Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Various Population of Brassica tournefortii Growing Wild in Tunisia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Secondary Metabolites Composition and Antioxidant Properties
2.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
2.3. Antiproliferative Activity of Brassica Tournefortii Extracts
2.4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Clustering Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Sample Preparation
4.3. Chemical Characterization
4.3.1. Total Phenolic Content
4.3.2. Total Flavonoid Content
4.3.3. Condensed Tannins Content
4.3.4. Carotenoids Content
4.3.5. Saponins Content
4.3.6. Alkaloids Content
4.4. LC-Analysis
4.5. Biological Activities
4.5.1. DPPH Test
4.5.2. In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity (Inhibition of Albumin Denaturation)
4.6. Cell Culture
4.7. Cytotoxicity Assay
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ishida, M.; Hara, M.; Fukino, N.; Kakizaki, T.; Morimitsu, Y. Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables. Breed. Sci. 2014, 64, 48–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Marzouk, M.M.; Al Nowaihi, A.S.M.; Kawashty, S.A.; Sale, N.A.M. Chemosystematic studies on certain species of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) in Egypt. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2010, 38, 680–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fourie, H.; Ahuja, P.; Lammers, J.; Daneel, M. Brassicacea-based management strategies as an alternative to combat nematode pests: A synopsis. J. Crop. Prot. 2016, 80, 21–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Small, E. Kales and collards: Crops for a warming polar climate. Biodiversity 2012, 13, 265–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowen, P.E.; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M.; Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V. Carotenoids in Human Nutrition. In Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; pp. 31–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pantavos, A.; Ruiter, R.; Feskens, E.F.; de Keyser, C.E.; Hofman, A.; Stricker, B.H.; Franco, O.H.; Kiefte-de Jong, J.C. Total dietary antioxidant capacity, individual antioxidant intake and breast cancer risk: The Rotterdam Study. Int. J. Cancer 2015, 136, 2178–2186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiokias, S.; Proestos, C.; Varzakas, T. A Review of the Structure, Biosynthesis, Absorption of Carotenoids-Analysis and Properties of their Common Natural Extracts. Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. 2016, 4, 25–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cartea, M.E.; Francisco, M.; Soengas, P.; Velasco, P. Phenolic compounds in brassica vegetables. Molecules 2011, 16, 251–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trader, M.R.; Brooks, M.L.; Draper, J.V. Seed production by the nonnative Brassica tournefortii (Sahara mustard) along desert roadsides. Madroño 2006, 53, 313–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Flores, E. GARP modeling of natural and human factors affecting the potential distribution of the invasives Schismus arabicus and Brassica tournefortii in “El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar” biosphere reserve. Ecol. Model. 2007, 204, 457–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abella, S.R.; Spencer, J.E.; Hoines, J.; Nazarchyk, C. Assessing an exotic plant surveying program in the Mojave Desert, Clark County, Nevada, USA. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2009, 151, 221–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minnich, R.A.; Sanders, A.C. Brassica tournefortii. In Invasive Plants of California’s Wildlands; Bossard, C.C., Randall, J.M., Hoshovsky, M.C., Eds.; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2000; p. 68. [Google Scholar]
