Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Improves Salt Tolerance of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Ionic Balance
2.2. Photosynthetic Parameters
2.3. Photosynthetic Pigments
2.4. Antioxidant Enzymes Activities
2.5. Osmolyte
2.6. Growth Parameters
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Photosynthesis Measurement
4.2. Photosynthetic Pigments Content
4.3. Measurement of Antioxidant Enzymes Activities
4.4. Proline Content
4.5. Shoot and Root Dry Weight
4.6. K+/Na+ Ratio
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trait | Abbreviation | Sources of Variations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | SA | S × SA | Error | ||
df | 1 | 4 | 4 | 30 | |
Ionic balance | K+/Na+ | 9768 * | 152 * | 20.3 * | 4.12 |
Photosynthetic | Pn | 212 * | 131 * | 7.41 * | 0.686 |
parameters | Ci | 397 * | 116 * | 1.12 n.s | 2.55 |
Gs | 6184 * | 316 * | 49.9 * | 4.10 | |
Photosynthetic | Chl a | 3.13 * | 0.217 * | 0.011 * | 0.002 |
pigments | Chl b | 0.606 * | 0.016 * | 0.001 * | 0.003 |
Chl a + b | 6.49 * | 0.353 * | 0.018 * | 0.003 | |
Car | 0.194 * | 0.005 * | 0.003 * | 0.001 | |
Antioxidant enzymes | CAT | 7.86 * | 0.462 * | 0.193 * | 0.002 |
APX | 107 * | 9.08 * | 2.00 * | 0.106 | |
SOD | 229 * | 13.8 * | 6.14 * | 0.012 | |
Osmolytes | P | 2528 * | 259 * | 28.1 * | 3.17 |
Growth | SDW | 1669 * | 211 * | 3.92 * | 0.511 |
parameters | RDW | 5111 * | 264 * | 3.10 * | 0.631 |
Trait | SDW | RDW | K+/Na+ | Chl a | Chl b | Chl a + b | P | CAT | APX | SOD | Pn | Gs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDW | 1 | 0.984 * | 0.940 * | 0.993 * | 0.943 * | 0.988 * | 0.983 * | 0.987 * | 0.976 * | 0.981 * | 0.995 * | 0.969 * |
RDW | 0.945 * | 1 | 0.951 * | 0.993 * | 0.943 * | 0.987 * | 0.992 * | 0.973 * | 0.990 * | 0.980 * | 0.975 * | 0.940 * |
K+/Na+ | 0.871 n.s | 0.964 * | 1 | 0.936 * | 0.840 n.s | 0.922 * | 0.977 * | 0.890 * | 0.975 * | 0.891 * | 0.905 * | 0.840 n.s |
Chl a | 0.994 * | 0.947 * | 0.875 n.s | 1 | 0.971 * | 0.998 * | 0.982 * | 0.991 * | 0.990 * | 0.993 * | 0.989 * | 0.955 * |
Chl b | 0.998 * | 0.942 * | 0.866 n.s | 0.998 * | 1 | 0.979 * | 0.906 * | 0.978 * | 0.935 * | 0.985 * | 0.953 * | 0.919 * |
Chl a + b | 0.994 * | 0.952 * | 0.885 * | 0.999 * | 0.997 * | 1 | 0.971 * | 0.994 * | 0.984 * | 0.996 * | 0.987 * | 0.952 * |
P | 0.941 * | 0.870 n.s | 0.847 n.s | 0.920 * | 0.932 * | 0.920 * | 1 | 0.954 * | 0.993 * | 0.961 * | 0.970 * | 0.930 * |
CAT | 0.993 * | 0.941 * | 0.866 n.s | 0.994 * | 0.998 * | 0.993 * | 0.946 * | 1 | 0.970 * | 0.997 * | 0.994 * | 0.975 * |
APX | 0.951 * | 0.998 * | 0.963 * | 0.942 * | 0.941 * | 0.950 * | 0.887 * | 0.943 * | 1 | 0.970 * | 0.970 * | 0.921 * |
SOD | 0.993 * | 0.942 * | 0.864 n.s | 0.986 * | 0.994 * | 0.986 * | 0.952 * | 0.998 * | 0.950 * | 1 | 0.987 * | 0.963 * |
Pn | 0.785 n.s | 0.874 n.s | 0.820 n.s | 0.830 n.s | 0.802 n.s | 0.835 n.s | 0.576 n.s | 0.780 n.s | 0.844 n.s | 0.761 n.s | 1 | 0.985 * |
Gs | 0.620 n.s | 0.590 n.s | 0.371 n.s | 0.590 n.s | 0.603 n.s | 0.581 n.s | 0.430 n.s | 0.610 n.s | 0.595 n.s | 0.630 n.s | 0.555 n.s | 1 |
Month | Mean Temperature (°C) | Total Precipitation (mm) | Mean Relative Humidity (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | highest | Average | |||
May | 11 | 29 | 20 | 16 | 31 |
June | 17 | 35 | 26 | 6 | 23 |
July | 20 | 38 | 29 | 3 | 22 |
August | 18 | 37 | 27.5 | 0 | 24 |
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Rajabi Dehnavi, A.; Zahedi, M.; Ludwiczak, A.; Piernik, A. Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Improves Salt Tolerance of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Plants 2022, 11, 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030368
Rajabi Dehnavi A, Zahedi M, Ludwiczak A, Piernik A. Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Improves Salt Tolerance of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Plants. 2022; 11(3):368. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030368
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajabi Dehnavi, Ahmad, Morteza Zahedi, Agnieszka Ludwiczak, and Agnieszka Piernik. 2022. "Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Improves Salt Tolerance of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)" Plants 11, no. 3: 368. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030368