Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Analysis for the Juvenile Red Fading Leaves of Sweetpotato
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Antioxidant Capacities for Juvenile Red Fading Leaves of “Chuanshan Zi”
2.2. Metabolic Profiling for Juvenile Red Fading Leaves of “Chuanshan Zi”
2.3. Accumulation Trends for the 23 Metabolite Classes
2.4. Differential Metabolites between Adjacent Leaf Stages
2.5. Analysis of the Top 50 Abundantly Accumulated Compounds
2.6. Correlation between Antioxidant Capacities and Metabolites
3. Discussion
3.1. The Metabolic Profile for Leaves of Sweetpotato “Chuanshan Zi”
3.2. Key Compounds Responsible for Declining Antioxidant Capacities in Leaves of “Chuanshan Zi”
3.3. Anthocyanins in Juvenile Leaves May Have Multiple Functions Relating to Both the Red Color and Their Antioxidant Capacities
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Measurement of Anthocyanins, TPC, TFC, and Antioxidant Activities
4.3. Sample Preparation for Metabolomic Analysis
4.4. LC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
4.5. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Metabolites
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category (Compound Number) | Class No. | Class | Compound Number | Correlation with Antioxidant Abilities | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary metabolites (233) | Class 1 | Amino acid and derivatives | 55 | 0.477 | |
Class 2 | Nucleotide and derivatives | 41 | 0.955 ** | ||
Class 3 | Lipids | 52 | −0.418 | ||
Class 4 | Carbohydrates | 9 | 0.759 | ||
Class 5 | Organic acids and derivatives | 47 | −0.938 * | ||
Class 6 | Vitamins and derivatives | 14 | 0.769 | ||
Class 7 | Indole derivatives | 6 | 0.003 | ||
Class 8 | Alcohols | 9 | 0.971 ** | ||
Secondary metabolites (193) | |||||
Alkaloids (18) | Class 9 | Alkaloids | 18 | 0.877 | |
Terpenes (8) | Class 10 | Terpenes | 8 | 0.205 | |
Phenolics (167) | |||||
Simple Phenols (82) | Class 11 | Phenylpropanoids | 46 | 0.944 * | |
Class 12 | Phenolic acids | 25 | −0.966 ** | ||
Class 13 | Phenolamides | 9 | 0.937 * | ||
Class 14 | Quinones | 2 | −0.963 ** | ||
Flavonoids (85) | Class 15 | Flavonoids | 12 | 0.578 | |
Class 16 | Flavanones | 10 | 0.192 | ||
Class 17 | Flavones | 23 | −0.578 | ||
Class 18 | Isoflavones | 3 | −0.852 | ||
Class 19 | Flavonols | 21 | 0.846 | ||
Class 20 | Anthocyanins | 5 | 0.776 | ||
Class 21 | Proanthocyanidins | 4 | 0.956 ** | ||
Class 22 | Polyphenols | 7 | 0.251 | ||
Others (23) | Class 23 | Others | 23 | 0.734 |
Rank | Compounds | Class | Average Peak Area (×107) | Rank | Compounds | Class | Average Peak Area (×107) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No.1 # | Cynaroside (Luteolin 7-O-glucoside) | Class 17 | 8.47 ± 2.34 | No.26 | MAG (18:3) isomer2 | Class 3 | 2.07 ± 0.14 |
No.2 | L(-)-Malic acid | Class 5 | 6.82 ± 0.54 | No.27 | 6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin 7-O-quinic acid | Class 11 | 2.03 ± 0.22 |
No.3 | L-Leucine | Class 1 | 5.49 ± 0.15 | No.28 * | Isorhamnetin O-hexoside | Class 19 | 1.97 ± 0.65 |
No.4 | MAG (18:3) isomer3 | Class 3 | 5.20 ± 0.35 | No.29 * | Isorhamnetin 5-O-hexoside | Class 19 | 1.91 ± 0.62 |
No.5 | alpha-Aminocaproic acid | Class 1 | 5.09 ± 0.17 | No.30 | Procyanidin B3 | Class 21 | 1.83 ± 0.33 |
No.6 # | Kynurenic acid | Class 5 | 4.38 ± 1.67 | No.31 | Glutamic acid | Class 1 | 1.82 ± 0.20 |
