Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Regulation on Plant Type, Population Ecology and Sheath Blight of Hybrid Rice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of N and P Regulation on Rice Plant Morphology
2.2. Response of Temperature and Humidity to Rice Population and N Regulation
2.2.1. Response of Population Temperature at Heading Stage to N Regulation
2.2.2. Response of Population Humidity to N Regulation at the Heading Stage
2.2.3. Response of Population Temperature to N Regulation at Grain Filling Stage
2.2.4. Response of Population Humidity to N Regulation at Grain Filling Stage
2.3. Response of Temperature and Humidity of Rice Population to P Regulation
2.3.1. Response of Population Temperature at Heading Stage to P Regulation
2.3.2. Response of Population Humidity to P Regulation at the Heading Stage
2.3.3. Response of Population Temperature to P Regulation at Grain Filling Stage
2.3.4. Response of Population Humidity to P Regulation at Grain Filling Stage
2.4. Effects of N and P Regulation on the Severity of Rice Sheath Blight
2.5. Correlation Analysis of N and P Regulation, Population Temperature, Humidity Change, and Sheath Blight
2.5.1. Correlation Analysis of N Regulation, Population Temperature, Humidity Variation, and Sheath Blight
2.5.2. Correlation Analysis of P Regulation, Population Temperature, Humidity Change, and Sheath Blight
3. Discussion
3.1. N and P Regulation Significantly Affected Hybrid Rice Plant Morphology
3.2. Rice Plant Type Variation Caused Population Microclimate Difference
3.3. Population Temperature and Humidity Variation Was an Important Factor Affecting the Incidence of Rice Sheath Blight
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Design
4.2. Sampled and Determination
4.2.1. Determination of Plant Type Characteristics
4.2.2. Measurement of the Hybrid Rice Population Temperature and Humidity
4.2.3. Investigation of Sheath Blight in the Field
4.2.4. Data Analysis and Plotting
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Leaf Length (cm) | Leaf Basal Angle (°) | Leaf Opening Angle (°) | Plant Height (cm) | Effective Panicle (×103/ha) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | D2 | D3 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D1 | D2 | D3 | |||
N0P1 | 22.00 c | 36.83 d | 47.23 c | 17.77 a | 36.77 d | 51.30 cd | 17.50 ab | 40.43 b | 45.07 e | 110.83 d | 1845.00 c |
N1P1 | 29.93 a | 41.40 b | 51.53 b | 15.50 b | 41.37 c | 49.53 d | 18.47 a | 37.30 c | 49.40 d | 116.67 bc | 1920.00 bc |
N1P2 | 30.30 a | 44.10 ab | 56.33 a | 15.53 b | 44.07 b | 49.83 d | 18.73 a | 46.43 a | 53.73 c | 118.67 b | 1785.00 c |
N1P3 | 29.23 a | 47.23 a | 58.20 a | 19.33 a | 47.13 a | 54.47 b | 15.50 b | 37.43 c | 59.50 a | 114.33 cd | 1995.00 bc |
N1P0 | 23.97 b | 34.97 d | 52.03 b | 15.43 b | 35.47 d | 60.13 a | 12.03 c | 46.37 a | 48.53 d | 114.00 cd | 2010.00 ab |
N2P1 | 22.20 c | 37.57 c | 49.50 bc | 13.27 b | 41.40 c | 50.53 cd | 16.60 ab | 39.30 bc | 53.30 c | 120.00 b | 2295.00 a |
N3P1 | 29.50 a | 43.43 b | 56.37 a | 12.33 b | 43.53 b | 52.27 bc | 16.70 ab | 46.70 a | 56.77 b | 128.00 a | 2025.00 ab |
N | 58.63 ** | 22.04 ** | 28.99 ** | 28.42 ** | 49.87 ** | 3.50 ns | 2.90 ns | 37.80 ** | 57.36 ** | 59.64 ** | 6.66 ** |
P | 26.53 ** | 60.86 ** | 20.38 ** | 17.81 ** | 117.26 ** | 64.38 ** | 37.84 ** | 62.48 ** | 56.83 ** | 5.54 * | 1.82 ns |