- Matthäus, B.; Özcan, M.M. Chemical evaluation of some paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) seed oils. Eur. J. Lipid. Sci. Technol. 2009, 111, 1249–1254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, B.D.; Andrew, R.L.; Külheim, C.; Foley, W.J. Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. New Phytol. 2014, 201, 733–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sampaio, B.L.; Edrada-Ebel, R.; Da Costa, F.B. Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: A model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 29265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Akula, R.; Ravishankar, G.A. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 2011, 6, 1720–1731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavola, A.; Salonen, A.; Virjamo, V.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R. Phytochemical variation in the plant-part specific phenols of wild crowberry (Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup) populations. Phytochem. Lett. 2017, 21, 11–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Curto, G.; Dallavalle, E.; Matteo, R.; Lazzeri, L. Biofumigant effect of new defatted seed meals against the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2016, 2, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahmani, R.; Beaufort, S.; Villarreal-Soto, A.S.; Taillandier, P.; Bouajila, J.; Debouba, M.M. Kombucha fermentation of African mustard (Brassica tournefortii) leaves: Chemical composition and bioactivity. Food Biosci. 2019, 30, 100414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bönisch, F.; Frotscher, J.; Stanitzek, S.; Rühl, E.; Wüst, M.; Bitz, O.; Schwab, W. A UDP-glucose: Monoterpenol glucosyltransferase adds to the chemical diversity of the grapevine metabolome. Plant Physiol. 2014, 165, 561–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mugford, S.T.; Osbourn, A. Saponin synthesis and function. In Isoprenoid Synthesis in Plants and Microorganisms; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 405–424. [Google Scholar]
- Dhami, N.; Tissue, D.T.; Cazzonelli, C.I. Leaf-age dependent response of carotenoid accumulation to elevated CO2 in Arabidopsis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2018, 647, 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sehgal, A.; Reddy, K.R.; Walne, C.H.; Barickman, T.C.; Brazel, S.; Chastain, D.; Gao, W. Climate Stressors on Growth, Yield, and Functional Biochemistry of two Brassica Species, Kale and Mustard. Life 2022, 12, 1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Del Valle, J.C.; Buide, M.L.; Casimiro-Soriguer, I.; Whittall, J.B.; Narbona, E. On flavonoid accumulation in different plant parts: Variation patterns among individuals and populations in the shore campion (Silene littorea). Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vallejo, F.; Gil-Izquierdo, A.; Perez-Vicente, A.; Garcia-Viguera, C. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of broccoli inflorescence phenolic compounds, glucosinolates and vitamin C. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 135–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahmud, N.; Sana, S.; Al-fuad, S.; Rana, S.; Ahmed, S.; Al Mamun, A.; Karim, Z.; Al Noman, A.; Islam, S.; Yeasmin, J. Perspective of bioactive constituents and medicinal effects of some bangladeshi indigenous leafy vegetables: A review. Pharmacologyonline 2019, 3, 40–57. [Google Scholar]
- Shankar, S.; Segaran, G.; Sundar, R.D.V.; Settu, S.; Sathiavelu, M. Brassicaceae—A classical review on its pharmacological activities. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2019, 55, 107–113. [Google Scholar]
- Abellán, Á.; Domínguez-Perles, R.; Moreno, D.; García-Viguera, C. Sorting out the value of cruciferous sprouts as sources of bioactive compounds for nutrition and health. Nutrients 2019, 11, 429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Frede, K.; Schreiner, M.; Baldermann, S. Light quality-induced changes of carotenoid composition in pak choi Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2019, 193, 18–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fratianni, F.; Cardinale, F.; Cozzolino, A.; Granese, T.; Pepe, S.; Riccardi, R.; Spigno, P.; Coppola, R.; Nazzaro, F. Polyphenol Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Two Autochthonous Brassicaceae of the Campania Region, Southern Italy. Food Sci. Nutr. 2014, 5, 66–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heimler, D.; Vignolini, P.; Dini, M.G.; Vincieri, F.F.; Romani, A. Antiradical activity and polyphenol composition of local Brassicaceae edible varieties. Food Chem. 2006, 99, 464–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balasundram, N.; Sundram, K.; Samman, S. Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem. 2006, 99, 191–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallusci, P.; Dai, Z.; Génard, M.; Gauffretau, A.; Leblanc-Fournier, N.; Richard-Molard, C.; Brunel-Muguet, S. Epigenetics for plant improvement: Current knowledge and modeling avenues. Trends Plant Sci. 2017, 22, 610–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.; Yin, D.; Li, N.; Hou, X.; Wang, D.; Li, D.; Liu, J. Influence of environmental factors on the active substance production and antioxidant activity in Potentilla fruticosa L. and its quality assessment. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ben Ahmed, Z.; Yousfi, M.; Viaene, J.; Dejaegher, B.; Demeyer, K.; Mangelings, D.; Vander Heyden, Y. Seasonal, gender and regional variations in total phenolic, flavonoid, and con-densed tannins contents and in antioxidant properties from Pistacia atlantica ssp. leaves. Pharm. Biol. 2017, 55, 1185–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Borges, L.L.; Alves, S.F.; Sampaio, B.L.; Conceição, E.C.; Bara, M.T.F.; Paula, J.R. Environmental factors affecting the concentration of phenolic compounds in Myrcia tomentosa leaves. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2013, 23, 230–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Benabderrahima, M.A.; Elfalleh, W.; Sarikurkcu, C.; Sarikurkcud, R.B. Biological activities and phytochemical compsition of organs from Loranthus europaeus. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 141, 111772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seleem, D.; Pardi, V.; Murata, R.M. Review of flavonoids: A diverse group of natural compounds with anti-Candida albicans activity in vitro. Arch. Oral Biol. 2017, 76, 76–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Falcone-Ferreyra, M.L.; Rius, S.P.; Casati, P. Flavonoids: Bio-synthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. Front. Plant Sci. 2012, 3, 222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kopsell, D.A.; Kopsell, D.E.; Curran Celentano, J. Carotenoid pigments in kale are influenced by nitrogen concentration and form. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2007, 87, 900–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vagiri, M.; Conner, S.; Stewart, D.; Andersson, S.C.; Verrall, S.; Johansson, E.; Rumpunen, K. Phenolic compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Leaves relative to leaf position and harvest date. Food Chem. 2015, 172, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreira, X.; Mooney, K.A.; Rasmann, S.; Petry, W.K.; Carrillo-Gavilán, A.; Zas, R.; Sampedro, L. Trade-Offs between Constitutive and Induced Defences Drive Geographical and Climatic Clines in Pine Chemical Defences. Ecol. Lett. 2014, 17, 537–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gori, A.; Tattini, M.; Centritto, M.; Ferrini, F.; Marino, G.; Mori, J.; Guidi, L.; Brunetti, C. Seasonal and Daily Variations in Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Three Maquis Shrubs Unveil Different Adaptive Responses to Mediterranean Climate. Conserv. Physiol. 2019, 7, coz070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gori, A.; Nascimento, L.B.; Ferrini, F.; Centritto, M.; Brunetti, C. Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Leaf Phenolics of Three Medicinal Mediterranean Wild Species: What Is the Best Harvesting Moment to Obtain the Richest and the Most Antioxidant Extracts. Molecules 2020, 25, 956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turkmen, N.; Sari, F.; Velioglu, Y.S. Effects of extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea polyphenols determined by ferrous tartrate and Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Food Chem. 2006, 99, 835–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, Z.; Rausch, S.R.; Luo, Y.; Sun, J.; Yu, L.; Wang, Q.; Chen, P.; Yu, L.; Stommel, J.R. Microgreens of Brassicaceae: Genetic diversity of phytochemical concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 101, 731–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moustafa, S.; Menshawi, B.; Wassel, G.; Mahmoud, K.; Mounier, M. Screening of some plants in Egypt for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines. Int. J. PharmTech Res. 2014, 6, 1074–1084. [Google Scholar]
