Phytoprofiling of Sorbus L. Inflorescences: A Valuable and Promising Resource for Phenolics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Quantitative Phenolic Profiling of Sorbus L. Species and Cultivars
2.2. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Sorbus L. Species and Cultivars
2.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Phenolic Compounds in Sorbus L. Species and Cultivars
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Materials and Reagents
4.3. Sample Preparation
4.4. HPLC Analysis
4.5. UPLC-ESI-MS Conditions
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species/Cultivars | Compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neochlorogenic Acid | Chlorogenic Acid | Cryptochlorogenic Acid | Caffeoylshikimic Acid | Dicaffeoylquinic Acid Derivative 1 | Dicaffeoylquinic Acid Derivative 2 | Dicaffeoylquinic Acid Derivative 3 | |
S. amurensis | 1701 ± 44 ab 1 | 2973 ± 147 ab | 463 ± 17 b | 131 ± 2 b | 721 ± 42 a | 72 ± 1 a | nd 2 |
S. aria | 432 ± 96 ijk | 691 ± 126 kl | 81 ± 10 cd | nd | 285 ± 39 jkl | 58 ± 0 g | 113 ± 16 a |
S. arranensis | 1397 ± 28 bc | 1161 ± 22 ijkl | 120 ± 2 c | nd | 606 ± 0 abcd | 73 ± 1 a | 120 ± 4 a |
S. commixta | 95 ± 12 k | 3154 ± 250 a | 721 ± 86 a | 126 ± 7 bc | 401 ± 40 fghijk | 67 ± 2 abcdef | nd |
S. discolor | 1118 ± 15 cde | 1167 ± 60 ijkl | 55 ± 0 cd | 74 ± 1 fg | 312 ± 1 ijkl | 67 ± 0 abcdef | nd |
S. x hostii | 307 ± 1 jk | 632 ± 32l | 47 ± 1 d | 57 ± 0 gh | 298 ± 18 ijkl | 60 ± 1 fg | 65 ± 1 c |
S. hybrida subsp. Gotlandica | 661 ± 43 ghij | 1060 ± 70 jkl | 37 ± 1 d | 65 ± 2 fgh | 612 ± 65 abc | 69 ± 3 abcd | nd |
S. hybrida subsp. Persecta | 1040 ± 4 cdef | 1305 ± 42 ghijkl | 63 ± 3 cd | 76 ± 1 f | 598 ± 12 abcde | 69 ± 1 abcde | 73 ± 3 c |
S. lancifolia | 1313 ± 41 cd | 1260 ± 143 hijkl | 59 ± 1 cd | 68 ± 2 fgh | 679 ± 95 a | 69 ± 2 abc | nd |
S. semi-incisa | 464 ± 12 hij | 1068 ± 41 jkl | 66 ± 5 cd | 56 ± 0 h | 487 ± 9 bcdefgh | 73 ± 0 a | 69 ± 0c |
‘Alaja Krupnaja’ | 819 ± 6 efgh | 1340 ± 68 ghijkl | 45 ± 4 d | 77 ± 1 f | 187 ± 15 l | 60 ± 1 fg | nd |
‘Carpet of Gold’ | 1774 ± 244 a | 1793 ± 293 defghij | 96 ± 15 | 127 ± 9 bc | 467 ± 48 cdefghi | 70 ± 1 abc | nd |
‘Chamsis Louing’ | 1042 ± 67 cedf | 2587 ± 156 abc | 59 ± 0 cd | 111 ± 5 cd | 590 ± 42 abcde | 71 ± 2 ab | nd |
‘Coral Beauty’ | 1871 ± 174 a | 2406 ± 144 cd | 95 ± 0 cd | 157 ± 6 a | 567 ± 49 abcdef | 71 ± 2 ab | 72 ± 1 |
‘Edulis’ | 979 ± 139 defg | 1407 ± 207 fghijk | 56 ± 8 cd | 66 ± 4 fgh | 651 ± 88 ab | 65 ± 7 abcdefg | 96 ± 4b |