No.7 | Citric acid | Class 5 | 3.71 ± 0.38 | No.32 #,* | Trigonelline | Class 9 | 1.81 ± 0.34 |
No.8 | LysoPC 20:4 | Class 3 | 3.64 ± 0.40 | No.33 | Peonidin 3-O-glucoside | Class 20 | 1.81 ± 0.22 |
No.9 | Niacinamide | Class 6 | 3.57 ± 0.32 | No.34 | 2-Isopropylmalate | Class 5 | 1.80 ± 0.15 |
No.10 | 2-Aminoisobutyric acid | Class 1 | 3.55 ± 0.47 | No.35 #,* | Caffeate | Class 11 | 1.76 ± 0.79 |
No.11 # | Galactinol | Class 4 | 3.37 ± 0.75 | No.36 # | Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside | Class 20 | 1.67 ± 0.57 |
No.12 | Indole | Class 7 | 3.30 ± 0.16 | No.37 # | LysoPC 20:1 | Class 3 | 1.67 ± 0.38 |
No.13 | L-Phenylalanine | Class 1 | 3.21 ± 0.19 | No.38 # | D-( + )-Sucrose | Class 4 | 1.63 ± 0.33 |
No.14 | MAG (18:3) isomer5 | Class 3 | 3.10 ± 0.36 | No.39 # | MAG (18:4) isomer1 | Class 3 | 1.62 ± 0.38 |
No.15 | Guanosine | Class 2 | 3.02 ± 0.50 | No.40 | Peonidin 3-O-hexoside | Class 20 | 1.57 ± 0.30 |
No.16 | Adenosine | Class 2 | 2.73 ± 0.31 | No.41 #,* | 4-Methoxycinnamic acid | Class 11 | 1.56 ± 0.86 |
No.17 #,* | Chlorogenic acid methyl ester | Class 12 | 2.73 ± 0.87 | No.42 | Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside) | Class 16 | 1.51 ± 0.10 |
No.18 #,* | trans-4-Hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester | Class 11 | 2.63 ± 1.46 | No.43 | Citric acid monohydrate | Class 5 | 1.48 ± 0.15 |
No.19 * | D-(-)-Valine | Class 1 | 2.55 ± 0.23 | No.44 | LysoPC 15:0 | Class 3 | 1.46 ± 0.18 |
No.20 | 14,15-Dehydrocrepenynic acid | Class 3 | 2.53 ± 0.39 | No.45 # | 2-Methylsuccinic acid | Class 5 | 1.46 ± 0.27 |
No.21 * | Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside | Class 19 | 2.42 ± 0.80 | No.46 * | Esculetin (6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin) | Class 11 | 1.42 ± 0.40 |
No.22 | 6-MethylCoumarin | Class 11 | 2.34 ± 0.25 | No.47 | LysoPC 16:2 (2n isomer) | Class 3 | 1.42 ± 0.15 |
No.23 # | Peonidin 3-O-sophoroside-5-O-glucoside | Class 20 | 2.26 ± 0.73 | No.48 # | LysoPC 18:3 | Class 3 | 1.42 ± 0.54 |
No.24 | 2,5-Dihydroxy benzoic acid O-hexside | Class 12 | 2.25 ± 0.41 | No.49 # | LysoPC 20:1 (2n isomer) | Class 3 | 1.42 ± 0.32 |
No.25 | Succinyladenosine | Class 2 | 2.17 ± 0.22 | No.50 | Hesperetin 7-O-neohesperidoside | Class 16 | 1.36 ± 0.12 |
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Shi, J.; Wu, Q.; Deng, J.; Balfour, K.; Chen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Kumar, S.; Chen, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Zhu, G. Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Analysis for the Juvenile Red Fading Leaves of Sweetpotato. Plants 2022, 11, 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223014
Shi J, Wu Q, Deng J, Balfour K, Chen Z, Liu Y, Kumar S, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Zhu G. Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Analysis for the Juvenile Red Fading Leaves of Sweetpotato. Plants. 2022; 11(22):3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223014
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Jie, Qiang Wu, Jiliang Deng, Kelly Balfour, Zhuo Chen, Yonghua Liu, Sunjeet Kumar, Yanli Chen, Zhixin Zhu, and Guopeng Zhu. 2022. "Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Analysis for the Juvenile Red Fading Leaves of Sweetpotato" Plants 11, no. 22: 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223014