The Phylogenetic Significance of Fruit Structures in the Family Cornaceae of China and Related Taxa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Genus | Subgenus | Species | Voucher Specimens | Locality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Araliaceae | Heteropanax | Heteropanax brevipedicellatus Li | Lee 200441 (IBSC) | China, Guangdong | |
Kalopanax | Kalopanax septemlobus Thunb. | Wang 1137 (IFP) | China, Liaoning | ||
Aucubaceae | Aucuba | Aucuba chinensis Benth. | Luo 451 (PE) | China, Hunan | |
A. chinensis Benth. var. angusta | Huang 44350 (PE) | China, Guangdong | |||
A.himalaica Hoor. var. dolichophylla | Dai 106777 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan | |||
A. japonica Thunb. | Shang 6174 (PE) | China, Zhejiang | |||
A. obcordata Rehd. | Y. Tsiang 7512 (NAS) | China, Guizhou | |||
Cornaceae | Cornus | Cornus subg. Arctocrania | Cornus canadensis Linn. | Yan 265 (PE) | China, Jilin |
Cornus subg. Cornus | C. chinensis Wanger. | Jie 1615 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan | ||
C. officinalis Sieb. | D.E. Boufford 26065 (PE) | China, Henan | |||
Cornus subg. Kraniopsis | C. alba Opiz | M.Liu (HANU) | China, Heilongjiang | ||
C. alsophila W.W.Smith | Zhao 0243 (PE) | China, Sichuan | |||
C. bretschneideri Henry | Li 4731 (IFP) | China, Neimenggu | |||
C. hemsleyi Schn. | T.P. Wang 1624 (PE) | China, Shanxi | |||
C. koehneana Wanger. | W.F. Hsia 5277 (PE) | China, Hubei | |||
C. macrophylla Wall. | Harry Smith 6560 (PE) | China, Shanxi | |||
C. poliophylla Schn. | Guan 3063 (PE) | China, Sichuan | |||
C. quinquenervis Farn. | Chen 3109 (CDBI) | China, Chongqing | |||
C. sanguinea Linn. | Zhang 62008 (PE) | China, Beijing | |||
C. schindleri Wanger. | Fang 36766 (PE) | China, Sichuan | |||
C. ulotricha Schn. | Guan 3063 (PE) | China, Sichuan | |||
C. walter Wanger. | Fu 842 (IFP) | China, Jilin | |||
C. wilsoniana Wanger. | Anonymous 2825 (PE) | China, Zhejiang | |||
Cornus subg. Mesomora | C. controversa Hemsl. | Wang 1506 (PE) | China, Liaoning | ||
Cornus subg. Syncarpea | C. capitata Wall. | Zhao 4326 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan | ||
C. elliptica Pojark. | Mei 793 (AU) | China, Fujian | |||
C. hongkongensis Hemsl. | Mei 116 (AU) | China, Fujian | |||
Cornus subg. Yinquania | C. oblonga Wall. | Xi 12122 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan | ||
Helwingiaceae | Helwingia | Helwingia chinensis Batal. | Zhi 8237 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan | |
H. japonica Thunb. | Song 1084 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan | |||
H. omeiensis Fang | Yang 34 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan | |||
Torricelliaceae | Torricellia | Torricellia angulata Oliv. | Yang 292 (CDBI) | China, Sichuan |
Character No. | Character | States |
---|---|---|
1 | Leaf growth pattern | 0 = Alternate; 1 = Opposite |
2 | Flower sexuality | 0 = Unisexuality; 1 = Bisexuality |
3 | Inflorescence | 0 = Panicle; 1 = Cyme; 3 = Umbel; 4 = Capitulum |
4 | Phyllary | 0 = Absent; 1 = Present |
5 | Fruit shape | 0 = Oblate; 1 = Oval; 2 = Sphericity; 3 = Long elliptic; 4 = Subglobose |
6 | Fruit length (mm) | 0 = 2–3; 1 = 4–6; 2 = 7–9; 3 = 10–12; 4 = 13–25 |
7 | Fruit type | 0 = Berry drupe; 1 = Drupe; 2 = Aggregate drupe |
8 | Carpel number | 0 = 2; 1 = 3; 2 = 4–6 |
9 | Carpel shape | 0 = Bilateral squashed; 1 = Dorsoventral squashed |
10 | Trichome | 0 = None; 1 = Single-cell lanceolate; 2 = Single-cell T-shaped; 3 = Multicellular |
11 | Outer wall of epidermal cell | 0 = Flattened; 1 = Bulging |
12 | Cell layer of mesocarp | 0 = 8–10; 1 = 11–15; 2 = 16–20; 3 = 21–30 |
13 | Mesocarp thickness (mm) | 0 = 0.1–0.3; 1 = 0.31–0.8 |
14 | Ratio of mesocarp thickness to endocarp thickness | 0 = 0.3–0.9; 1 = 0.91–1.1; 2 = 1.11–3; 3 = 3.01–7 |
15 | Vascular bundle per carpel | 0 = 3–5; 1 = 6–8 |
16 | Abdominal vascular bundle | 0 = Absent; 1 = Present, not close to endocarp; 2 = Present, close to endocarp |