- Rahmani, R.; Bouajila, J.; Jouaidi, M.; Debouba, M. African mustard (Brassica tournefortii) as source of nutrients and nutraceuticals properties. J. Food Sci. 2020, 85, 1856–1871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kirana, C.; Record, I.R.; McIntosh, G.H.; Jones, G.P. Screening for antitumor activity of 11 species of Indonesian zingiberaceae using human MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cells. Pharm. Biol. 2003, 41, 271–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Talib, W.; Mahasneh, A. Antiproliferative activity of plant extracts used against cancer in traditional medicine. Sci. Pharm. 2010, 78, 33–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ribaya-Mercado, J.D.; Blumberg, J.B. Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Their Potential Roles in Disease Prevention. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2004, 23, 567–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sindhu, E.R.; Firdous, A.P.; Ramnath, V.; Kuttan, R. Effect of carotenoid lutein on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma and its mechanism of action. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2013, 22, 320–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rafi, M.M.; Kanakasabai, S.; Gokarn, S.V.; Krueger, E.G.; Bright, J.J. Dietary lutein modulates growth and survival genes in prostate cancer cells. J. Med. Food. 2015, 18, 173–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sumantran, V.N.; Zhang, R.; Lee, D.S.; Wicha, M.S. Differential regulation of apoptosis in normal versus transformed mammary epithelium by lutein and retinoic acid. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2000, 9, 257–263. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Chew, B.P.; Brown, C.M.; Park, J.S.; Mixter, P.F. Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumour growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 2003, 23, 3333–3339. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Xavier, A.A.O.; Pérez-Gálvez, A. Carotenoids as a Source of Antioxidants in the Diet. In Carotenoids in Nature; Stange, C., Ed.; Subcellular Biochemistry, Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; Volume 79, pp. 359–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, M.M.; Mahmoud, A.E.; Abdel-Halim, A.H.; Fyiad, A.A. Anti-cancer effect of some prepared sulfated oligosaccharides on three different human cancer cell lines. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2014, 7, 168–176. [Google Scholar]
- Soares, J.C.; Santos, C.S.; Carvalho, S.M.P.; Pintado, M.M.; Vasconcelos, M.W. Preserving the nutritional quality of crop plants under a changing climate: Importance and strategies. Plant Soil. 2019, 443, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Uarrota, V.G.; Stefen, D.L.V.; Leolato, L.S.; Gindri, D.M.; Nerling, D. Revisiting carotenoids and their role in plant stress responses: From biosynthesis to plant signaling mechanisms during stress. In Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants; Gupta, D.K., Palma, J.M., Corpas, F.J., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 207–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Feng, L.; Li, J.; He, Z. Genetic and epigenetic control of plant heat responses. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quint, M.; Delker, C.; Franklin, K.A.; Wigge, P.A.; Halliday, K.J.; van Zanten, M. Molecular and genetic control of plant thermomorphogenesis. Nat. Plants 2016, 2, 15190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Medoua, G.M.; Egal, A.A.; Oldewage-Theron, W.H. Nutritional value and antioxidant capacity of lunch meals consumed by elderly people of Sharpeville. S. Afr. J. Sci. 2009, 115, 260–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lola-Luz, T.; Hennequart, F.; Gaffney, M. Effect on yield, total phenolic, total flavonoid and total isothiocyanate content of two broccoli cultivars (Brassica oleraceae var italica) following the application of a commercial brown seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum). Agric. Food Sci. 2014, 23, 28–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Doria, E.; Campion, B.; Sparvoli, F.; Tava, A.; Nielsen, E. Anti-nutrient components and metabolites with health implications in seeds of 10 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Phaseolus lunatus L.) landraces cultivated in southern Italy. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2012, 26, 72–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurilich, A.; Juvik, J. Quantification of carotenoid and tocopherol antioxidants in Zea mays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 1948–1955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaur, R.; Arora, S.; Thukral, A.K. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of saponins in different plant parts of Chlorophytum borivialum. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 2015, 6, 826–835. [Google Scholar]
