Metabolomic Profiling of Citrus unshiu during Different Stages of Fruit Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Appearance Change of C. unshiu during Fruit Development
2.2. Total Phenolic Content, Total Carotenoid Content, and Antioxidant Activities
2.3. Metabolomic Analysis
2.4. Relative Abundance and Metabolic Pathway of Identified Metabolites
2.5. Correlation Analysis between Total Phenolic Content, Total Carotenoid, Antioxidant Activity, and Metabolites during Fruit Development
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Preparation
3.2. Color Measurement
3.3. Carotenoid Analysis
3.4. Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity
3.5. Analysis of Metabolites Using GC-MS
3.6. Analysis of Metabolites Using UPLC-Q-TOF MS
3.7. Data Processing
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | VIP | p-Value | Fold Change (vs. Aug. 1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aug. 1 | Sep. 14 | Oct. 15 | Nov. 16 | ||||
Sugars | fructose | 0.93 | 1.46 × 10−8 | 1.65 | 1.83 | 1.88 | 2.08 |
glucose | 0.83 | 1.11 × 10−9 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.60 | 1.57 | |
mannose | 1.29 | 2.33 × 10−5 | 1.15 | 1.11 | 1.40 | 1.28 | |
sucrose | 1.64 | 2.41 × 10−4 | 1.17 | 1.26 | −1.01 | 1.01 | |
inositol | 1.59 | 2.02 × 10−5 | −1.35 | −1.50 | −1.56 | −1.88 | |
Acidic compounds | citric acid | 0.77 | 2.33 × 10−5 | −1.33 | −1.32 | −1.48 | −1.61 |
phosphoric acid | 1.10 | 9.72 × 10−5 | −1.57 | −2.26 | −1.90 | −3.55 | |
malic acid | 0.88 | 8.36 × 10−7 | −3.54 | −4.05 | −3.88 | −7.40 | |
aconitic acid | 0.89 | 3.24 × 10−10 | −2.44 | −3.89 | −6.44 | −15.60 | |
threonic acid | 0.85 | 1.45 × 10−7 | −4.11 | −8.25 | - | −19.26 | |
quinic acid | 0.86 | 4.40 × 10−9 | −2.52 | −4.25 | −10.20 | −22.27 | |
glutaric acid | 0.86 | 1.08 × 10−7 | −9.08 | −17.33 | - | - | |
Amino acids and peptides | arginine | 1.27 | 1.10 × 10−12 | 7.42 | 14.34 | 36.42 | 39.95 |
proline | 1.59 | 4.90 × 10−13 | 2.67 | 3.14 | 8.46 | 22.50 | |
asparagine | 1.27 | 1.60 × 10−2 | 21.92 | 15.87 | 25.80 | 11.52 | |
threonine | 0.84 | 4.10 × 10−2 | 1.92 | 1.53 | 2.30 | 2.01 | |
alanine | 1.11 | 2.00 × 10−2 | 2.15 | 1.81 | 2.49 | 1.70 | |
phenylalanine | 1.30 | 3.47 × 10−6 | −1.01 | 1.42 | 1.62 | 1.54 | |
suberyl glycine | 1.32 | 7.26 × 10−3 | + | ++ | + | ++ | |
glutamine | 1.42 | 2.10 × 10−2 | 1.13 | 1.18 | 1.28 | −1.95 | |
stachydrine | 0.86 | 1.25 × 10−11 | −1.67 | −1.42 | −1.75 | −2.00 | |
glutamic acid | 0.91 | 3.59 × 10−7 | −2.12 | −2.63 | −4.33 | −2.61 | |
cyclonatsudamine A | 0.83 | 2.57 × 10−5 | −2.20 | −2.14 | −2.28 | −3.18 | |
aspartic acid | 1.62 | 8.98 × 10−4 | −1.07 | 1.00 | −1.25 | −3.94 | |
Gly-Ile-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Ala-Ala | 0.84 | 1.19 × 10−7 | −3.23 | −3.81 | −5.44 | −6.17 | |
tryptophan | 0.90 | 6.18 × 10−3 | −4.15 | - | −4.59 | - | |
serine | 0.72 | 2.43 × 10−3 | −10.13 | −14.03 | −37.22 | - | |
Lipids | phytospingosine | 0.86 | 3.15 × 10−6 | −1.74 | −1.57 | −2.85 | −3.89 |
LPC(C16:0) | 0.85 | 3.79 × 10−12 | −3.02 | −3.00 | −4.03 | −5.43 | |
LPC(C18:2) | 0.74 | 2.43 × 10−4 | −6.11 | −3.75 | −6.16 | −8.09 | |
LPC(C16:1) | 0.94 | 3.22 × 10−3 | −1.95 | −1.28 | −2.19 | −9.37 | |
LPC(C18:3) | 0.93 | 2.59 × 10−13 | −8.36 | −12.98 | −16.52 | −18.18 | |
LPC(C18:0) | 0.82 | 2.72 × 10−5 | −11.22 | −23.93 | −30.64 | - | |
LPE(C20:0) | 0.92 | 2.95 × 10−15 | −17.16 | −21.47 | - | - | |
propionic acid | 1.06 | 5.44 × 10−3 | - | −1.27 | - | - | |
LPE(C18:3) | 0.97 | 8.14 × 10−15 | - | - | - | - | |
Flavonoids | hesperidin | 1.12 | 1.50 × 10−3 | −1.60 | −1.22 | −1.34 | −1.33 |
quercetin triglucoside | 1.20 | 9.02 × 10−3 | −3.67 | −2.35 | −1.22 | −1.72 | |
