Root Cultures, a Boon for the Production of Valuable Compounds: A Comparative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Adventitious Root Culture
3. Hairy Root Culture
4. Hairy Root vs. Adventitious Root Culture
5. Media Properties and Culture Condition Effects
6. Role of Plant Growth Regulator
7. Optimization Strategies to Improve Secondary Metabolite Production
8. Elicitation
8.1. Biotic Elicitors
8.2. Abiotic Elicitors
8.3. Nano-Elicitors
9. Scale-Up of Culture Process
10. Case Studies
10.1. Polygonum multiflorum
10.2. Withania somnifera
10.3. Echinacea purpurea
10.4. Ajuga bracteosa
Plant | Explant Used | Valuable Compound | Culture Conditions and PGRs | Elicitation Strategy | Increase in Yield of Valuable Compound | Bioreactor Employed | Optimization Strategy of Culture Conditions and Bioreactor | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. | Leaf explants | poly phenols flavonoids | MS media + (1.5) NAA | Different Spectral lights | Enhanced production of polyphenols (44.2 mg) and flavonoids (2.51 mg) were observed in presence of blue light. | _ | pH 5.6–5.8 photoperiod (16 h light and 8 h dark) under cool-white light (~100 μmol/m2/s) Temperature 25 ± 2 °C | [123] |
Allamanda cathartica L. | Nodal segment | iridoids | ½ MS media + 0.1 μM IAA, 0.5 μM IBA, 1.0 μM NAA | - | Total yield of iridoid glycoside content was highest in S3 sample 5.53 ± 0.03% treated with 0.5 M IBA + 4 percent sucrose+ 120 mM NaCl. | - | Sucrose 3% NACL supplementation Culture period: 4 weeks pH 5.8 relative humidity: 55–60% | [128] |
Angelica gigas N. | Seeds | decursin & decursinol angelate | MS media + 1.0 mg/L IBA+ 0.6 g/L caseine hydrolysate | yeast extract, chitin, MeJA, SA, and copper | 1.5-fold increase in plant yield. 1.7-fold increase in production of decursin. | _ | Sucrose: 30 g/L pH: 5.7 Subculturing, every 21 days. | [129] |
Artemisia amygdalina D. | Leaf explant | Essential oils | MS media + 1.0 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) | methyl jasmonate | (Me-J: 0.5 mg/L) resulted in the higher production of total phenolic content (3.6 mg), total flavonoid content (2.3 mg), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (4.8 U/g× FW). | _ | light intensity: ~40 µM/m2 s Humidity: 70% Sucrose: 3% | [130] |
Artimisia scoparia Waldst. and Kit. | Leaf explant | DPPH | MS media + 1.0 mg/L PAA and NAA | MeJA | 87% antioxidant potential was achieved in presence of 0.5 mg/L MeJA. | _ | Relative humidity: 70% light intensity of ~40 μM/m2 s sucrose: 3% pH: 5.8 Culture period: 44 days | [130] |
Asphodeloideae L. | Young shoots | Aloe-emodin and chrysophanol | MS liquid media with 0.3 mg/L IBA | salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon | Aloe-emodin increased 10–11-fold by SA treatment. Chrysophanol was increased by 5–13-folds by SA treatment. | _ | 30 g/L sucrose pH 5.8 constant light conditions (light intensity: 7 mE/m2 s) culture period: 3 weeks | [31] |
Astragalus membranaceus L. | Roots | Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (CG) | MS media + 7 mg/L IBA | MeJA L-phenylalanine | 2.02-fold increase in CG content, with 200 µM MeJA for 8 days. 3.12-fold increase in CG by feeding MeJA-elicited CG with l-phenylalanine. | _ | Sucrose: 30 g/L PEG treatment | [131] |
Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus F. | Shoot | calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and astragaloside Ⅳ | MS media + 1 mg/L NAA | Green leaf volatiles (hexanal, hexanol, and E-2-hexenal) | Treatments with hexanol and E-2-hexenal significantly increased the content of astragaloside Ⅳ by 81.67% and 81.41%. Treatments with hexanal and hexanol increased the CG content up to 56.07% (0.57 ± 0.05 mg/g) and 65.18% (0.60 ± 0.02 mg/g), respectively | - | Sucrose: 30 g/L Photo period: 16 h light/8 h dark Culture period: 4 weeks | [132] |
Boesenbergia rotunda L. | Bud explant | pinostrobin | ½ MS media + 2.0 mg/L NAA | - | High pinostrobin production (3.54 mg/g) obtained with 50 g/L of sucrose concentration. | - | Sucrose: 50 g/L pH: 5.75 to 5.80 Culture period: 8 weeks | [27] |
Celastrus paniculatus W. | Leaf explants | Celastrol | MS media + 0.3 mg/L IAA | Silver nanoparticles and acetosyringone | Celastrol increased 1.87-fold by treatment with 10 µg/mL of AgNPs (48 h exposure). | _ | 3% sucrose pH 5.8 Culture period: 2 weeks | [133] |
Clitoria teretea L. | Seeds | pentacyclic triterpenoid, saponins, flavonoids, anthocyanins | ½ MS media + 2.50 mg/L NAA, 2.50 mg/L (4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid) 4-Cl-IAA | - | Taraxasterol content was detected with peak area 72.01% and 6.35% respectively. | - | Sucrose: 3% Photoperiod: 16/8 h Light intensity: 32.5 µE/m2 s Culture period: 6 weeks | [134] |
Codonopsis lanceolata S.Z. | Leaf explant | flavonoids, total phenolic compound, and DPPH. | MS media + 1.0 mg/L IBA | MeJA and SA | By treatment with 20 µM MeJA, DPPH scavenging activity was 24.2. Flavonoids: 38.45 mg/g of C. lanceolata Phenolic content: 74.53 mg/g | _ | Culture period: 5 weeks Sucrose: 30 g/L | [135] |
Curculigo orchioides G. | Leaf explants | Phenolics and Curculigoside | MS media + 3.0 mg/L NAA in liquid culture | _ | Adventitious roots grown in modified ¾ strength of MS medium showed the highest amount of curculigoside (76.521 µg/Treatment). | _ | ¾ strength of MS medium 4% (w/v) of sucrose | [136] |
Decalepis salicifolia (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) | Leaf | Vanillin isomer: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H4MB), | WPM liquid media + 0.5 mg/L NAA, 1.0 mg/L Kinetin, 0.3 mg/L IBA | - | The total production of 2H4MB was 4.9-fold higher in adventitious root culture (139.54 μg) as compared to field-grown plants (28.62 μg). | - | Sucrose: 5% pH: 7.0 culture period: 60 days | [128] |
Echinacea purpurea L. | roots | caffeic acid derivatives caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and cichoric acid. | MS media + 2 mg/L IBA | _ | A 10-fold increase in biomass and secondary compounds. the concentration of cichoric acid was the highest (26.64 mg/g dry weight) | Balloon-type bubble bioreactor. | Sucrose: 5% inoculum density: 7 g/L FW aeration rate: 0.1 vvm | [114] |
Echinecea pallida N. | Phenolics, flavonoids | ¾ MS media + 1 mg/L IBA | - | ARs were cultured in a 5-L air-lift bioreactor the bioactive compounds (53.5 mg/g phenolics and 37.6 mg/g flavonoids) reached the maximum values, and the productivities of phenolics and flavonoids were 398.7 and 280.4 mg/L. | Air-lift balloon type bioreactors | sucrose: 50 g/L pH: 5.8 nitrogen: 45 mM Phosphorus: 1.56 Mm Culture period: 30 days | [137] | |
Eleutherococcus koreanum M. | Seed-derived plants | eleutherosides B&E, chlorogenic acid, total phenolics, and flavonoids | MS media + 5 mg/L 0.01 mg/L TDZ | MeJA and SA | At 303.93 mg/L of MeJA production of targeted bioactive compounds was 37.77%. High concentrations of MeJA and SA increased DPPH activity and H2O2 content in the roots. | Airlift bio- reactors | (HN4: NO3-, 5: 25) Sucrose: 30 g/L Gelrite: 2.3 g/L density of AR = 5 g/L aeration volume = 0.1 vvm | [84] |