‘Granatnaja’ | 1134 ± 30 cde | 1959 ± 34 cdefgh | 59 ± 0 cd | 78 ± 0 f | 212 ± 2 l | 61 ± 0 fg | nd |
‘Koncentra’ | 688 ± 23 fghi | 1663 ± 41 efghij | 42 ± 0 d | 71 ± 1 fgh | 247 ± 3 kl | 61 ± 1 defg | nd |
‘Krasnaja Nevezisnskaja’ | 808 ± 104 efgh | 1838 ± 266 defhgi | 46 ± 4 d | 74 ± 4 fg | 264 ± 42 jkl | 63 ± 1 cdefg | nd |
‘Miciurinskaja Desertnaja’ | 1094 ± 8 cde | 2038 ± 103 cdefg | 52 ± 1 cd | 82 ± 0 ef | 192 ± 8 l | 60 ± 1 fg | nd |
‘Nevezinskaja’ | 921 ± 63 efg | 1994 ± 169 cdefgh | 56 ± 4 cd | 82 ± 2 ef | 331 ± 34 ghijkl | 66 ± 2 abcdef | nd |
‘Nevezinskaja Zolotistaja’ | 899 ± 132 efg | 1973 ± 218 cdefgh | 51 ± 2 cd | 76 ± 4 f | 296 ± 24 ijkl | 64 ± 0 bcdefg | nd |
‘Nevezinskaja Zoltaja’ | 955 ± 25 efg | 2195 ± 50 cde | 49 ± 1 cd | 77 ± 0 f | 317 ± 3 hijkl | 66 ± 1 abcdef | nd |
‘Oranzevaja’ | 661 ± 44 ghij | 1496 ± 147 efghij | 42 ± 3 d | 70 ± 2 fgh | 226 ± 7 l | 62 ± 1 defg | nd |
‘Pink Queen’ | 1040 ± 44 cdef | 1896 ± 212 cdefghi | 50 ± 4 cd | 104 ± 1 d | 498 ± 36 bcdefg | 70 ± 2 abc | nd |
‘Titan’ | 950 ± 112 efg | 1957 ± 232 cdefgh | 61 ± 10 cd | 82 ± 3 ef | 222 ± 12l | 61 ± 0 efg | nd |
‘Yellow Upright’ | 889 ± 99 efg | 2094 ± 358 cdef | 43 ± 4 d | 112 ± 11 cd | 433 ± 65 defghij | 62 ± 1 defg | nd |
Species/Cultivars | Compounds | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin Dihexoside 1 | Quercetin Dihexoside 2 | Quercetin Pentose Hexoside | Quercetin Dihexoside 3 | Rutin | Hyperoside | Isoquercitrin | Quercetin 3-O-Malonylglucoside | |
S. amurensis | 437 ± 12 a 1 | 112 ± 6 fg | nd | nd | 54 ± 2 p | 567 ± 11 a | 399 ± 15 fg | 50 ± 8 i |
S. aria | nd2 | nd | nd | 6 ± 0 j | 105 ± 7 no | nd | 88 ± 6 l | 223 ± 18 fg |
S. arranensis | 23 ± 1 kl | 11 ± 0 pr | nd | 75 ± 1 de | 242 ± 2 gh | 64 ± 1 lmn | 25 ndhi | 994 ± 5 b |
S. commixta | nd | nd | nd | 46 ± 1 fgh | 44 ± 1 p | 336 ± 21 b | 389 ± 23 g | 65 ± 1 hi |
S. discolor | 261 ± 8 b | 124 ± 5 ef | nd | 154 ± 8 a | 439 ± 19 a | 261 ± 5 c | 356 ± 2 g | 108 ± 1 fghi |
S. x hostii | 25 ± 1 kl | 24 ± 0 op | 20 ± 1c | 23 ± 0 i | 94 ± 3 op | 63 ± 1 lmn | 256 ± 6 hi | 210 ± 3 fgh |
Subsp. Gotlandica | 23 ± 1 kl | 63 ± 2 k | nd | 23 ± 0 i | 204 ± 2 hij | 24 ± 0 no | 205 ± 1 ijk | 442 ± 3 d |
Subsp. Persecta | 25 ± 1 kl | 65 ± 1 jk | nd | 39 ± 2 h | 379 ± 8 b | 33 ± 1 mno | 349 ± 3 g | 970 ± 12 b |
S. lancifolia | 59 ± 3 j | 29 ± 2 no | nd | 62 ± 4 ef | 126 ± 12 mno | 125 ± 9 ghij | 199 ± 21 ijk | 604 ± 70 c |