P0 | P1 | P2 | P3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N0 | — | 3.41 ± 0.67 e | — | — |
N1 | 10.69 ± 2.14 c | 8.85 ± 1.10 cd | 6.62 ± 0.54 de | 4.28 ± 1.19 e |
N2 | — | 17.51 ± 1.00 b | — | — |
N3 | — | 31.46 ± 2.22 a | — | — |
Stages | N | Canopy Temperature | Baselayer Temperature | Canopy Humidity | Baselayer Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heading stage | N | 1.00 | ||||
Canopy temperature | −0.47 ns | 1.00 | ||||
Base layer temperature | 0.52 ns | −0.96 * | 1.00 | |||
Canopy humidity | 0.11 ns | −0.81 * | 0.63 ns | 1.00 | ||
Base layer humidity | −0.76 ns | 0.57 ns | −0.75 ns | 0.01 ns | 1.00 | |
Severity of diseases | 0.99 ** | −0.56 ns | 0.64 ns | 0.15 ns | −0.84 * | |
Grain filling stage | N | 1.00 | ||||
Canopy temperature | 0.26 ns | 1.00 | ||||
Base layer temperature | 0.58 ns | −0.63 | 1.00 | |||
Canopy humidity | −0.74 ns | −0.84 * | 0.11 ns | 1.00 | ||
Base layer humidity | −0.88 * | 0.09 ns | −0.79 ns | 0.41 ns | 1.00 | |
Severity of diseases | 0.99 ** | 0.12 ns | 0.69 ns | −0.64 ns | −0.94 * |
Stages | P | Canopy Temperature | Baselayer Temperature | Canopy Humidity | Baselayer Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heading stage | P | 1.00 | ||||
Canopy temperature | 0.99 ** | 1.00 | ||||
Base layer temperature | 0.78 ns | 0.72 ns | 1.00 | |||
Canopy humidity | −0.37 ns | −0.45 ns | 0.29 ns | 1.00 | ||
Base layer humidity | 0.05 ns | 0.14 ns | −0.58 ns | −0.94 * | 1.00 | |
Severity of diseases | −0.81 * | −0.81 * | −0.46 ns | 0.55 ns | −0.25 ns | |
Grain filling stage | P | 1.00 | ||||
Canopy temperature | 0.99 ** | 1.00 | ||||
Base layer temperature | −0.05 ns | −0.11 ns | 1.00 | |||
Canopy humidity | −0.83 * | −0.89 * | 0.53 ns | 1.00 | ||
Base layer humidity | −0.19 ns | −0.10 ns | −0.94 * | −0.36 ns | 1.00 | |
Severity of diseases | −0.81 * | −0.90 * | 0.20 ns | 0.91 * | −0.12 ns |
Grade | Severity Classification Criteria |
---|---|
Grade 0 | The whole plant is disease-free |
Grade 1 | The disease starts from basal leaf and sheath |
Grade 2 | The disease starts from the leaf sheath or leaf below the third leaf (from the top leaf, the same below) |
Grade 3 | The disease starts from the leaf sheath or leaf below the second leaf |
Grade 4 | Parietal leaf sheath or parietal leaf disease |
Grade 5 | Whole plant disease and wither |
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Yang, G.; Liu, R.; Ma, P.; Chen, H.; Zhang, R.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Hu, Y. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Regulation on Plant Type, Population Ecology and Sheath Blight of Hybrid Rice. Plants 2022, 11, 2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172306
Yang G, Liu R, Ma P, Chen H, Zhang R, Wang X, Li Y, Hu Y. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Regulation on Plant Type, Population Ecology and Sheath Blight of Hybrid Rice. Plants. 2022; 11(17):2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172306
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Guotao, Rong Liu, Peng Ma, Hong Chen, Rongping Zhang, Xuechun Wang, Yongyan Li, and Yungao Hu. 2022. "Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Regulation on Plant Type, Population Ecology and Sheath Blight of Hybrid Rice" Plants 11, no. 17: 2306. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172306