Eurycoma longifolia J. | Leaf | Eurycomanone and polysaccharides | ¾ MS media + 3 mg/L IBA | - | 8.8 mg/Leurycomanone and 2.4 g/L polysaccharides obtained after 40 days of culture in Bubble column bioreactor | Bubble column bioreactor | Sucrose: 40 g/L inoculation density: 5 g/L Aeration rate: 0.05 vvm Culture period: 40 days | [138] |
Fagonia indica L. | callus explants | Gallic acid Rutin Myricetin Catechin Caffeic acid Apigenin | MS media + (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/L) IBA, IAA or NAA | MeJA PAA | By 0.5 mg/L MeJA treatment, maximum Total Phenolic Content (TPC; 6.0 mg GAE/g of dry weight) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC; 5.0 mg QE/g of dry weight) were achieved. Gallic acid (148.0 ± 4.8 μg/mg of dry weight) Rutin (122.3 ± 3.8 μg/mg of dry weight) Apigenin (25.3 ± 0.6 μg/mg of dry weight), Caffeic acid (25.3 ± 0.6 μg/mg of dry weight) and Catechin (9.4 ± 0.07 μg/mg dry weight). | _ | Sucrose: 3% MS salts: 0.44% Culture period: 33 days relative humidity: 70% irradiance: 35–45 μ mol/m2 s pH: 5.6–5.8 | [139] |
Gentiana scabra B. | Leaf | secoiridoids | MS media + 3.0 mg/L NAA and 0.25 mg/L TDZ | - | HPLC revealed Maximal gentiopicroside (25.59 ± 0.65 mg/g dry weight), swertiamarin (1.61 ± 0.04 mg/g dry weight) and sweroside (4.42 ± 0.11 mg/g dry weight) levels after 4 weeks culture | - | Phytohormones: 30 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid and 0.25 mg/L thidiazuron. Photoperiod: 16/8-h Culture period: 8 weeks | [140] |
Ginseng C.A.Mey. and Echinacea L. | roots | ginsenosides and caffeic acid derivatives | MS media + 25 µM IBA | MeJA | Higher production of ginsenosides and caffeic acid derivates was achieved by the establishment of co-cultures with higher inoculum proportion of ginseng to Echinacea, ensued by elicitation 200 µM MeJA. | Air-Lift bioreactors | Co-culture system Inoculum proportion of Ginseng to Echinacea (4:1 and 3:2) Sucrose: 50 g/L | [83] |
Glycyrrhiza uralensis DC. | root | Flavonoids glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhetinic acid polysaccharide | MS media +1 mg/L IBA | 10 kDa protein fragments | 10 kDa protein fragments increased the Flavonoids, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and polysaccharide by up to 2.27-fold, 2.64-fold, 2.70-fold, and 2.32-fold, respectively as compared to control roots. | _ | Sucrose: 30 g/L Culture period: 35 days | [141] |
Gynura procumbens L. | Leaf explant | flavonoid | MS media + 5 mg/L IBA | _ | Biomass yield of adventitious roots of G. procumbens in temporary immersion bioreactor increased by 5 folds. Isoflavon was detected in adventitious roots at low sucrose treatment. volatile compound and adipic acid were found in all treatments. | Temporary Immersion Bioreactors | various concentrations of sucrose (1, 3, and 5%) various immersion frequency (15 min each 12 h; 5 min each 3 h). Culture period: 21 days | [142] |
Gynura procumbens L. | Young leaves and internodes | Phenolic compounds and flavonoids | MS media +5 mg/L IBA | _ | The greater yield of Biomass (75.38 ± 0.95 g/L), Total phenolic production (27.98 mg/dry weight), and Flavonoid production rates (256.24 mg/dry weight) were achieved from adventitious roots culture in the BTBB. | Balloon-Type Bubble Bioreactor (BTBB). | aeration rate: 0.15 vvm. inoculum density 3 g/L Sucrose: 30 g/L Culture period: 28 days. | [143] |