17 | Sclereid in mesocarp | 0 = Absent; 1 = Present |
18 | Endocarp at commissure of carpels | 0 = Separate; 1 = Combined |
19 | Cell layer of endocarp | 0 = 2–10; 1 = 11–18; 2 = 19–25 |
20 | Endocarp thickness (mm) | 0 = 0.03–0.1; 1 = 0.2–0.4; 2 = 0.5–0.6 |
21 | Endocarp constitute | 0 = Fiber; 1 = Sclereid |
22 | Sclereid shape | 0 = None; 1 = Nearly round; 2 = Elongated; 3 = Polygon and elongated |
23 | Ratio of sclereid wall thickness to sclereid width | 0 = None; 1 = 0.1–0.2; 2 = 0.21–0.4 |
24 | Secretory structure | 0 = None; 1 = Oil tube; 2 = Secretory cavity is located in mesocarp; 3 = Secretory cavity is located in endocarp |
25 | Rhomboidal crystal | 0 = Absent; 1 = Present |
26 | Cluster crystal | 0 = Absent; 1 = Mesocarp; 2 = Endocarp; 3 = Mesocarp and endocarp |
27 | Tannin | 0 = None; 1 = Exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp; 2 = Exocarp and mesocarp; 3 = Mesocarp and endocarp; 4 = Mesocarp |
Species | Character | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | |
Heteropanax brevipedicellatus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Kalopanax septemlobus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Aucuba chinensis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
A. chinensis var. angusta | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
A.himalaica var. dolichophylla | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
A. japonica | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
A. obcordata | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Cornus canadensis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
C. chinensis | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
C. officinalis | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
C. alba | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. alsophila | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. bretschneideri | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. hemsleyi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
C. koehneana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. macrophylla | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. poliophylla | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. quinquenervis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. sanguinea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. schindleri | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. ulotricha | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. walter | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. wilsoniana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
C. controversa | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
C. capitata | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
C. elliptica | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
C. hongkongensis | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
C. oblonga | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Helwingia chinensis | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
H. japonica | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
H. omeiensis | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Torricellia angulata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Wang, J.; Zou, H.; Liu, M.; Wang, Y.; Ru, J.; Guo, C. The Phylogenetic Significance of Fruit Structures in the Family Cornaceae of China and Related Taxa. Plants 2022, 11, 2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192591
Wang J, Zou H, Liu M, Wang Y, Ru J, Guo C. The Phylogenetic Significance of Fruit Structures in the Family Cornaceae of China and Related Taxa. Plants. 2022; 11(19):2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192591
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Jingru, Hui Zou, Mei Liu, Yuting Wang, Jian Ru, and Changhong Guo. 2022. "The Phylogenetic Significance of Fruit Structures in the Family Cornaceae of China and Related Taxa" Plants 11, no. 19: 2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11192591