Cadmium Stabilization and Redox Transformation Mechanism in Maize Using Nanoscale Zerovalent-Iron-Enriched Biochar in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tea Waste Collection and Processing
2.2. Material Synthesis and Characterization
2.3. Research Site and Experimental Conditions
2.4. Pre-Harvest Analysis
2.5. Post-Harvest Analysis
2.6. Lipid Peroxidation Analysis
2.7. Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Analysis
2.8. Metal Uptake and Stabilization Analysis
2.9. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF)
2.10. Root/Shoot Ratio Factor (RF)
2.11. Plant Tolerance Lative Production Index Analysis
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization
3.1.1. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Analysis
3.1.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.1.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis
3.1.4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
3.2. Impact on Plant Physiology
3.3. Impact on Plant Growth
3.4. Impact on Lipid Peroxidation
3.5. Impact on Antioxidants and Proline Modulations
3.6. Impact on Cd Uptake and Stabilization Efficiency
3.7. Proposed Possible Cd Stabilization Mechanisms
3.8. Impact on Plant Tolerance and Relative Production Index
3.9. Environmental Significance and Limitations
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Proximate Analysis (%) | Ultimate Analysis (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ash | Volatile Matter | Moisture Contents | Fixed Carbon | C | H | O | N | S |
5.21 | 78.43 | 1.86 | 14.37 | 63.70 | 4.69 | 33.26 | 4.532 | 0.36 |
pH | EC (dS m−1) | OM % | CEC Cmolc kg−1 | SS % | Textural Class | Sand % | Silt % | Clay % | N mg kg−1 | P mg kg−1 | K mg kg−1 | Cd mg kg−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.67 | 3.6 | 0.66 | 1.31 | 38 | Sandy clay loam | 49.1 | 29.3 | 21.5 | 0.07 | 6.82 | 129 | ND |
Treatments | Description |
---|---|
Control | With no amendment or contamination |
CdT | Cadmium contamination level 100 mg/kg |
nZVI | nZVI application 1% |
nZVI/BC | nZVI/BC application 1% |
Cd–nZVI | 100 mg/kg Cd and 1% nZVI |
Cd–nZVI/BC | 100 mg/kg Cd and 1% nZVI/BC |
Samples | SBET (m2/g) | Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Average Pore Width (nm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VT | Vmic | Vmeso | V% (Vmeso/VT) | |||
nZVI | 141.42 | 0.491 | 0.253 | 0.374 | 77% | 2.19 |
nZVI/BC | 196.28 | 0.703 | 0.173 | 0.648 | 92% | 1.42 |
Treatments | Root (mg/kg per Pot) | Shoot (mg/kg per Pot) | Soil (mg/kg per Pot) | TF (mg/kg per Pot) | BCF Root (mg/kg per Pot) | BCF Shoot (mg/kg per Pot) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CdT | 159.5 ± 3.13 a | 87.8 ± 0.78 a | 43.1 ± 1.46 a | 0.55 ± 0.52 a | 3.7 ± 0.93 a | 2.03 ± 0.89 a |
Cd–nZVI | 91.2 ± 1.36 b | 39.1 ± 0.7 b | 29.8 ± 0.68 b | 0.42 ± 0.14 a | 3.06 ± 0.32 b | 1.31 ± 0.77 b |
Cd–nZVI/BC | 54 ± 1.48 c | 13.66 ± 0.9 c | 18.7 ± 0.54 b | 0.25 ± 0.46 b | 2.88 ± 0.11 c | 0.73 ± 0.32 c |
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Razzaq, S.; Zhou, B.; Zia-ur-Rehman, M.; Aamer Maqsood, M.; Hussain, S.; Bakhsh, G.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, Q.; Altaf, A.R. Cadmium Stabilization and Redox Transformation Mechanism in Maize Using Nanoscale Zerovalent-Iron-Enriched Biochar in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil. Plants 2022, 11, 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081074
Razzaq S, Zhou B, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Aamer Maqsood M, Hussain S, Bakhsh G, Zhang Z, Yang Q, Altaf AR. Cadmium Stabilization and Redox Transformation Mechanism in Maize Using Nanoscale Zerovalent-Iron-Enriched Biochar in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil. Plants. 2022; 11(8):1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081074
Chicago/Turabian StyleRazzaq, Sehar, Beibei Zhou, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Aamer Maqsood, Saddam Hussain, Ghous Bakhsh, Zhenshi Zhang, Qiang Yang, and Adnan Raza Altaf. 2022. "Cadmium Stabilization and Redox Transformation Mechanism in Maize Using Nanoscale Zerovalent-Iron-Enriched Biochar in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil" Plants 11, no. 8: 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081074