Hybanthus enneaspermus L. | Leaf | L-Dopa | MS media + 0.5 mg/L Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) | SA, Yeast extract, MeJA, AgNO3 | Among the different elicitors tested, exposure to SA at 100 µM dosage for 6 h enhanced L-dopa yield 12.64 mg/g dry weight (dry weight) when compared to control culture | - | sucrose: 3% pH: 5.8 exposure times (2–8 h) elicitation period: 6 h culture period: 30 days | [144] |
Hypericum perforatum L. | roots | Naphthodianthrone derivatives | MS media + 1 mg/L of IBA | Different radiation treatment | hypericins production was enhanced by red light. four-weeks grown roots treated with one-week blue light was an effective stimulator for increasing total phenolic compounds and hypericins. | - | Sucrose: 30 g/L the photon flux density of 50 µmol/m2 s | [145] |
Morinda coreia Buch.-Ham. | Leaf | Anthraquinones and phenolic compounds | ½ MS media+ 1.0 mg/L of Indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) | chitosan | On treatment with 0.4 mg/mL chitosan amount of anthraquinones (292.038 mg/g dry weight) and phenolics (86.8 mg/g dry weight) increased till 4th day of the elicitation | - | Two-phase and two-stage culture system ½ MS media Sucrose: (1.5%). chitosan (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/mL), growth ratio (5.082), fresh weight (1.568 g) and dry weight (0.163 g) of AR were recorded maximum with the concentration of 1.0 mg/L IBA. | [146] |
Oldenlandia umbellate L. | shoots | Anthraquinones (AQ) | MS media+ 7.5 μM IBA 1 μM IAA | yeast extract, pectin, xylan, α-keto glutaric acid and L- phenylalanine and piroxicam | Treatment with 50 mg/L pectin, resulted in 2.19-fold increase in AQ production. | _ | Culture period: 60 days Sucrose: 3% pH: 5.8 | [147] |
Oplopanax elatus N. | Seeds | flavonoids and anthraquinone | MS Media+ 5 mg/L IBA | MeJA | At 200 µM, MeJA significantly increased the contents of quercetin, aloe-emodin, rhein, and emodin, while 225 µM was the optimal concentration for kaempferide accumulation. | Air-lift balloon type bioreactor | Sucrose: 30 g/L pH: 5.8 Culture period: 30 days | [148,149] |
Panax gingseng C.A.Mey. | Root | Ginsenosides | MS media+ 5 mg/L indole butyric acid | Fungal elicitor | The maximum ginsenoside content reached 29.6 mg/g dry weight when 30-day-old ARs were treated with 200 mg/L fungal elicitor for 8 days | Balloon-type Air-lift bioreactor | Sucrose: 30 g/L Culture period: 30 days 200 mg/L fungal elicitor was selected to treat 30-day-old ARs for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days. | [150] |
Panax quinquefolius L. | Root | Ginsenosides | MS media + 1 mg/L 2, 4-D, 0.25 mg/L kinetin | Pathogenic fungal elicitors | The maximum ginsenoside production (276.0 mg/L) was achieved with the A. panax (4 mg/L) extract. | Balloon-type airlift bioreactor | sucrose: 50 g/L pH: 5.8 ¾ MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L IBA air volume: 100 mL/min Culture period: 30 days Elicitation period: 8 days | [90] |
Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. | Leaf | saponins | Modified MS Media + 5 and 7 mg/L IBA +0.5 or 1 mg/L of single BA, Kin and TDZ | JA, SA, YA and Chitosan (CHN) | Saponins maximum productivity was observed in 150 mg/L YE. | Bubble bioreactor | Sucrose: 30 g/L Ratio of NH4+NO3 7.19: 18.50 mM/mM pH: 5.8 culture period of 56 days | [151] |
Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. | Young leaves | Cryptotanshinone tanshinone IIA | MS media + 2 mg/L (NAA) | yeast extract (YE), (MeJA), AgNO3, and sorbitol | Increased cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA production was achieved with 200 mg/L YE and 25 µM AgNO3 | _ | 3% sucrose pH 5.8 ± 0.1 Culture period: 3 weeks (dark) | [152] |
Plumbago indica L. | Young leaf | plumbagin | Gamborg’s B5 liquid media + 0.1 mg/L NAA | Chitosan + Diaion®HP-20 addition | Plumagin increased upto 6.6-fold by chitosan treatment for 72 h. The sequential addition of Diaion®HP-20 (10 g/L) to the root cultures after the chitosan treatment for 48 h increased the plumbagin production up to 19.93 mg/gdry weight, which was 1.2- and 10-fold higher than the chitosan treated and untreated root cultures respectively. | - | Sucrose: 20 g/L chitosan concentration: 150 mg/L optimal contact period: 72 h Culture period: 20 days | [153] |
Plumbago rosea L. | Leaf explants | Plumbagin | MS media + 1.5 mg/L IAA + 1 mg/L IBA | Jasmonic acid yeast extract and sodium salicylate | 50 µM jasmonic acid for three days increased plumbagin content in roots to 1.23% dry weight. | _ | 3/4th strength MS liquid media Sucrose: 30% Root inoculum: 2 g/L | [154] |
Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb. | Leaf | Phenolics and flavonoids | Full-strength MS media + 2 mg/L | Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) | Total phenolic compounds increased by 53.08 mg·g−1 dry weight and total flavonoids increased by 25.10 mg/g dry weight | Air lift bioreactor | sucrose: 5% Culture period: 4 weeks Aeration rate: 0.1 vvm (air volume flow per unit of culture volume per minute) | [87] |
Prunella vulgaris L. | Leaf | Phenolics and flavonoids | MS + 0.5 mg/L NAA | - | Higher TPC (0.995 GAE mg/g-DRB) and TFC (6.615 RE mg/g- DRB) were observed in 0.5 mg/L NAA treated cultures. | - | sucrose: 30 g/L Photoperiod: 16/8 h Light intensity: 40 mol/m2 s Culture period: 49 days | [155] |
Stevia rebudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni | Plantlets | Polyphenolics and Steviol Glycosides | MS media + gibberellic acid (GA3; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) and 0.5 mg/L NAA | Gibberellic acid (GA3) | The highest TFC accumulation was shown by 2.0 mg/L of GA3, as compared to the control culture (4.74 mg QE/g dry weight on day 30 and maximum stevioside content (7.13 mg/g dry weight) w GA3, as compared to the control culture 3.39 mg/g dry weight. | - | 2.0 mg/L of GA3 was optimum concentration for maximum biomass biosynthesis (13.12 g/flask) noticed in exponential phase on 27th day of culture. Culture period: 30 days | [156] |
Talinum paniculatum Ruiz and Pav | shoot | Saponin | MS media + 10 µM IBA | MeJA and SA | By treatment with 0.2 mM MeJA and SA, saponin production increased by 1.5 and 1.3-fold. | _ | Culture period: 28 days Sucrose: 30 g/L | [157] |
Talinum paniculatum Ruiz and Pav | Leaf explants | saponin | MS media + 2 mg/L IBA | _ | Saponin content was increased by combination of aeration rate of 0.5 vvm and inoculum density of 1 g/400 mL | Balloon type bubble bioreactor | Aeration rate: 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 vvm Inoculum density: 0.5, 1, 2 g/400 mL. Culture period: 14 days | [22] |