S. semi-incisa | nd | nd | nd | 50 ± 1 fgh | 290 ± 10 | 66 ± 3 lm | 122 ± 3 kl | 262 ± 17 ef |
‘Alaja Krupnaja’ | 47± 2 jk | 101 ± 1 gh | nd | 78 ± 1 d | 465 ± 2 a | 97 ± 2 ijkl | 713 ± 12 b | 133 ± 0 fghi |
‘Carpet of Gold’ | 113 ± 10 g | 82 ± 4 ij | nd | 42 ± 1 gh | 292 ± 16 def | 72 ± 5 klm | 173 ± 10 ijkl | 385 ± 14 de |
‘Chamsis Louing’ | 111 ± 3 gh | 30 ± 1 no | nd | 88 ± 0 cd | 213 ± 1 hij | 151 ± 0 efg | 179 ± 4 ijkl | 851 ± 35 b |
‘Coral Beauty’ | 124 ± 1 fg | 42 ± 1 lmn | nd | 49 ± 1 fgh | 176 ± 0 ijkl | 124 ± 1 ghij | 159 ± 0 jkl | 400 ± 1 de |
‘Edulis’ | 61 ± 4 j | 49 ± 2 klm | nd | 22 ± 0 i | 164 ± 11 jklm | 257 ± 21 c | 874 ± 48 a | 1670 ± 115 a |
‘Granatnaja’ | 118 ± 1 g | 126 ± 3 ef | 90 ± 3 a | 153 ± 5 a | 357 ± 9 b | 182 ± 8 def | 526 ± 15 de | 94 ± 8 ghi |
‘Koncentra’ | 166 ± 5 de | 160 ± 4 bc | nd | 58 ± 1 fg | 185 ± 6 ijkl | 172 ± 2 def | 512 ± 2 de | 97 ± 0 ghi |
‘Krasnaja Nevezisnskaja’ | 181 ± 17 d | 170 ± 15 b | nd | 50 ± 7 fgh | 152 ± 15 klmn | 207 ± 17 d | 593 ± 60 cd | 113 ± 8 fghi |
‘Miciurinskaja Desertnaja’ | 123 ± 1 fg | 120 ± 1 ef | 90 ± 1 a | 141 ± 3 a | 306 ± 5 cde | 182 ± 6 de | 480 ± 9 ef | 85 ± 3 ghi |
‘Nevezinskaja’ | 131 ± 3 fg | 138 ± 2 de | nd | 51 ± 0 fgh | 192 ± 10 ijk | 129 ± 2 ghi | 494 ± 11 e | 96 ± 7 ghi |
‘Nevezinskaja Zolotistaja’ | 168 ± 11 de | 152 ± 12 bcd | nd | 60 ± 7 ef | 173 ± 18 ijklm | 200 ± 19 d | 559 ± 51 de | 94 ± 11 ghi |
‘Nevezinskaja Zoltaja’ | 216 ± 2 c | 202 ± 3 a | nd | 75 ± 5 de | 222 ± 17 hi | 254 ± 12 c | 654 ± 33 bc | 130 ± 1 fghi |
‘Oranzevaja’ | 144 ± 5 ef | 150 ± 1 cd | nd | 59 ± 2 f | 206 ± 12 hij | 141 ± 7 fgh | 520 ± 21 de | 82 ± 0 ghi |
‘Pink Queen’ | 120 ± 7 fg | 38 ± 1 lmno | nd | 113 ± 10 b | 341 ± 27 bcd | 206 ± 19 d | 204 ± 17 ijk | 531 ± 66 cd |
‘Titan’ | 87 ± 6 hi | 89 ± 5 hi | 51 ± 2 b | 96 ± 7 c | 249 ± 19 fgh | 109 ± 10 hijk | 328 ± 23 gh | 85 ± 8 ghi |
‘Yellow Upright’ | 70 ± 11 ij | 31 ± 4 mno | nd | nd | 139 ± 15 lmno | 88 ± 10 jkl | 151 ± 16 jkl | 866 ± 111 b |
Species/Cultivars | Compounds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kaempferol Coumaroyl Glucoside | Isorhamnetin Rutinoside | Astragalin | Sexangularetin Derivative | Kaempferol Acetyl Hexoside | Isorhamnetin Acetyl Hexoside | |
S. amurensis | 40 ± 9 fghi 1 | 23 ± 6 gh | 44 ± 3 de | 148 ± 20 bc | 14 ± 1 i | nd 2 |
S. aria | 14 ± 1 jk | 48 ± 7 defg | 13 ± 1 j | 19 ± 2 k | 28 ± 0 hi | 74 ± 6 e |
S. arranensis | 141 ± 0 a | 186 ± 3 a | 15 ± 0 hij | 135 ± 7 bcd | 238 ± 7 a | 421 ± 1 a |