narirutin | 0.87 | 3.67 × 10−5 | −1.65 | −1.38 | −1.91 | −2.00 | |
didymin | 0.93 | 3.26 × 10−4 | −1.95 | −1.40 | −2.20 | −2.23 | |
methoxynobiletin | 1.16 | 1.40 × 10−2 | −2.46 | −1.04 | −2.66 | −2.34 | |
tangeretin | 0.81 | 3.70 × 10−2 | −2.45 | −1.72 | −4.43 | −2.49 | |
nobiletin | 1.03 | 8.82 × 10−3 | −3.64 | −1.45 | −4.54 | −2.53 | |
kaempferol triglucoside | 0.81 | 8.76 × 10−3 | −3.01 | −2.56 | −2.24 | −2.86 | |
saponarin | 0.96 | 5.48 × 10−8 | −3.00 | −3.31 | −2.75 | −3.16 | |
isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside | 0.81 | 3.63 × 10−6 | −3.28 | −2.53 | −3.54 | −5.28 | |
kaempferol-3-rutinoside | 0.90 | 5.58 × 10−8 | −5.79 | −5.16 | −4.96 | −10.27 | |
hesperetin triglucoside | 0.87 | 2.43 × 10−3 | - | −5.58 | −3.64 | - | |
quercetin triglucoside derivative | 0.91 | 5.86 × 10−8 | - | - | - | - | |
Monoterpenes | linalool | 1.58 | 6.37 × 10−5 | −1.68 | 1.97 | 1.94 | 3.06 |
limonene | 1.52 | 9.89 × 10−6 | 1.08 | −1.03 | 1.01 | 1.16 | |
α-terpineol | 1.42 | 8.64 × 10−3 | −5.75 | −1.65 | −2.17 | −1.04 | |
4-terpineol | 1.43 | 9.65 × 10−6 | −6.79 | −2.29 | −3.21 | −1.57 | |
α-terpinolene | 1.17 | 1.20 × 10−5 | −1.23 | −1.05 | −1.44 | −2.25 | |
γ-terpinene | 1.12 | 1.31 × 10−5 | −1.81 | −1.60 | −1.56 | −3.69 | |
β-pinene | 1.08 | 1.48 × 10−4 | −1.77 | −1.32 | −1.73 | −10.63 | |
α-pinene | 1.14 | 4.33 × 10−5 | −1.51 | −2.27 | −2.54 | - | |
α-terpinene | 1.33 | 2.84 × 10−11 | −1.61 | −1.91 | −2.07 | - | |
Sesquiterpenes | α-copaene | 1.13 | 1.40 × 10−2 | 1.79 | 6.23 | 7.60 | 3.30 |
α-farnesene | 1.56 | 2.21 × 10−5 | 2.12 | 6.70 | 6.97 | −1.25 | |
α-cubebene | 1.50 | 7.27 × 10−4 | −2.12 | 3.86 | 5.07 | −1.62 | |
β-elemene | 1.71 | 4.41 × 10−8 | 1.08 | 3.10 | 2.60 | −2.27 | |
α-humulene | 1.65 | 1.48 × 10−6 | 1.20 | 3.16 | 2.48 | −2.41 | |
δ-elemene | 1.69 | 1.62 × 10−6 | −2.55 | 2.34 | 2.22 | −3.30 | |
germacrene D | 1.48 | 1.16 × 10−3 | −4.95 | 3.11 | 3.01 | - | |
γ-elemene | 1.43 | 9.92 × 10−4 | −1.45 | 4.28 | 2.42 | - | |
δ-cadinene | 1.35 | 7.93 × 10−3 | 1.62 | 2.50 | 2.06 | - | |
Limonoids (triterpenes) | xylogranatin K | 1.20 | 3.56 × 10−7 | 17.86 | 86.26 | 157.40 | 157.01 |
zapoterin | 1.04 | 2.32 × 10−5 | 23.71 | 41.43 | 39.22 | 38.73 | |
nomilin | 1.26 | 2.30 × 10−2 | −1.84 | 2.76 | 1.65 | −8.51 | |
limonin | 0.92 | 5.33 × 10−6 | −1.68 | −1.84 | −5.99 | −11.04 | |
Carotenoids (tetraterpenes) | β-carotene | 1.76 | 7.46 × 10−16 | 1.75 | 1.91 | 2.32 | 14.41 |
β-cryptoxanthin | 1.26 | 2.49 × 10−10 | 1.48 | 2.22 | 2.68 | 2.92 | |
Other | pheophorbide A | 0.90 | 5.77 × 10−8 | −15.16 | −36.10 | −34.78 | −28.29 |
texanol | 1.37 | 3.80 × 10−2 | - | 1.93 | - | 14.75 | |
decanal | 1.50 | 9.80 × 10−5 | −1.03 | 7.13 | 5.70 | 2.31 |
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Kim, S.S.; Kim, H.-J.; Park, K.J.; Kang, S.B.; Park, Y.; Han, S.-G.; Kim, M.; Song, Y.H.; Kim, D.-S. Metabolomic Profiling of Citrus unshiu during Different Stages of Fruit Development. Plants 2022, 11, 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070967
Kim SS, Kim H-J, Park KJ, Kang SB, Park Y, Han S-G, Kim M, Song YH, Kim D-S. Metabolomic Profiling of Citrus unshiu during Different Stages of Fruit Development. Plants. 2022; 11(7):967. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070967
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sang Suk, Hyun-Jin Kim, Kyung Jin Park, Seok Beom Kang, YoSup Park, Seong-Gab Han, Misun Kim, Yeong Hun Song, and Dong-Shin Kim. 2022. "Metabolomic Profiling of Citrus unshiu during Different Stages of Fruit Development" Plants 11, no. 7: 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070967