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., | Leaf | celastrol | 1/2 MS media + 0.25 mg/L indole-3-butyric Acid and 0.25 mg/L naphthylacetic acid | Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) | 100 μM MeJA significantly increased celastrol content in adventitious roots to 6321.27 μg/g dry weight | - | Sucrose: 30 g/L Photoperiod: 16/8 h (day/night) Culture period: 6 weeks | [158] |
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | Leaf | Withanolides | ½ MS media + 0.5 mg/L IBA,0.1 mg/L IAA | Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid | 150 μM SA for 4 h elicitor exposure period resulted in the increase production of withanolide A (48-fold), B (29-fold), withaferin A (20-fold), withanone (37-fold 12-deoxy withastramonolide (nine-fold), withanoside V (seven-fold), withanoside IV (nine-fold) | - | culture age: 30 days old elicitation period: 6 h Culture period: 50 days. biomass: kolli hills variety maximum fresh weight (11.70 g), dry weight (1.90 g) Cumbum variety maximum fresh weight (11.40 g), dry weight (1.85 g) | [159] |
Plant Species | Strain | Explant | Valuable Compound | Media + PGRs | Elicitation Strategy | Increase in Yield of Valuable Compound | Bioreactor Employed | Optimization Strategy for Culture Conditions and Bioreactor | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. | A4, LBA-9402 and ARqua1. | Leaves | phytoecdysteroids | MS media no PGRs | MeJA and coronatine (Cor) | In comparison with the unelicited hairy roots, MeJA doubled phytoecdysteriod content i.e., 8356 µg/g after 14 days of Elicitation. | _ | Sucrose: 30 g/L Solidifying agent:0.8% phytagel | [127] |
Artemisia annua L. | LBA 9402 | seedlings | artemisinin | MS media with no PGRs | MeJA Fungal elicitors: Alternaria alternate, Curvularia limata, Fusarium solani, and Piriformospora indica | By using P. indica artemisinin production was increased by 1.97 times. By using combination of MeJA and cell homogenate of P.indica artemisnin production was enhanced by 2.44 times. | _ | Sucrose: 30 g/L | [160] |
Astragulas membranceus L. | Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA9402 | Leaf | Phytoalexins | MS media with no PGRs | Chitosan | Treatment with 100 mg/L of chitosan increased yields of formononetin and calycosin by 12.45- and 6.17-fold. | _ | Elicitor exposure time: 24 h. Chitosan: 100 mg/L Culture period: 34 days | [161] |
Celastrus paniculatus W. | MTCC532 | Leaf explant | Celastrol | MS media + 0.3 mg/L IAA | Silver nanoparticles and acetosyringone | Celastrol increased 2.24-fold by treatment with 10 µg mL−1 of AgNPs (48 h exposure) | _ | 3% sucrose pH 5.8 Culture period: 2 weeks | [133] |
Echinacea purpurea L. | ATCC 43,057 | leaf explants | Phenolics Flavonoids caffeic acid derivatives | MS media no PGRs | 24-epibrassinolide and l-phenylalanine | 1.0 mg/L 24-eBL gave maximum production of phenolics, total flavonoids, cichoric acid, caftaric acid, Echinacoside, and p-coumaric acid. | _ | Culture period:21 Days Sucrose: 50 g/L | [115] |
Eurycoma longifolia J. | A. rhizogenes strain A4 | Root | 9-methoxycanthin-6-one compound | (MS) basal media with no PGRs | MeJA and SA. | 0.1 mM MeJA increased production of 9-methoxycanthin-6-one up to three folds as compared to control. | _ | pH:4.9 Culture period:12 weeks inoculum size: 0.2 g hairy root in 50 mL of MS basal media | [162] |