S. commixta | 19 ± 0 jk | 25 ± 1 gh | 185 ± 1 a | 123 ± 10 cde | 159 ± 19 bc | nd |
S. discolor | 107 ± 0 c | 41 ± 7 efgh | 73 ± 2 c | 199 ± 11 a | 45 ± 2 gh | nd |
S. x hostii | 48 ± 2 efgh | 59 ± 1 cdef | 25 ± 2 g | 44 ± 6 hijk | 67 ± 5 fg | 83 ± 1 |
Subsp. Gotlandica | 75 ± 1 d | 112 ± 1 b | 35 ± 3 f | 32 ± 2 ijk | 133 ± 4 cd | 183 ± 1 c |
Subsp. Persecta | 51 ± 5 efg | 66 ± 3 cde | 24 ± 3 gh | 24 ± 1 jk | 90 ± 7 ef | 139 ± 1 d |
S. lancifolia | 117 ± 22 c | 111 ± 19 b | nd | 54 ± 13 ghi | 125 ± 19 d | 262 ± 24 b |
S. semi-incisa | 120 ± 4 bc | 198 ± 3 a | 14 ± 1 ij | 32 ± 1 ijk | 133 ± 1 cd | 123 ± 0 d |
‘Alaja Krupnaja’ | 76 ± 1 d | 76 ± 3 cd | 53 ± 0 d | 76 ± 4 fg | 17 ± 1 i | 22 ± 1 f |
‘Carpet of Gold’ | 101 ± 3 c | 74 ± 13 cd | 77 ± 4 bc | 32 ± 0 ijk | 111 ± 1 de | nd |
‘Chamsis Louing’ | nd | 207 ± 19 a | nd | 10 ndef | 19 ± 0 hi | nd |
‘Coral Beauty’ | 29 ± 2 hij | 81 ± 4 bc | 19 ± 0 ghij | 41 ± 2 hijk | 78 ± 1 f | nd |
‘Edulis’ | nd | 109 ± 16 b | 46 ± 5 de | 147 ± 4 bc | 79 ± 2 f | 254 ± 23 b |
‘Granatnaja’ | 63 ± 1 de | 38 ± 1 efgh | 23 ± 2 ghi | 76 ± 3 fg | 17 ± 2 i | nd |
‘Koncentra’ | 31 ± 2 ghij | 17 ± 4 gh | 51 ± 1 de | 69 ± 2 gh | 18 ± 1 i | nd |
‘Krasnaja Nevezisnskaja’ | 27 ± 2 hij | 22 ± 1 gh | 51 ± 2 de | 111 ± 8 de | 21 ± 1 hi | nd |
‘Miciurinskaja Desertnaja’ | 54 ± 0 ef | 35 ± 3 efgh | 21 ± 1 ghij | 61 ± 1 ghi | 13 ± 2 i | nd |
‘Nevezinskaja’ | 26 ± 0 ij | 2 ndgh | 43 ± 3 ef | 125 ± 12 cde | 17 ± 0 i | nd |
‘Nevezinskaja Zolotistaja’ | 23 ± 4 ij | 22 ± 1 gh | 45 ± 3 de | 118 ± 5 cde | 19 ± 1 hi | nd |
‘Nevezinskaja Zoltaja’ | 30 ± 1 hij | 35 ± 5 efgh | 48 ± 1 de | 165 ± 5 a | 21 ± 1 hi | nd |
‘Oranzevaja’ | 32 ± 1 ghij | 13 ± 1 h | 53 ± 0 d | 100 ± 5 ef | 19 ± 1 hi | nd |
‘Pink Queen’ | nd | 190 ± 14 a | nd | 74 ± 9 fg | 17 ± 1 i | nd |
‘Titan’ | 47 ± 4 efgh | 28 ± 3 fgh | 23 ± 2 ghi | 77 ± 2 fg | 28 ± 2 hi | nd |
‘Yellow Upright’ | 19 ± 1 ijk | 113 ± 6 b | 24 ± 3 gh | 69 ± 9 gh | 136 ± 16 cd | nd |
Species and Cultivars | ||
---|---|---|
1 | S. amurensis | Sorbus aucuparia subsp. pohuashanensis |
2 | S. aria | sect. Aria Pers. |
3 | S. arranensis | sect. Sorbus/sect. Aria. |
4 | S. commixta | sect. Sorbus |
5 | S. discolor | Sorbus subg. Albocarmesinae |
6 | S. x hostii | S. chamaemespilus (L.Crantz. × S. mougeotii Soy.—Willem ex Godr.) |
7 | S. hybrida subsp. gotlandica | sect. Sorbus/sect. Aria. (S. aucuparia × S. rupicola) |
8 | S. hybrida subsp. persecta | sect. Sorbus/sect. Aria. (S. aucuparia × S. rupicola) |
