Recovery from Salinity and Drought Stress in the Perennial Sarcocornia fruticosa vs. the Annual Salicornia europaea and S. veneta
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Substrate Electric Conductivity and Moisture
2.2. Plant Growth
2.3. Photosynthetic Pigments
2.4. Ion Accumulation
2.5. Osmolytes, Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidants
2.6. Physiological Traits Relationships and Results of the Multivariate Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Experimental Design and Stress Treatments
4.3. Plant Growth
4.4. Photosynthetic Pigments
4.5. Ion Quantification
4.6. Quantification of Osmolytes
4.7. Determination of Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Compounds
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Height (PH) (cm) | Number of Branches (No. B) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | Stress (T15) | Stress (T30) | Recovery (T45) | T0 | Stress (T15) | Stress (T30) | Recovery (T45) | ||
SE | Ctrl | 5.8 ± 0.3 aC | 8.7 ± 0.5 aB | 12.9 ± 1.0 aA | 12.3 ± 1.0 aA | 5.7 ± 0.5 aC | 10.2 ± 0.7 aB | 18.1 ± 1.8 aA | 23.8 ± 3.3 aA |
SS | 5.7 ± 0.3 aC | 8.5 ± 0.4 aB | 11.4 ± 0.5 aA | 10.5 ± 0.6 aA | 6.3 ± 0.5 aC | 11.0 ± 0.7 aB | 18.2 ± 1.2 aA | 20.8 ± 1.5 aA | |
WS | 5.3 ± 0.3 aC | 7.6 ± 0.4 aB | 7.0 ± 0.6 bA | 10.4 ± 0.9 aA | 6.0 ± 0.5 aB | 12.0 ± 2.1 aAB | 10.3 ± 1.5 bA | 16.9 ± 2.4 aA | |
SV | Ctrl | 9.8 ± 0.4 aC | 14.7 ± 0.7 aB | 21.6 ± 2.0 aA | 22.6 ± 1.8 aA | 2.1 ± 0.3 aC | 6.9 ± 0.6 aB | 11.8 ± 1.6 aA | 13.0 ± 1.7 aA |
SS | 10.2 ± 0.4 aC | 15.8 ± 0.5 aB | 20.6 ± 0.8 abA | 19.9 ± 1.5 aA | 1.5 ± 0.3 aC | 8.0 ± 0.6 aB | 10.1 ± 0.9 aA | 15.0 ± 3.4 aA | |
WS | 9.6 ± 0.5 aC | 15.1 ± 0.5 aB | 16.1 ± 0.6 bA | 19.6 ± 1.5 aA | 1.5 ± 0.3 aC | 7.3 ± 0.5 aB | 9.5 ± 0.8 aB | 9.3 ± 2.4 aA | |
SF | Ctrl | 5.6 ± 0.3 aC | 8.9 ± 0.5 aB | 13.1 ± 1.3 aA | 14.6 ± 1.3 aA | 0.4 ± 0.2 aD | 8.1 ± 1.0 aC | 18.9 ± 3.0 aB | 28.5 ± 1.5 aA |
SS | 5.1 ± 0.4 aC | 9.2 ± 0.4 aB | 11.6 ± 0.7 aA | 13.1 ± 0.6 aA | 0.4 ± 0.2 aC | 8.8 ± 1.0 aB | 18.4 ± 2.3 aA | 21.7 ± 1.7 bA | |
WS | 5.0 ± 0.3 aC | 8.3 ± 0.5 aB | 10.0 ± 0.9 aA | 12.6 ± 0.7 aA | 0.5 ± 0.2 aD | 8.7 ± 1.0 aC | 14.0 ± 2.4 aB | 20.8 ± 2.5 bA |
‘La Albufera’ Natural Park | Piallassa Della Baiona | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Mean T | Mean RH | Rainfall | ET0 | Mean T | Mean RH | Rainfall | ET0 |
(°C) | (%) | (mm) | (mm) | (°C) | (%) | (mm) | (mm) | |
2006 | 17.53 | 69.13 | 464.40 | 1189.38 | 14.40 | 77.64 | 337.65 | 814.71 |
2007 | 16.81 | 68.13 | 894.40 | 1164.50 | 14.20 | 73.18 | 490.00 | 809.25 |
2008 | 16.88 | 68.35 | 674.40 | 1194.10 | 14.20 | 73.63 | 491.13 | 804.14 |
2009 | 17.34 | 68.60 | 446.20 | 1215.26 | 14.19 | 72.79 | 555.86 | 816.07 |
2010 | 16.78 | 68.31 | 565.00 | 1206.22 | 13.23 | 74.09 | 450.00 | 776.35 |
2011 | 17.57 | 70.32 | 472.00 | 1166.73 | 14.76 | 71.36 | 346.60 | 846.35 |
2012 | 17.31 | 67.58 | 503.61 | 1208.25 | 14.71 | 69.98 | 563.60 | 864.97 |
2013 | 17.55 | 63.26 | 263.80 | 1245.42 | 14.49 | 72.86 | 870.20 | 822.93 |
2014 | 18.32 | 65.32 | 224.40 | 1278.22 | 15.60 | 73.91 | 740.00 | 833.27 |
2015 | 17.76 | 70.02 | 401.26 | 1169.08 | 15.20 | 77.18 | 616.80 | 860.61 |
2016 | 17.85 | 68.66 | 259.57 | 1218.41 | 14.71 | 80.86 | 829.40 | 825.33 |
2017 | 17.59 | 68.51 | 307.26 | 1238.82 | 14.84 | 76.69 | 641.80 | 851.52 |
2018 | 17.60 | 68.06 | 684.02 | 1225.71 | 15.32 | 78.53 | 613.60 | 870.93 |
2019 | 17.79 | 66.59 | 427.00 | 1243.83 | 15.03 | 81.94 | 780.80 | 839.65 |
2020 | 18.09 | 72.95 | 731.94 | 1186.44 | 14.70 | 76.76 | 556.40 | 808.83 |
2021 | 17.50 | 75.40 | 494.72 | 1039.10 | 14.45 | 75.75 | 335.00 | 809.89 |
Mean | 17.52 | 68.70 | 488.37 | 1199.34 | 14.63 | 75.45 | 576.18 | 828.42 |
Stress (L pot−1) | Recovery (L pot−1) | Total (L pot−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Ctrl | 1.75 | 1 | 2.75 |
SS | 1.75 | 4 | 5.75 |
WS | 0 | 2 | 2 |
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Calone, R.; Mircea, D.-M.; González-Orenga, S.; Boscaiu, M.; Lambertini, C.; Barbanti, L.; Vicente, O. Recovery from Salinity and Drought Stress in the Perennial Sarcocornia fruticosa vs. the Annual Salicornia europaea and S. veneta. Plants 2022, 11, 1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081058
Calone R, Mircea D-M, González-Orenga S, Boscaiu M, Lambertini C, Barbanti L, Vicente O. Recovery from Salinity and Drought Stress in the Perennial Sarcocornia fruticosa vs. the Annual Salicornia europaea and S. veneta. Plants. 2022; 11(8):1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081058
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalone, Roberta, Diana-Maria Mircea, Sara González-Orenga, Monica Boscaiu, Carla Lambertini, Lorenzo Barbanti, and Oscar Vicente. 2022. "Recovery from Salinity and Drought Stress in the Perennial Sarcocornia fruticosa vs. the Annual Salicornia europaea and S. veneta" Plants 11, no. 8: 1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081058