- Biradar, S.R.; Rachetti, B.D. Extraction of Some Secondary Metabolites & Thin Layer Chromatography from Different Parts of Centella Asiatica L. (URB). Am. J. Life Sci. 2013, 1, 243–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moon, J.K.; Shibamoto, T. Antioxidant Assays for Plant and Food Components. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 1655–1666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakat, S.S.; Juvekar, A.R.; Gambhire, M.N. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata linn. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 2, 82–87. [Google Scholar]
- Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods 1983, 65, 55–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chao, H.C.; Najjaa, H.; Villareal, M.O.; Ksouri, R.; Han, J.; Neffati, M.; Isoda, H. Arthrophytum scoparium inhibits melanogenesis through the down-regulation of tyrosinase and melanogenic gene expressions in B16 melanoma cells. Exp. Dermatol. 2013, 22, 131–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Growing Region | TPC (mg/g) | TFC (mg/g) | TCT (mg/g) | DPPH (EC 50, mg/mL) | Crude Saponins% | Alkaloids% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methanol 70% | Acetone 70% | Methanol 70% | Acetone 70% | Methanol 70% | Acetone 70% | ||||
B1 (Sfax) | 9.91 ± 0.08 d | 17.78± 0.68 c | 4.55 ± 0.57 bc | 2.36 ± 0.046 c | 2.04 ± 0.07 b | 1.23 ± 0.062 bc | 1.57 ± 0.025 bc | 4.80 ± 0. 04 b | 0.7 ± 0.01 d |
B2 (Gabes) | 10.52 ± 0.096 b | 18.44 ± 0.14 c | 5.33 ± 0.33 b | 4.69 ± 0.51 b | 1.96 ± 0.04 b | 2.45 ± 0.012 a | 3.76 ± 0.80 a | 3.20 ± 0.02 d | 1.7 ± 0.01 b |
B3 (Zarzis) | 11.34 ± 0.012 a | 21.78 ± 0.98 a | 5.95 ± 0.21 a | 6.59 ± 0.35 a | 2.20 ± 0.03 a | 1.03 ± 0.072 d | 0.99 ± 0.085 d | 5.60 ± 0.03 a | 1.8 ± 0.04 a |
B4 (Tatouine) | 10.48 ± 0.08 c | 20.25 ± 0.86 b | 5.30 ± 0. 24 b | 6.08 ± 0.25 a | 2.25 ± 0.02 a | 1.71 ± 0.17 b | 1.90 ± 0.27 b | 4.20 ± 0.02 c | 1.2 ± 0.03 c |
Compounds | RT | B1 (Sfax) | B2 (Gabes) | B3 (Zarzis) | B4 (Tatouine) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta-carotene (µg/g) | 21.095 | - | 1070.81 ± 1.48 c | 1361.87 ± 3.62 a | 1102.34 ± 1.23 b |
Lutein (µg/g) | 4.222 | 21.547 ± 1.04 d | 343.55 ± 2.16 a | 283.24 ± 1.75 b | 275.88 ± 2.59 c |
IC50 (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
B1 (Sfax) | B2 (Gabes) | B3 (Zarzis) | B4 (Tataouine) | |
Caco-2 | 140.18 ± 2.3 d | 42.62 ± 2.09 b | 25 ± 1.14 a | 64.2 ± 2.02 c |
K-562 | 183.12 ± 4.13 c | 156.78 ± 2.77 a | 185.40 ± 3.80 c | 165.04 ± 3.27 b |
F1 | F2 | F3 | |
---|---|---|---|
TPC | 0.831 | 0.166 | 0.003 |
TFC | 0.983 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
TCT | 0.379 | 0.423 | 0.197 |
Beta-carotene | 0.942 | 0.058 | 0.000 |
Lutein | 0.667 | 0.330 | 0.002 |
Saponins | 0.040 | 0.838 | 0.122 |
Alkaloids | 0.672 | 0.168 | 0.160 |
DPPH | 0.022 | 0.972 | 0.006 |
Anti-inflammatory activity | 0.137 | 0.698 | 0.165 |
(Caco-2) | 0.857 | 0.110 | 0.033 |
(K-562) | 0.010 | 0.776 | 0.213 |
Collection Region | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude (m) | Prec (mm) | T Max (°C) | T Min (°C) | Climate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sfax (B1) | 34.7398° N | 10.7600° E | 23 | 319.05 | 23.59 | 19.30 | Upper arid |
Gabes (B2) | 33.8881° N | 10.0975° E | 4 | 146.00 | 24.52 | 19.09 | middle arid |
Zarzis (B3) | 33.5041° N | 11.0881° E | 18 | 127.00 | 24.43 | 20.42 | middle arid |
Tataouine (B4) | 32.9211° N | 10.4509° E | 247 | 178.71 | 26.84 | 17.00 | Lower arid |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tlili, H.; Arfa, A.B.; Boubakri, A.; Hanen, N.; Neffati, M.; Doria, E. Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Various Population of Brassica tournefortii Growing Wild in Tunisia. Plants 2022, 11, 3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233393
Tlili H, Arfa AB, Boubakri A, Hanen N, Neffati M, Doria E. Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Various Population of Brassica tournefortii Growing Wild in Tunisia. Plants. 2022; 11(23):3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233393
Chicago/Turabian StyleTlili, Hajer, Abdelkarim Ben Arfa, Abdelbasset Boubakri, Najjaa Hanen, Mohamed Neffati, and Enrico Doria. 2022. "Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Various Population of Brassica tournefortii Growing Wild in Tunisia" Plants 11, no. 23: 3393. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233393