
4.3.1. Sun Protection Factor (SPF)
4.3.2. Critical Wavelength (λc)
4.3.3. UVA/UVB Ratio
4.3.4. Transmission of Erythema (%) and Transmission of Pigmentation (%)
4.4. Maintenance of Cell Lines
4.5. Determination of the Cytotoxic Potential of HepG2, and Calu-1 Cells in the MTT Viability Assay
4.6. ROS Detection Assay of EOs in HepG2 and Calu-1 Cells
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Essential Oil | Mean ± SEM |
---|---|
Phenolic Content (mg GAE/g of ByProduct) | |
Cananga odorata | 24.4 ± 0.4 |
Citrus sinensis | 13.8 ± 0.9 |
Cymbopogon citratus | 26.6 ± 0.3 |
C. flexuosus | 10.6 ± 0.1 |
C. martinii | 13.6 ± 0.1 |
C. nardus | 18.6 ± 0.2 |
Elettaria cardamomum | 12.7 ± 0.1 |
Lippia alba | 16.4 ± 0.1 |
L. origanoides (Phellandrene) | 21.9 ± 0.1 |
L. origanoides (Carvacrol/thymol) | 26.9 ± 0.1 |
Tagetes lucida | 12.7 ± 0.1 |
Thymus vulgaris | 19.0 ± 0.1 |
Essential Oils | In vitro Measurements of Sunscreen Protection (Mean ± SEM), n = 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPF a | λc | UVA/UVB Ratio | Transmission of Erythema (%) | Transmission of Pigmentation (%) | |
C. odorata | 8.7 ± 0.0 | ND | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 4.4 ± 0.0 | 43.3 ± 0.2 |
C. sinensis | 3.2 ± 0.0 | ND | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 17.0 ± 0.1 | 71.9 ± 0.4 |
C. citratus | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 360.9 ± 1.8 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 23.5 ± 0.7 |
C. flexuosus | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 391.1 ± 1.9 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 20.3 ± 0.6 |
C. martini | 5.2 ± 0.0 | ND | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.1 | 55.9 ± 0.2 |
C. nardus | 4.5 ± 0.0 | ND | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 12.0 ± 0.2 | 59.8 ± 0.3 |
E. cardamomum | 4.7 ± 0.0 | ND | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 11.3 ± 0.2 | 57.5 ± 0.5 |
L. alba | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 346.7 ± 1.5 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.0 | 29.8 ± 0.0 |
L. origanoides (Phellandrene) | 3.6 ± 0.0 | ND | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 15.5 ± 0.4 | 70.4 ± 0.9 |
L. origanoides (Carvacrol/thymol) | 11.7 ± 0.2 | 351.4 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 63.9 ± 0.9 |
T. lucida | 14.7 ± 0.0 | 393.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 12.5 ± 0.1 |
T. vulgaris | 4.8 ± 0.0 | ND | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 11.1 ± 0.0 | 58.1 ± 0.1 |
Trolox b | 3.6 ± 0.0 | 371.6 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 38.3 ± 0.1 | 71.3 ± 0.2 |
Vanillin b | 56.4 ± 0.9 | 375.1 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 5.5 ± 0.1 |
Gallic acid b | 34.7 ± 0.1 | 348.2 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 45.3 ± 0.5 |
Body lotion c | 36.3 ± 0.1 | 392.6 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.02 ± 0.2 | 11.7 ± 0.1 |
Sun protector c | 54.3 ± 0.2 | 393.1 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Essential Oil | Cytotoxic Potential Derived from MTT Viability Assay (24 h) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HepG2 | Calu-1 | |||||
IC50 | R2 | p-Value | IC50 | R2 | p-Value | |
Cymbopogon flexuosus | 75 | 0.986 | <0.001 | 100 | 0.865 | 0.007 |
Tagetes lucida | 270 | 0.912 | <0.001 | 381 | 0.856 | 0.001 |
Plant | Family | Major Constituents (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
C. odorata | Annonaceae | Ethyl benzoate (18.2), linalool (14.0), benzyl benzoate (12.3), methyl benzoate (10.0) | [43] |
C. sinensis | Rutaceae | Limonene (71.3) | [43] |
C. citratus | Poaceae | Geranial (34.4), neral (28.4), geraniol (11.5) | [43] |
C. flexuosus | Poaceae | Neral (28.2), geranial (28.2), geranyl acetate (10.0) | [43] |
C. martinii | Poaceae | Geraniol (83.9) | [80] |
C. nardus | Poaceae | Citronellal (25.3), citronellol (17.9), geraniol (11.6) | [34] |
E. cardamomum | Zingiberaceae | 1,8-Cineole (30.9), terpinyl acetate (26.4) | [36] |
L. alba | Verbenaceae | Carvone (38.3), limonene (31.8), bicyclo- sesquiphellandrene (11.4) | [43] |
L. origanoides (Phellandrene chemotype) | Verbenaceae | Limonene (15.0), p-cymene (14.6), α-phellandrene (10.3) | [80] |
L. origanoides (Carvacrol/thymol chemotype) | Verbenaceae | Carvacrol (50.6), thymol (11.5) | [43] |
T. lucida | Asteraceae | Estragole (95.7) | [43] |
T. vulgaris | Lamiaceae | Thymol (42.0), p-cymene (26.4) | [80] |
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Caballero-Gallardo, K.; Quintero-Rincón, P.; Stashenko, E.E.; Olivero-Verbel, J. Photoprotective Agents Obtained from Aromatic Plants Grown in Colombia: Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Assessment of Cytotoxic Potential in Cancer Cell Lines of Cymbopogon flexuosus L. and Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oils. Plants 2022, 11, 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131693
Caballero-Gallardo K, Quintero-Rincón P, Stashenko EE, Olivero-Verbel J. Photoprotective Agents Obtained from Aromatic Plants Grown in Colombia: Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Assessment of Cytotoxic Potential in Cancer Cell Lines of Cymbopogon flexuosus L. and Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oils. Plants. 2022; 11(13):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131693
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaballero-Gallardo, Karina, Patricia Quintero-Rincón, Elena E. Stashenko, and Jesus Olivero-Verbel. 2022. "Photoprotective Agents Obtained from Aromatic Plants Grown in Colombia: Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Assessment of Cytotoxic Potential in Cancer Cell Lines of Cymbopogon flexuosus L. and Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oils" Plants 11, no. 13: 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131693