9 | S. lancifolia | sect. Sorbus |
10 | S. semi-incisa | sect. Sorbus |
11 | ‘Alaja Krupnaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica Major. S. aucuparia × Pyrus sp. × S. aucuparia var. moravica |
12 | ‘Carpet of Gold’ | Sorbus × arnoldiana [Sorbus aucuparia × Sorbus discolor] |
13 | ‘Chamsis Louing’ | Sorbus × arnoldiana [Sorbus aucuparia × Sorbus discolor] |
14 | ‘Coral Beauty’ | Sorbus × arnoldiana [Sorbus aucuparia × Sorbus discolor] |
15 | ‘Edulis’ | Cultivar of the group Edulis S. aucuparia var. dulcis, S. aucuparia var. edulis |
16 | ‘Granatnaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica Major (S. aucuparia × Crataegus sanguinea Pall.) |
17 | ‘Koncentra’ | Cultivar of the group Edulis |
18 | ‘Krasnaja Nevezinskaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica |
19 | ‘Miciurinskaja Desertnaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica Major ([S. aucuparia × Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott.] × Mespilus germanica L.) |
20 | ‘Nevezinskaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica |
21 | ‘Nevezinskaja Zolotistaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica |
22 | ‘Nevezinskaja Zoltaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica |
23 | ‘Oranzevaja’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica |
24 | ‘Pink Queen’ | Sorbus × arnoldiana [Sorbus aucuparia × Sorbus discolor] |
25 | ‘Titan’ | Cultivar of the group Rossica Major (S. aucuparia × Sorbaronia alpina (S. aria × Aronia arbutifolia) × mixture of pollen from Malus sp. and Pyrus sp. |
26 | ‘Yellow Upright’ | Sorbus × arnoldiana [Sorbus aucuparia × Sorbus discolor] |
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Zymone, K.; Raudone, L.; Žvikas, V.; Jakštas, V.; Janulis, V. Phytoprofiling of Sorbus L. Inflorescences: A Valuable and Promising Resource for Phenolics. Plants 2022, 11, 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243421
Zymone K, Raudone L, Žvikas V, Jakštas V, Janulis V. Phytoprofiling of Sorbus L. Inflorescences: A Valuable and Promising Resource for Phenolics. Plants. 2022; 11(24):3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243421
Chicago/Turabian StyleZymone, Kristina, Lina Raudone, Vaidotas Žvikas, Valdas Jakštas, and Valdimaras Janulis. 2022. "Phytoprofiling of Sorbus L. Inflorescences: A Valuable and Promising Resource for Phenolics" Plants 11, no. 24: 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243421