Gentiana scabra B. | A. rhizogenes strains ATCC15834 | Leaf | Iridoids and secoiridoids | B5 media + 1.0 mg/L NAA, (TDZ), zeatin, IBA | Acetosyringone | Loganic acid increased 6.6- fold in the presence of zeatin (1 mg/L) and gentiopicroside accumulation was 1.8- fold higher in the presence of NAA, 1 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L NAA yield 1.4- and 2.5- fold higher gentiopicroside and swertiamarin. | _ | Co-cultivation period: 48 h. Culture period:8 weeks pH:5.7 ± 0.1 N6, WPM, MS and B5 media were tested. B5 liquid media was most suitable | [140] |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | A4 | Shoots | glycyrrhizin | ½ MS medium + 0.1 mg/L IAA | PEG, CdCl2, cellulase, and mannan | 1% PEG enhanced glycyrrhizin yield up to 5.4-fold. 200 µg m/L cellulase enhanced glycyrrhizin yield up to 8.6-fold. 10 mg/L mannan enhanced the yield of glycyrrhizin up to 7.8-fold. | _ | 16 h light/8 h dark period. 100 µM acetosyringone | [163] |
Hybanthus enneaspermus L. | A. rhizogenes strains A4, A4T, 8196 and LBA 9402 | Leaf or internode explants | coumarin | MS media+ 0.25 mg/L, 16N-benzyladenine (BA+ 0.1 mg/L (IAA) | Acetosyringone | Coumarin accumulation increased three folds in the superior rhizoclone of A4 origin (A4-HRL-2B7) (3.25 mg/g d.wt. extract) as compared to that in natural roots. | _ | Photoperiod: 16 h Culture period: 4 weeks | [164] |
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. | Agrobacterium rhizogenes | Root | ginsenosides | ½ MS media + no PGRs | Tween 80 | Coumarin accumulation increased three folds in the superior rhizoclone of A4 origin (A4-HRL-2B7) (3.25 mg/g d.wt. extract) as compared to that in natural roots. | _ | sucrose: 3% inoculum length: 20 mm long Tween 80: 1.2% w/v Culture period: 4 weeks | [165] |
Panax quinquefolius L. | A.rhizogenes ATCC 15834 | seedlings | ginsenosides | Gamborg media + no PGRs | Yeast extract | (3 days time of exposure and 50 mg/L of YE) increased total ginsenoside content up to 32.25 mg/g D.W | Nutrient sprinkle Bioreactor | Sucrose: 30 g/L YE: 50 mg/L Elicitation period:3 and 7 days Incubation period: 5 weeks | [166] |
Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. | Rhizobium rhizogenes ATCC 15,834 strain | shoot explants | Ocotillol-type ginsenosides | ½ MS media + no PGRs | _ | With culture conditions the PPD contents evaluated at 0.57% dry weight, the PPT at 0.028% dry weight, and the OCT at 4.3% dry weight in hairy roots. | _ | Co-cultivation system sucrose: 3% (w/v) culture period: 90 days | [167] |
Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. | ATCC15834 TR105, and R1000 | Seedlings and nodes | Cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA | MS media No PGR | Acetosyringone | Transformation frequency increased by up to 60.99% when 100 µM of acetosyringone was used. cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA levels were 53.17 ± 0.26 and 14.48 ± 0.30 µg/g dry weight, respectively in hairy roots induced by TR105. | _ | Half strength MS media Sucrose:3% | [152] |
Plumbago indica L. | ATCC 15834 | Leaf explant | Plumbagin | MS media with no PGRs | Yeast carbohydrate fraction Chitosan Manganese chloride Copper chloride and MeJA | Plumbagin production was enhanced to 1.2–2-fold by treatment with Yeast carbohydrate fraction, chitosan, manganese chloride, copper chloride and MeJA. With 20 days old bioreactor-culture, and exposure of chitosan (200 mg/L) and methyl jasmonate (80 μM) plumbagin production was enhanced to 13.16 ± 1.72 mg g−l dry weight. | Bioreactor with continuous air supply | Bioreactor was maintained in dark at 25 ± 2 °C Sucrose: 3% | [168] |
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. | A. rhizogenes strain KCCM 11879 | Leaf | phenolic compounds | MS media + no PGRs | MeJA | Exposure to 50 μM methyl jasmonate for 5 days increased levels of phenolic compounds more than 2.5-fold. | _ | Sucrose: 3% Inoculum density: 0.5 g/100 mL Culture period: 21 days | [88] |
Prunella vulgaris L., | A. rhizogenes (ATCC15834) | Leaf | Rosmarinic acid | MS media + no PGRs | Ethephon and SA | Rosmarinic acid accumulation increased by 1.66-fold 8 days after Eth elicitation and 1.48-fold 2 days post-SA addition. | _ | Sucrose: 3% Elicitation period:8 days Culture period: 30 days | [169] |
Stevia rebudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni | A4 strain | Nodal explant | Steviosides | MS media + BAP (0.5–2.0 mg/L) 0.5 mg NAA | Light | Stevioside contents in the SRA4 HR clone on day 75th increased 0.247 ± 0.011 to 1.72 ± 0.052 mg/g dry weight in the root tissues and 0.097 ± 0.072 to 2.12 ± 0.06 mg/L in the media under light conditions | _ | co-cultivation period:2–3 days culture period: 75 days agitation rate: 80 rpm ½ MS Media +1.0 mg/LBAP + 0.1 mg/L NAA | [170] |
Talinum paniculatum Ruiz and Pav | LB510 | Leaves | saponin | MS media with no PGRs | - | MS medium supplemented with 5% sucrose and 2.0 strength potassium nitrate of MS, produced the maximum saponin content. | balloon-type bubble bioreactor | Inoculum density: 2 g/400 mL Aeration rate: 0.25 vvm Culture period:14 days | [171] |
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., | A.rhizogenes ATCC15834 | Root | wilforgine and wilforine | MS media + no PGRs | - | 10:50 mM NH4+/NO3− and 0.3125 mM phosphate increased wilforgine and wilforine production by 42% and 48%. | _ | Incubation period: 7 to 42 days. sucrose: 30 g/L NH4+/NO3: 10:50 mM Phosphate:0.3125 mM pH: 5.8 | [158] |
Valerian jatamansi Jones. | R1601 | Young Leaves | Valtrate | MS media No PGR | MeJA JA SA | By treatment with 100 mg/L MeJA, production of Valtrate was increased to a level of 3.63 times, which was higher than non-elicited control. | _ | pH: 5.9 Subculturing of hairy roots after every 5 weeks. | [172] |
Withania sominefera (L.) Dunal | Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 (pRiA4) | Leaf | Withaferin A | ½ MS media + no PGRs | _ | WFA in THRs contain 1.51-fold more WFA (330 ± 0.87 µg/g dry weight (dry weight)) than AHRs (218 ± 0.17 µg/g dry weight) | _ | culture period: 40 days biomass doubling time of THRs and AHRs: 18 and 30 days | [173] |
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hussain, M.J.; Abbas, Y.; Nazli, N.; Fatima, S.; Drouet, S.; Hano, C.; Abbasi, B.H. Root Cultures, a Boon for the Production of Valuable Compounds: A Comparative Review. Plants 2022, 11, 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030439
Hussain MJ, Abbas Y, Nazli N, Fatima S, Drouet S, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Root Cultures, a Boon for the Production of Valuable Compounds: A Comparative Review. Plants. 2022; 11(3):439. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030439
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Masooma Jawad, Yawar Abbas, Naushaba Nazli, Sara Fatima, Samantha Drouet, Christophe Hano, and Bilal Haider Abbasi. 2022. "Root Cultures, a Boon for the Production of Valuable Compounds: A Comparative Review" Plants 11, no. 3: 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030439